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Milnesium

{{Short description|Genus of tardigrades}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Turonian|Recent}}

| taxon = Milnesium

| image = SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in active state - journal.pone.0045682.g001-2.png

| image_caption = SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum

| authority = Doyère, 1840 {{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=155451|title=ITIS standard report: Milnesium (Doyère, 1840)|work=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|accessdate=14 February 2013}}

| subdivision_ranks =

| subdivision =

}}

Milnesium is a genus of tardigrades. It is rather common, being found in a wide variety of habitats across the world.{{cite web |title=Nelson, Diane (2002). "Current Status of the Tardigrada: Evolution and Ecology". Integr. Comp. Biol. (42): 652–659}} It has a fossil record extending back to the Cretaceous, the oldest species found so far (M. swolenskyi) is known from Turonian stage deposits on the east coast of the United States.{{cite web |title=Milnesium Doyere 1840 (water bear) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=227186&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB}} Milnesiums are one of the most desiccation and radiation-resistant invertebrates on Earth because of their unique ability to transform into a "tun" state and utilize intrinsically disordered proteins when experiencing extreme environments.{{Cite journal |last=Boothby |first=Thomas C. |last2=Tapia |first2=Hugo |last3=Brozena |first3=Alexandra H. |last4=Piszkiewicz |first4=Samantha |last5=Smith |first5=Austin E. |last6=Giovannini |first6=Ilaria |last7=Rebecchi |first7=Lorena |last8=Pielak |first8=Gary J. |author-link8=Gary J. Pielak|last9=Koshland |first9=Doug|author-link9=Douglas Koshland |last10=Goldstein |first10=Bob |date=2017-03-16 |title=Tardigrades Use Intrinsically Disordered Proteins to Survive Desiccation |url=https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765(17)30133-8 |journal=Molecular Cell |language=English |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=975–984.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.018 |issn=1097-2765 |pmc=5987194 |pmid=28306513}}

Species

Described species include:{{Cite book|last1=Degma|first1=Peter|last2=Bertolani|first2=Roberto |last3=Guidetti |first3=Roberto|date=30 June 2018|title=Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009-2018) |url=http://www.tardigrada.modena.unimo.it/miscellanea/Actual%20checklist%20of%20Tardigrada.pdf |publisher=University of Modena and Reggio Emilia |version=34th Ed.|access-date=15 December 2018}}

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  • Milnesium alabamae Wallendorf & Miller, 2009{{cite journal|last1=Wallendorf|first1=Mark|last2=Miller|first2=William R. |title=Tardigrades of North America: Milnesium alabamae nov. sp. (Eutardigrada: Apochela: Milnesiidae) a new species from Alabama|journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science|volume=112|issue=3–4|year=2009|pages=181–186|issn=0022-8443|doi=10.1660/062.112.0404|s2cid=84216471}}
  • Milnesium almatyense Tumanov, 2006
  • Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853
  • Milnesium antarcticum Tumanov, 2006
  • Milnesium argentinum Roszkowska, Ostrowska & Kaczmarek, 2015
  • Milnesium asiaticum Tumanov, 2006
  • Milnesium barbadosense Meyer & Hinton, 2012
  • Milnesium beasleyi Kaczmarek, Jakubowska & Michalczyk, 2012
  • Milnesium beatae Roszkowska, Ostrowska & Kaczmarek, 2015
  • Milnesium berladnicorum Ciobanu, Zawierucha, Moglan & Kaczmarek, 2014{{cite journal|last1=Ciobanu|first1=Daniel|last2=Zawierucha|first2=Krzysztof|last3=Moglan|first3=Ioan|last4=Kaczmarek|first4=Łukasz |title=Milnesium berladnicorum sp. n. (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae), a new species of water bear from Romania |journal=ZooKeys|issue=429|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1313-2970|doi=10.3897/zookeys.429.7755|pmid=25147467|pmc=4137295|doi-access=free}}
  • Milnesium bohleberi Bartels, Nelson, Kaczmarek & Michalczyk, 2014{{cite journal|last1=Bartels|first1=Paul J.|last2=Nelson|first2=Diane R.|last3=Kaczmarek|first3=Łukasz|last4=Michalczyk|first4=Łukasz|title=The genus Milnesium (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina and Tennessee, USA), with the description of Milnesium bohleberi sp. nov.|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3826|issue=2|year=2014|pages=356–68|issn=1175-5334|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3826.2.5|pmid=24990052}}
  • Milnesium brachyungue Binda & Pilato, 1990
  • Milnesium cassandrae Moreno-Talamantes, Roszkowska, García-Aranda, Flores-Maldonado & Kaczmarek, 2019
  • Milnesium burgessi Schlabach, Donaldson, Hobelman, Miller & Lowman, 2018
  • Milnesium dornensis Ciobanu, Roszkowska & Kaczmarek, 2015
  • Milnesium dujiangensis Yang, 2003
  • Milnesium eurystomum Maucci, 1991
  • Milnesium fridae Moreno-Talamantes, León-Espinosa, García-Aranda, Flores-Maldonado & Kaczmarek, 2020
  • Milnesium granulatum Ramazzotti, 1962
  • Milnesium jacobi Meyer & Hinton, 2010{{cite journal|last1=Meyer|first1=Harry A.|last2=Hinton|first2=Juliana G.|title=Milnesium zsalakoae and M. jacobi, two new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada: Apochela: Milnesiidae) from the southwestern United States|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=123|issue=2|year=2010|pages=113–120|issn=0006-324X|doi=10.2988/09-29.1|s2cid=84449596}}
  • Milnesium katarzynae Kaczmarek, Michalczyk & Beasley, 2004
  • Milnesium kogui Londoño, Daza, Caicedo, Quiroga & Kaczmarek, 2015
  • Milnesium krzysztofi Kaczmarek & Michalczyk, 2007
  • Milnesium lagniappe Meyer, Hinton & Dupré, 2013
  • Milnesium longiungue Tumanov, 2006
  • Milnesium minutum Pilato & Lisi, 2016
  • Milnesium quadrifidum Nederström, 1919
  • Milnesium rastrum Suzuki, Sugiura, Tsujimoto, and McInnes, 2023{{cite journal|last1=Suzuki|first1=Atsushi C.|last2=Sugiura|first2=Kenta|last3=Tsujimoto|first3=Megumu|last4=McInnes|first4=Sandra J. |title=A New Species of Bisexual Milnesium (Eutardigrada: Apochela) Having Aberrant Claws from Innhovde, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica|journal=Zoological Science|volume=40|issue=3|year=2023|doi=10.2108/zs220085|doi-access=free}}
  • Milnesium reductum Tumanov, 2006
  • Milnesium reticulatum Pilato, Binda & Lisi, 2002
  • Milnesium sandrae Pilato & Lisi, 2016
  • Milnesium shilohae Meyer, 2015
  • Milnesium swansoni Young, Chappell, Miller & Lowman, 2016{{cite journal |vauthors=Young A, Chappell B, Miller W, Lowman M |name-list-style=amp |title=Tardigrades of the Tree Canopy: Milnesium swansoni sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Apochela: Milnesiidae) a new species from Kansas, U.S.A. |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4072 |issue=5 |pages=559–568 |year=2016 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4072.5.3|pmid=27395945 |doi-access=free }}
  • † Milnesium swolenskyi Bertolani & Grimaldi, 2000
  • Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840
  • Milnesium tetralamellatum Pilato & Binda, 1991
  • Milnesium tumanovi Pilato, Sabella & Lisi, 2016
  • Milnesium validum Pilato, Sabella, D'Urso & Lisi, 2017
  • Milnesium variefidum Morek, Gąsiorek, Stec, Blagden & Michalczyk, 2016
  • Milnesium vorax Pilato, Sabella & Lisi, 2016
  • Milnesium zsalakoae Meyer & Hinton, 2010

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References

{{Reflist}}

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Category:Apochela

Category:Tardigrade genera

{{Tardigrade-stub}}