Miju language
{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India and China}}
{{Distinguish|Miji language}}{{Redirect-distinguish|Geman language|German language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Kaman
|pronunciation={{IPA|mxj|kɯ˧˩mɑn˧˥|}}
|altname=Geman, Kman
|nativename=Miju, Kùmán
|region=Arunachal Pradesh, India
|ethnicity=Miju Mishmi
|speakers={{sigfig|18,200|2}}
|date=2006
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam1=possibly Sino-Tibetan (Midzuish), or a language isolate
|iso3=mxj
|glotto=miju1243
|glottorefname=Kman
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Miju is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
}}
Kaman (Geman, Geman Deng, Kùmán, Kman), or Miju (Miju Mishmi, Midzu), is a small language of India and China.
Long assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan language, it may be a language isolate.{{citation|first1=Roger |last1=Blench |first2=Mark |last2=Post |title=(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-26 }}
Locations
In China, the Miju are known as the Deng 僜人. The Deng number over 1,000 in Zayü County, Tibet, China, with 1,000 of the Deng having the autonym {{IPA|tɑ31 ruɑŋ53}} (大让), and 130 having the autonym {{IPA|kɯ31 mɑn35}} (格曼) (Geman). They are also neighbors with the Idu or {{IPA|i53 du31}} (义都) people.{{fact|date=February 2020}}
In India, Miju is spoken in Hawai Circle and the Parsuram Kund area of Lohit District, Arunachal Pradesh (Boro 1978,Boro, A. 1978. Miju dictionary. Shillong: Research Department, Arunachal Pradesh Administration. Dasgupta 1977Dasgupta, K. 1977. A phrase book in Miju. Shillong: Director of Information and Public Relations, Arunachal Pradesh.). Ethnologue reports that Miju is spoken in 25 villages located in high altitude areas to the east of upper Lohit and Dau valleys, which are located east of the Haguliang, Billong, and Tilai valleys.{{fact|date=February 2020}}
Phonology
These are the sounds in the Miju/Kaman language.{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | title = Kman ethno-ophresiology; characterising taste, smell and texture in a language of Arunachal Pradesh | url = https://www.academia.edu/11637464/Kman_ethno-ophresiology_characterising_taste_smell_and_texture_in_a_language_of_Arunachal_Pradesh | year = 2015 }}
=Consonants=
class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes |
colspan="2" |
! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |
---|
colspan="2" | Nasal
| {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
rowspan="3" | Plosive
! plain | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | | | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
aspirated
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} | {{IPA link|tʰ}} | | | | {{IPA link|kʰ}} | |
voiced
| {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | | | | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |
rowspan="3" | Affricate
! plain | | {{IPA link|ts}} | {{IPA link|tʃ}} | | | | |
aspirated
| | | {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} | | | | |
voiced
| | {{IPA link|dz}} | {{IPA link|dʒ}} | | | | |
rowspan="2" | Fricative
! plain | {{IPA link|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | | | | {{IPA link|h}} |
voiced
| {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | | | | | {{IPA link|ɦ}} |
colspan="2" | Approximant
| {{IPA link|ʋ}} | | | | {{IPA link|j}} | {{IPA link|w}} | |
colspan="2" | Lateral
| | {{IPA link|l}} | | {{IPA link|ɭ}} | | | |
colspan="2" | Flap
| | {{IPA link|ɾ}} | | {{IPA link|ɽ}} | | | |
=Vowels=
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Monophthong phonemes ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Front ! rowspan="2" | Central ! colspan="2" | Back |
unrounded |
---|
Close
| {{IPA link|i}} | ({{IPA link|ɨ}}) | {{IPA link|ɯ}} |{{IPA link|u}} |
Close-mid
| | | |{{IPA link|o}} |
Open-mid
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} | {{IPA link|ə}} | {{IPA link|ʌ}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
Open
| | {{IPA link|a}} | | |
/ɯ/ may also be heard as [ɨ].
=Tones=
There are three main tones in the Miju language, rising (á), falling (à), and level (ā).{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | first2 = Sokhep | last2 = Kri | first3 = Kruleso | last3 = Ngadong | first4 = Barum | last4 = Masong | title = Kman Reading and writing Kman | url = https://www.academia.edu/20110552/Reading_and_writing_Kman | year = 2015 }}
Registers
Kman has various registers that are used in different situations. These include:Blench, Roger. 2022. [https://www.academia.edu/82399458/Why_would_a_language_with_5000_speakers_have_seven_registers_Register_flipping_in_the_isolates_of_Northeast_India_compromises_the_unitary_concept_of_language Why would a language with 5000 speakers have seven registers? Register-flipping in the isolates of Northeast India compromises the unitary concept of language]. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.
- shamanic
- hunting
- cursing and scolding
- poetic
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Blench, Roger. 2019. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/NEI/Isolates/Kman/Ling/Kman%20grammar%202019.pdf
A grammar of Kman [=Miju], a language of Arunachal Pradesh ] - Blench, Roger. 2017. [https://www.academia.edu/31295721/A_dictionary_of_Kman_Miju_a_language_of_Arunachal_Pradesh A dictionary of Kman (Miju), a language of Arunachal Pradesh].
- Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/20110552/Reading_and_writing_Kman Reading and writing Kman / Kman tasay tapuri pit]. Tezu, Arunachal Pradesh: Kman Language Development Committee.
- {{cite book |last=Li |first=Daqin 李大勤 |date=2019 |title=Xizang Chayu Geman yu 西藏察隅格曼语 |location=Beijing |publisher=The Commercial Press |oclc=1155170546}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{language families}}
{{Arunachal languages}}