Mindar

{{Infobox robot

| name = Mindar

| logo =

| logosize =

| logoalt =

| image =

| imagesize =

| alt =

| caption =

| inventor = Hiroshi Ishiguro

| manufacturer =

| country = Japan

| year_of_creation = 2019

| price = {{¥|25 million}} (2019)

| type = Humanoid

| purpose = Giving sermons

| derived_from =

| replaced_by =

| website = [https://www.kodaiji.com/mindar/ kodaiji.com/mindar]

}}

Mindar ({{langx|ja|マインダー}}), also known as Android Kannon Mindar, is an android preacher at the Kōdai-ji temple in Kyoto, Japan. The humanoid robot regularly gives sermons on the Heart Sutra at the 400-year-old Zen Buddhist temple. It was created to represent and embody Kannon,{{efn|Kannon is the Japanese name for the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, known as Guanyin in China.}} a bodhisattva associated with compassion.

Mindar was designed through a collaboration between staff of Kōdai-ji and roboticists from Osaka University, including Hiroshi Ishiguro. Construction of the {{cvt|1.95|m}} tall android began in 2017 at Osaka University's robotics laboratory. Development of the android cost {{¥|25 million}} (US$227,250), while the total cost of the project was {{¥|100 million}} (US$909,090). Mindar was unveiled to the public at a ceremony in March 2019. Its 25-minute pre-programmed sermon was written by monks and addresses the Buddhist concepts of emptiness and compassion.

Background and development

Kōdai-ji is a Zen Buddhist temple established in 1606 in the Higashiyama ward of Kyoto. It is part of the Rinzai school.

File:Hiroshi Ishiguro.jpg

Roboticist Ishiguro Hiroshi of Osaka University visited Kōdai-ji in July 2017. Gotō Tenshō, then the temple's chief steward, suggested to Ishiguro the creation of a robotic Buddha statue.{{cite news |last1=Tominaga |first1=Suzuka |title=Robot helps spread Buddhist teachings at a Kyoto temple |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14861909 |work=The Asahi Shimbun |date=8 April 2023 |language=en |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125201626/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14861909 |url-status=live}} They met again two months later and initially considered having several robots discussing the Buddha's teachings, though it was determined that a single robot would be preferable from a technical standpoint. A monologue on the Heart Sutra was chosen and it was decided that the android would take the form of Kannon, a bodhisattva associated with compassion. The Lotus Sutra mentions that Kannon is capable of manifesting in various forms.{{cite news |last1=Samuel |first1=Sigal |title=Robot priests can bless you, advise you, and even perform your funeral |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/9/9/20851753/ai-religion-robot-priest-mindar-buddhism-christianity |work=Vox |date=9 September 2019 |language=en |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508181830/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/9/9/20851753/ai-religion-robot-priest-mindar-buddhism-christianity |url-status=live}}

The Android Kannon Production Committee was established in September 2017 and included staff from Kōdai-ji as well as engineers from Osaka University.{{cite web |title=Press Announcement - The Android Kannan (Buddha of Compassion) |url=https://www.kodaiji.com/mindar/press_data/data01.pdf |publisher=Kōdai-ji Zen Temple |date=23 February 2019 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101185519/https://www.kodaiji.com/mindar/press_data/data01.pdf |url-status=live}} Ishiguro proposed that the 'Alter' model of robot be used as a prototype. The subject matter of Mindar's sermon was determined by Buddhist monks of the Rinzai school—Honda Dōryū of {{ill|Baishō-in|ja|3=梅照院}}, Sakaida Taisen of Kennin-ji, and Unrin'in Sōseki of Reigen-in. They devised a narrative explaining the Buddhist concepts of compassion and emptiness, based on works by Hajime Nakamura and Mumon Yamada.{{cite book |last1=Takeshi |first1=Kimura |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Japanese Religions |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-04374-9 |pages=149–150 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjciEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22android+kannon%22&pg=PA149 |language=en |chapter=Robots}} The name 'Mindar' was proposed by Ogawa Kōhei, a roboticist at Osaka University.{{efn|The name 'Mindar' (Maindā) refers to "mind", though a monk from the committee described the name as referring more to kokoro, the Japanese term for heart, than the English term.}} Mindar is not powered by artificial intelligence, though the designers originally had aspirations of endowing the android with machine-learning capabilities. Gotō said "This robot will never die; it will just keep updating itself and evolving. With AI, we hope it will grow in wisdom to help people overcome even the most difficult troubles. It's changing Buddhism."

The android Kannon was constructed at a robotics laboratory at Osaka University. Ogawa Kōhei engineered the android and it was completed in February 2019. The total cost of the project was {{¥|100 million}} (US$909,090),{{cite news |last1=Siripala |first1=Thisanka |title=An Ancient Japanese Shrine Debuts a Buddhist Robot |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/an-ancient-japanese-shrine-debuts-a-buddhist-robot/ |work=The Diplomat |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604075205/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/an-ancient-japanese-shrine-debuts-a-buddhist-robot/ |url-status=live}} though development of the android only cost {{¥|25 million}} (US$227,250).{{cite news |title="1億円のロボット観音"マインダーの狙い「仏像独特の空気」は感じないが… |url=https://president.jp/articles/-/28134?page=1 |work=President Online（プレジデントオンライン） |trans-title='100 million yen robot Kannon' Mindar's aim |date=27 March 2019 |language=ja |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522154512/https://president.jp/articles/-/28134?page=1 |url-status=live }} A traditional Buddhist ceremony was held for the android upon its introduction to the public in March 2019. The ceremony was attended by monks and included chanting, bell-ringing, and drumming.

Mindar has historical precedents that were drawn on by its designers. Mechanized Karakuri puppets were produced in Japan from the 17th century and the country's first robot, the {{cvt|11|ft|adj=on}} Gakutensoku, debuted in the late 1920s and could write calligraphy, change its facial expression, and move its head and hands through an air pressure mechanism.{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Daniel |last2=Katsuno |first2=Hirofumi |title=Modelling emotion, perfecting heart: disassembling technologies of affect with an android bodhisattva in Japan |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=March 2023 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=103–123 |doi=10.1111/1467-9655.13813 |url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9655.13813 |access-date=2024-05-22 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522154512/https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9655.13813 |url-status=live }} As a religion-oriented android, Mindar was preceded by other 21st-century robots, including the Chinese chatbot Robot Monk Xian'er and Pepper (produced 2015–2021), which could be programmed to perform Buddhist funeral rites, including chanting sutras and banging drums.{{cite news |last1=Gibbs |first1=Samuel |title=The future of funerals? Robot priest launched to undercut human-led rites |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/23/robot-funerals-priest-launched-softbank-humanoid-robot-pepper-live-streaming |work=The Guardian |date=23 August 2017}}{{cite news |last1=Ackerman |first1=Evan |title=Pepper Now Available at Funerals as a More Affordable Alternative to Human Priests |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/pepper-now-available-at-funerals-as-a-more-affordable-alternative-to-human-priests |work=IEEE Spectrum |date=22 August 2017 |language=en |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401235822/https://spectrum.ieee.org/pepper-now-available-at-funerals-as-a-more-affordable-alternative-to-human-priests |url-status=live}}

Description

Mindar is a stationary, {{cvt|1.95|m}} tall android, weighing {{cvt|60|kg}}. It has a slender mechatronic body made from aluminum with silicone skin covering its face, hands, and shoulders.{{cite news |last1=Hardingham-Gill |first1=Tamara |title=The android priest that's revolutionizing Buddhism |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/mindar-android-buddhist-priest-japan/index.html |work=CNN |date=29 August 2019 |language=en |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101124349/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/mindar-android-buddhist-priest-japan/index.html |url-status=live}} Mindar stands on a platform and does not have working legs. It is capable of blinking and smiling, and moves its head, torso, and arms through air hydraulics.{{cite news |author1=Joshua Conrad Jackson |author2=Kai Chi Yam |title=The In-Credible Robot Priest and the Limits of Robot Workers |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-in-credible-robot-priest-and-the-limits-of-robot-workers/ |work=Scientific American |date=25 July 2023 |language=en |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802172815/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-in-credible-robot-priest-and-the-limits-of-robot-workers/ |url-status=live}} Mindar accompanies its preaching with a variety of gestures, such as joining its palms together in gasshō. A camera implanted in Mindar's left eye allows the android to give the impression of eye contact by focusing on a person. The top of Mindar's skull is exposed, showing blinking lights and wires within its cranial cavity. Similarly most of the android's body is not covered in silicone, exposing wires and servo motors. Similar to Ishiguro's telenoid robots, Mindar has an androgynous appearance. The voice has been described as feminine and soothing.

Sermons

File:Kōdai-ji 20211123-2.jpg temple complex]]

Mindar is situated within the Kōdai-ji temple complex at Kyōka Hall. Its sermons are open to the public, and are typically given twice daily on Saturdays and Sundays.{{cite web |title=アンドロイド観音マインダー般若心経を語る |url=https://www.kodaiji.com/mindar/ |publisher=Kōdai-ji Zen Temple |access-date=18 May 2024 |lang=ja |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402221751/https://www.kodaiji.com/mindar/ |url-status=live}}

Mindar gives a 25-minute sermon in Japanese on the Heart Sutra, addressing concepts of compassion and emptiness within Buddhism. Chinese and English subtitles are projected on the back wall of the room. In the pre-programmed sermon's introduction, a spotlight shines on Mindar, and the android begins speaking. It refers to itself as the bodhisattva, saying:

{{quote|"As Kannon Bodhisattva, I can transcend time and space and transform into anything. As you can see, I have decided to meet you all in the form of an android..."{{cite news |author1=小川浩平 |author2=後藤典生 |title=仏像は進化する！アンドロイド観音「マインダー」がもたらす衝撃 |url=https://imidas.jp/jijikaitai/k-40-113-19-04-g779 |work=情報・知識＆オピニオン imidas |date=27 April 2019 |language=ja |trans-title=Buddha statues evolve! The impact brought by the android Kannon 'Mindar' |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514203807/https://imidas.jp/jijikaitai/k-40-113-19-04-g779 |url-status=live }}}}

The multimedia presentation is accompanied by operatic piano music and augmented through 360-degree projection mapping, including the projection of a virtual audience on the walls of the room. Mindar interacts with members of the projected audience, answering their questions in a pre-programmed dialogue. The sermon ends with Mindar chanting the Heart Sutra.

Reception

Mindar's introduction in 2019 received international news coverage.{{cite news |title=Japanese temple creates robot priest to help make Buddhism fun again |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3022716/meet-mindar-humanoid-robot-preaches-sermons-buddhist-temple |work=South China Morning Post |agency=AFP |date=14 August 2019 |language=en |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118143849/http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3022716/meet-mindar-humanoid-robot-preaches-sermons-buddhist-temple |url-status=live}} Media coverage focused on the novelty of a robot preacher, the cost of the project, and the potential for Mindar to change perceptions about Buddhism in Japan.{{cite journal |last1=Baffelli |first1=Erica |title=The Android and the Fax: Robots, AI and Buddhism in Japan |journal=Ca' Foscari Japanese Studies |date=18 October 2021 |volume=14 |pages=249–261 |location=Venice |doi=10.30687/978-88-6969-527-8/012 |isbn=978-88-6969-528-5 |url=https://iris.unive.it/retrieve/c77aa83e-d0ad-4418-a8a8-8dde7c8e40e8/Itineraries%20of%20an%20Anthropologist.pdf#page=250 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501210302/https://iris.unive.it/retrieve/c77aa83e-d0ad-4418-a8a8-8dde7c8e40e8/Itineraries%20of%20an%20Anthropologist.pdf#page=250 |url-status=live}}

Public reception of Mindar has been mixed. A survey by Osaka University found that some people found the android easy to follow, surprisingly human-like, and warm, while others said that it felt unnatural or fake, with expressions that seemed engineered. Several people who have listened to Mindar's sermon have cried, with some considering the shadow cast by the android to be the "real" Kannon. Foreigners, especially those from Western countries, have been more critical of the android. Some raised concerns that the android upset the sanctity of religion, while others likened Mindar to Frankenstein's monster.

A 2020 paper in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence discusses whether androids such as Mindar can express Buddha-nature. It concludes that Mindar could be considered an authentic incarnation of Kannon were it to become self-aware.{{cite journal |last1=Kopf |first1=Gereon |title=Does AI Have Buddha-Nature? Reflections on the Metaphysical, Soteriological, and Ethical Dimensions of Including Humanoid Robots in Religious Rituals from one Mahāyāna Buddhist Perspective |journal=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications |date=15 December 2020 |doi=10.3233/FAIA200965 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347746481 |pages=596–600 |isbn=978-1-64368-154-2 |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620065006/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347746481_Social_Models_for_Social_Robotics |url-status=live }} A 2023 paper in the Journal of Experimental Psychology describes a field study based on interviews with people who had heard Mindar's sermon. The paper indicates that people do not assign android preachers the same credibility as they do for human preachers. The authors conclude that the automation of religious duties would likely result in a reduction of religious commitment.{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Joshua Conrad |last2=Yam |first2=Kai Chi |last3=Tang |first3=Pok Man |last4=Liu |first4=Ting |last5=Shariff |first5=Azim |title=Exposure to robot preachers undermines religious commitment. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |date=December 2023 |volume=152 |issue=12 |pages=3344–3358 |url=https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/xge-xge0001443.pdf |doi=10.1037/xge0001443 |pmid=37486371 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222211356/https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/xge-xge0001443.pdf |url-status=live}}