Milky seas effect

Milky seas are named for the diffuse appearance of the light, since the individual bacteria are too small to make discernible flashes. In the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, Jules Verne describes the ship as "sailing through a sea of milk."

In the Somali language it is called {{lang|so|kaluunka iftiima}}. The term translates to glowing sea creatures or glowing fish as the word {{lang|so|kaluun}} refers to any bio organism that lives in the sea. It is most commonly used to refer to fish.

Dutch sailors referred to milky seas as the winter sea due to how similar the phenomena looks to a snowy plain at night.{{Cite journal |date=1861-01-26 |title=St. Mary's Hospital |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287421/ |journal=British Medical Journal |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250202081646/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287421/ |archive-date=2025-02-02}} Other accounts of milky seas in Dutch refer to the phenomenon as a {{lang|nl|melkzee}} which translates to "milky sea."

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Between 1915 and 1993, 235 sightings of milky seas were documented,{{Cite journal |last=Herring |first=P. J. |last2=Watson |first2=M. |date=1993 |title=Milky Seas: a Bioluminescent Puzzle |url=https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_57f40079-b930-4213-a29c-fcf84951ff11/ |journal=Marine Observer |volume=63 |issue=319 |pages=22-30 |via=UK Met Office Digital Library and Archive}} most of which are concentrated in the northwestern Indian Ocean near to Somalia.

:{{ Cite journal | last1 = Zettler | first1 = Erik | last2 = Mincer | first2 = Tracy | last3 = Amaral-Zettler | first3 = Linda | title = Life in the "Plastisphere": Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 47 | issue = 13 | date = 2013 | url = https://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/paperbot/2ab115be13e52bbb9fbd78ecddd0bd19.pdf | pages = 7137–7146 | doi = 10.1021/es401288x | s2cid = 10002632 | pmid = 23745679 | bibcode = 2013EnST...47.7137Z }}

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:{{ Cite journal | issue = 1 | volume = 2 | date = 2010 | first3 = James | first2 = Mark | first1 = Steven | last3 = Case | last2 = Moline | last1 = Haddock | pages = 443–493 | url = https://www.mare-incognitum.no/files/downloads_mnight/curriculum%20ab334%202014/Haddock%20et%20al%202010.pdf | title = Bioluminescence in the Sea | journal = Annual Review of Marine Science | doi = 10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028 | pmid = 21141672 | bibcode = 2010ARMS....2..443H}}

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:These reviews cite this research.

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:{{ Cite journal | pmc=1242338 | year=2005 | last1=Miller | first1=S. D. | title=Detection of a bioluminescent milky sea from space | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=102 | issue=40 | pages=14181–14184 | last2=Haddock | first2=S. H. | author2-link=Steven Haddock | last3=Elvidge | first3=C. D. | last4=Lee | first4=T. F. | doi=10.1073/pnas.0507253102 | bibcode=2005PNAS..10214181M | pmid=16186481 | doi-access=free}}

The luminescent glow is concentrated on the surface of the ocean and does not mix evenly throughout the water column.{{cite journal |last1=Lapota |first1=David |last2=Galt |first2=Charles |last3=Losee |first3=John |last4=Huddell |first4=Howard |last5=Orzech |first5=John |last6=Nealson |first6=Kenneth |year=1988 |title=Observations and measurements of planktonic bioluminescence in and around a milky sea |journal= Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=119 |pages= 55–81|doi=10.1016/0022-0981(88)90152-9|bibcode=1988JEMBE.119...55L }}

File:Flask of luminous bacteria.jpg

In 1985, a research vessel in the Arabian Sea took water samples during milky seas. Their conclusions were that the effect was caused by the bacterium Vibrio harveyi.{{cite journal |last=Ramaiah |first=N. D. Chandramohan |year=1992 |title=Ecology and biology of luminous bacteria in the Arabian Sea |journal=Oceanography of the Indian Ocean |editor=Desai, B. N. |pages=11–23 |publisher=Oxford and India Book House |location=New Delhi}} In 2005, Steven Miller was able to match 1995 satellite images with a first-hand account of a merchant ship. U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program showed the milky area to be approximately {{convert|15400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}—roughly the size of Connecticut. The luminescent field was observed to glow over three consecutive nights. In a later study using a newer [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/VIIRS_DNB_nighttime_imagery/ Day-Night Band] sensor, the team was able to observe several additional events, including one from 2019 which covered {{cvt|100000|km2|mi2}} and persisted for over 40 nights.

While monochromatic photos make this effect appear white, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute scientist Steven Haddock (an author of a milky seas effect study) has commented, "the light produced by the bacteria is actually blue, not white. It is white in the graphic because of the monochromatic sensor we used, and it can appear white to the eye because the rods in our eye (used for night vision) don't discriminate color."{{cite web | first = David | last = Pescovitz |url=http://www.boingboing.net/2005/10/04/first_milky_sea_phot.html |title=First milky sea photo |publisher=Boing Boing |date=2005-10-04 |access-date=2014-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709084920/http://www.boingboing.net/2005/10/04/first_milky_sea_phot.html |archive-date=2011-07-09 }}

Milky seas are a different phenomenon than "mareel," which is a term used for dinoflagellate-produced bioluminescent displays in Scotland. Dinoflagellates produce impressive bioluminescent bays,{{cite web|url=https://chasingtrailblog.com/where-to-see-bioluminescent-bays-in-the-world/|title=12 Most Spectacular Bioluminescent Bays in the World|type=blog|language=en-us|date=2023-05-29|access-date=2024-12-04}} and they are responsible for the light visible in breaking waves, or glowing footprints on the beach. However, the two types of large-scale displays can be distinguished because the bacteria that produce milky seas glow continuously when they are at high concentrations and have sufficient oxygen whereas dinoflagellates flash when physically stimulated.

English accounts of milky seas begin appearing not long after the formation of the East India Company. The journal of Captain William Keeling records an encounter with a milky sea near Cape Guardafui.{{Cite book |last1=Keeling |first1=William |last2=Bonner |first2=Thomas |editor-last1=Strachan |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Penrose |editor-first2=Boies |title=The East India Company Journals of Captain William Keeling and Master Thomas Bonner, 1615-1617 |series=Publications (James Ford Bell Library) |date=1971 |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=0-8166-0628-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany0000stra |url-access=registration |access-date=2025-02-23 |via=Internet Archive}}

One of the earliest scientific works on milky seas was read by Captain Newland before the Royal Society in 1772. Captain Newland speculated that milky seas may be caused by an unknown animalcule, an archaic word for microscopic organism.{{Cite journal |date=1772-12-31 |title=XIII. Observations on the milky appearance of some spots of water in the sea; by the same |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1772.0014 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |language=en |volume=62 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1772.0014 |issn=0261-0523}}

Scientific research into milky seas continued through the 19th and 20th centuries with researchers identifying that milky seas tend to occur in the Indian Ocean during the Monsoon of South Asia near Somalia, the island of Java in Indonesia, and in the Banda Sea. Descriptions of milky seas from the 1800s detail the phenomena being visible from the coasts of islands in the Banda Sea.{{Cite book |last=Weeda |first=Paulus |title=Pieter Van Den Broek in Azië, of Geschiedenis der togten en verrigtingen van dezen Nederlandschen Regulus |trans-title=Pieter Van Den Broek in Asia |location=Amsterdam |publisher=G. Portielje |date=January 1845 |language=nl |oclc=1133326075 |url=https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN630202028 |access-date=2025-02-23 |via=Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin}}

In the late 1800s Bernhard Fischer surmised based on his experiments that milky seas were likely caused by bioluminescent bacteria living in the ocean. A chance encounter between a research vessel and a milky sea in 1985 identified bioluminescent bacteria within the waters of a milky sea.

In the 21st century researchers showed that low-light imagers aboard satellites can view milky seas from space. Observed milky seas reaching sizes on the order of {{cvt|100000|km2}} and potentially sustaining themselves for months at a time. Recent work has noted a potential connection between milky seas and the Indian Ocean Dipole.

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/milkysea.html Detailed discussion and images of milky sea observation]
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760124.stm BBC News: 'Milky seas' detected from space]
• Miller, S.D., S.H.D. Haddock, C.D. Elvidge, T.F. Lee. Detection of a bioluminescent milky sea from space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. v102:14181-14184 [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/40/14181?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Milky+seas&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Abstract]
• Nealson, K.H. and J.W. Hastings (2006) Quorum sensing on a global scale: massive numbers of bioluminescent bacteria make milky seas Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:2295-2297. [http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/72/4/2295?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=hastings&author2=nealson&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Manuscript]
• Nijhuis, Michelle (2022) [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mystery-of-milky-seas-is-finally-being-solved/ "The Mystery of Milky Seas"], Scientific American, 327(2): 30–39.

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Category:Bioluminescence

Category:Biological oceanography

Category:Aquatic ecology