Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)

The first government office charge with responsibility of crown land management in modern-day Ontario was the Office of the Surveyor-General of the Northern District of North America, created in 1763{{cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/OSG/2ColumnSubPage/STDU_130781.html |title=History of the Office of the Surveyor General - Science and Information Resources Division - Ministry of Natural Resources, Government of Ontario |publisher=Mnr.gov.on.ca |access-date=2012-04-17}} and initially headed by Samuel Holland. Holland was initially appointed Surveyor General of Quebec, but offered to assume the larger responsibility at no increase in salary.{{cite book |last=Ballantyne |first=Dr. Brian |date=2010 |title=Surveys, Parcels and Tenure on Canada Lands |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/earthsciences/pdf/land-surveys/SurveysParcelsTenureCanadaLands.pdf |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |isbn=978-1-100-17563-8 |page=13}} In 1791, Upper and Lower Canada were created via the Constitutional Act 1791. Holland continued to serve as Surveyor General for both, but openly advocated that they should be separate posts.{{r|Ballantyne|p=14}}

In 1792, David William Smith was named by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe to be acting Surveyor General of Upper Canada (against Holland's advice to appoint William Chewett as his replacement). Smith was subsequently officially appointed to the position in 1798 and held the office until his resignation in 1804.{{r|Ballantyne|p=14}} The previously overlooked Chewett and Thomas Ridout were appointed to the position jointly in the interim. In 1805, Charles Burton Wyatt was appointed (along with Joseph Bouchette{{Cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bouchette_joseph_7E.html|title=Biography – BOUCHETTE, JOSEPH – Volume VII (1836-1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography|website=www.biographi.ca}}) but was suspended in 1807. Ridout was named to the office in 1807 and held the position until 1829.{{r|Ballantyne|p=15}}

The Office of the Commissioner of Crown Lands for Upper Canada was established in 1827.{{cite book |author= Alexander Fraser|title= First Report of the Bureau of Archives for the Province of Ontario|url= https://archive.org/stream/reportbureauarc01coungoog#page/n21/mode/2up|year= 1903|publisher= L.K. Cameron, King's Printer|location= Toronto|volume= I|pages=19–25}} By the 1840s, however, the crown lands department had been established over which the Commissioner presided, and by 1860, this was renamed the Department of Crown Lands. The primary responsibility of the department was the sale and management of public lands and the granting of land to settlers. Between 1827 and 1867, the responsibilities of the department expanded to include the duties of the Surveyor General (in 1845), as well as those of the Surveyor General of Woods and Forests (in 1852). By 1867, the department had responsibility over mines, fisheries, ordnance lands, colonization roads, and Indian affairs, as well.{{cite book |last=Bishop |first=Olga Bernice |date=1984 |title=Publications of the Province of Upper Canada and of Great Britain: Relating to Upper Canada, 1791-1840 |url=https://archive.org/details/publicationsofpr0000bish |url-access=registration |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture |isbn= 978-0774389310}}

In 1867, the Department of Crown Lands for the Province of Canada was replaced with the Department of Crown Lands for Ontario. Ordnance lands, Indian affairs and fisheries were, however, transferred to the federal government in 1867. In 1900, the department also acquired responsibility over immigration and colonization.{{cite book |last=Bishop |first=Olga Bernice |date=1976 |title=Publications of the Government of Ontario, 1867-1900 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Government Services |isbn= 978-1341908729}}

In 1905, legislation was passed which renamed the Commissioner of Crown Lands to the Minister of Lands and Mines. With this change, the department was renamed the Department of Lands and Mines. At this time, responsibilities for forestry were transferred to the Department of Agriculture.{{cite act |title=Act to Amend the Act respecting the Executive Council |type=Statutes of Ontario |date=1905 |article=5 |article-type=Chapter }} In 1906, the department was renamed the Department of Lands, Forests and Mines, resuming responsibilities for forestry.{{cite act |title=An Act respecting the Department of Lands, Forests and Mines|type=Statutes of Ontario |date=1906 |article=10 |article-type=Chapter }} It also resumed responsibilities for immigration and colonization between 1916 and 1920.{{cite book |last=MacTaggart|first=Hazel I |date=1964 |title=Publications of the Government of Ontario, 1901-1955 |publisher=Queen's Printer of Ontario}}

In 1920, the department was renamed Department of Lands and Forests when a separate Department of Mines was established.{{cite act |title=Department of Mines Act|type=Statutes of Ontario |date=1920 |article=12 |article-type=Chapter }} Responsibilities for immigration and colonization were also transferred back to the Department of Agriculture.

The department existed until 1972, when it amalgamated with the Department of Mines and Northern Affairs to form the Ministry of Natural Resources.{{cite act |title=The Ministry of Natural Resources Act|type=Statutes of Ontario |date=1972 |article=4 |article-type=Chapter }} The ministry was responsible for northern affairs until 1977, and for mines until 1985.Government of Ontario Telephone Directories, 1972-1996 It was again merged briefly between 1995 and 1997 with Northern Development and Mines to form a single Ministry of Natural Resources, Northern Development and Mines.

In 2014 the ministry was renamed the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, but responsibilities did not change.{{cite web|url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/ontario-ministry-of-natural-resources-adds-forestry-to-its-title-1.2706127|title= Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources adds forestry to its title|access-date= 30 November 2021|work= CBC News|date= 14 July 2014|archive-url= https://archive.today/20211130175027/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/ontario-ministry-of-natural-resources-adds-forestry-to-its-title-1.2706127|archive-date= 30 November 2021|url-status= live}}

In June 2021, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry once again merged with the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines to form the Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

After the 2022 Ontario General Election in which the incumbent Progressive Conservatives were re-elected, the Ministry was once again separated, this time into 3 independent ministries; the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, the Ministry of Northern Development and the Ministry of Mines.{{cite web |title=Premier Ford Unveils New Cabinet to Build Ontario |date=24 June 2022 |publisher=Office of the Premier |url=https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1002164/premier-ford-unveils-new-cabinet-to-build-ontario |access-date=3 August 2024}}

On 6 June 2024, it was announced that the Minister of Natural Resources longer had responsibility for forestry. Nolan Quinn became the Associate Minister of Forestry under the Ministry of Natural Resources. On August 16, Kevin Holland became the Associate Minister of Forestry and Forest Products .

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MNRF is organized into divisions; within each division are branches/regions, sections, and units.{{cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/About/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_167152.html |title=Organization Chart for Ministry of Natural Resources - Communications Services Branch - Ontario Government, Ministry of Natural Resources |publisher=Mnr.gov.on.ca |access-date=2012-04-17}}

;Divisions:

• Regional Operations Division
• Provincial Services Division
• Policy Division
• Corporate Management and Information Division

The Ministry is responsible for:

• Fish & Wildlife Management – sustainably managing Ontario's fish and wildlife resources.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
• Land & Waters Management – leading the management of Ontario's Crown lands, water, oil, gas, salt and aggregates resources, including making Crown land available for renewable energy projects.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
• Forest Management – ensuring the sustainable management of Ontario's Crown forests.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
• Ontario Parks – guiding the management of Ontario's parks and protected areas.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
• Forest Fire, Flood and Drought Protection - protecting people, property and communities from related emergencies.{{Cite web |title=Forest fire management {{!}} ontario.ca |url=http://www.ontario.ca/page/forest-fire-management |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.ontario.ca |language=en}}
• Geographic Information – developing and applying geographic information to help manage the province's natural resources.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

The ministry also has responsibility for the Office of the Mining & Lands Commissioner and the Niagara Escarpment Commission agencies.{{Cite web |title=History of the Ontario Mining and Lands Commissioner {{!}} ontario.ca |url=http://www.ontario.ca/page/history-ontario-mining-and-lands-commissioner |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.ontario.ca |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=About - Niagara Escarpment Commission (NEC) |url=https://escarpment.org/about/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=escarpment.org/ |language=en-US}}

The Regional Operations Division (ROD) is a frontline arm of the Ministry with offices in 35 locations across Ontario.{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Natural Resources work centres {{!}} ontario.ca |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-natural-resources-work-centres |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.ontario.ca |language=en}} It plays a key role in issuing authorizations and compliance monitoring to ensure the province's natural resources are managed effectively and sustainably. ROD is accountable for:

• The sustainable management of Ontario's fish and wildlife resources
• The management of Ontario's Crown lands, water, oil, gas, salt and aggregates resources, including making Crown land available for renewable energy projects
• Ensuring the sustainable management of Ontario's Crown forests
• Protecting people, property and communities from forest fires, floods, droughts, and other emergencies
• Developing and applying geographic information to help manage the province's natural resources.{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Natural Resources {{!}} ontario.ca |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-natural-resources |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.ontario.ca |language=en}}

ROD's programs and services contribute directly to:

• provincial revenue (e.g. Crown land rental fees, hydro-electric royalties, etc.)
• understanding and protecting Ontario's ecosystems and natural resources
• supporting the natural resource-based and green energy economy (e.g. fishing, hunting, tourism, forestry, etc.)
• keeping people and property safe from natural hazards (e.g. dam operations, flood forecasting and warning, etc.)

ROD also works jointly with First Nations on community-based land use planning in the far north. The parties make consensus-based recommendations on which Crown lands will be dedicated to protection and which will be open for potential economic development (e.g. tourism, forestry, mining, renewable energy).{{Cite web |title=Land use planning process in the Far North {{!}} ontario.ca |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/land-use-planning-process-far-north |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.ontario.ca |language=en}}

Ontario Parks protects significant natural and cultural resources in a system of parks and protected areas.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

The Ministry's Aviation, Forest Fire and Emergency Services (AFFES) program coordinates forest fire detection, monitoring, suppression and public information and education services for Ontario. AFFES also provides aviation services for the Ontario government and leads emergency management planning and response for natural hazards such as forest fires, floods, erosion, dam failures, unstable soils and bedrock, droughts and oil and gas emergencies.{{Cite web |title=Forest, wildland and outdoor fires {{!}} ontario.ca |url=http://www.ontario.ca/page/forest-wildland-and-outdoor-fires |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.ontario.ca |language=en}}

The Ministry's entrance into the field of aviation started with hiring Laurentide Air Services to carry out fire patrols however the government soon realized it could save money by carrying out the operations itself and formed the Ontario Provincial Air Service, (O.P.A.S.) in February 1924 with 13 second hand Curtiss HS-2L flying boats that had been originally built for the US Navy. The OPAS was an early pioneer in the use of aircraft for the discovery and extinguishing of forest fires. Initially this involved carrying warnings of fires back to existing fire patrols, to be extinguished by teams that travelled by canoe or overland but soon they began landing firefighters (never more than a few at a time due to the limited carrying capacity of the aircraft available) with a hand-operated water pump near a fire. As a part of this program the OPAS completely rebuilt damaged aircraft before they began building a number of aircraft under license to meet their requirements such as the Buhl Air Sedan, and later provided considerable input on the development of the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver and de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter and finally were central to the invention of the water bomber. The first water bomber was an OPAS DHC Beaver with a tank mounted on the float designed to dump the water out quickly. This had followed unsuccessful experiments with bags of water.West, Bruce. Firebirds. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Queen's Printer, 1974.

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;Current AFFES Airfleet

• 9 Bombardier Canadair CL-415 - firefighting{{cite web |url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165918.html |title=Current Fleet - Aviation and Forest Fire Management - Government of Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources |publisher=Mnr.gov.on.ca |date=2007-12-05 |access-date=2013-07-03 |archive-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705150456/http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165918.html |url-status=dead }}
• 3 Bell 206 L-1 Long Ranger II{{cite web|url=http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/ccarcs/aspscripts/en/quicksearch.asp |title=Canadian Civil Aircraft Register |access-date=2 July 2013 |last=Transport Canada |author-link=Transport Canada |date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718042755/http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/ccarcs/aspscripts/en/quicksearch.asp |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}
• 1 Eurocopter 350-B2s
• 2 Beechcraft King Air 300
• 7 Eurocopter EC 130 B4
• 6 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters - firefighting
• 5 de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Mk III Turbo Beavers - firefighting

;Retired{{cite web|url = http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165920.html|title = History of the Air Service|access-date = 2008-12-10|last = Government of Ontario|author-link = Government of Ontario|year = 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140411003844/http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165920.html |archive-date = 11 April 2014}}

• 4 Buhl CA-6 Air Sedans
• 2 Canadian Vickers Vedette Flying Boats
• 14 Curtiss HS-2L Flying Boats
• de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
• de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
• de Havilland Dove Twin Engine Monoplane
• de Havilland Fox Moth Cabin Biplane
• 2 de Havilland Giant Moth Cabin Biplane
• 17 de Havilland Moth (includes DH.60G Gypsy Moth, DH.60M Moth & DH.60X Moth)
• 4 Fairchild 71 cabin monoplanes
• Fairchild KR-34 (Open cockpit biplane permanently assigned to the Superintendent)
• Grumman CS2F-1 Tracker - firefighting
• 4 Hamilton Metalplane cabin monoplanes
• 1 MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 twin engine helicopter
• 10+ Stinson Reliant Cabin monoplane
• Waco ZQC-6 Cabin Biplane

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• Former MNR de Havilland Beaver, C-FOBS, serial number 2, the first production Beaver manufactured by de Havilland Canada, is on display at the Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario{{cite web|url = http://www.bushplane.com/dehavilland-dhc-2-beaver-canadian-bushplane-heritage|title = de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver|access-date = 2008-12-10|last = Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre|author-link = Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre|year = n.d.|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918222130/http://www.bushplane.com/dehavilland-dhc-2-beaver-canadian-bushplane-heritage|archive-date = 2010-09-18}}

Image:CL215andC-337.JPG|MNR Canadair CL-215 air tanker and Cessna 337 contract fire detection aircraft in Dryden, Ontario 1995

Image:CL215andC-310.JPG|MNR CL-215 and Cessna 310 birddog aircraft in Kenora, Ontario 1995

Image:Bell205AC-FJTG.JPG|A Bell 205A-1 on contract firefighting duty with Ministry of Natural Resources parked on the MNR's lower helipad at Nym Lake, ON, 1996

Image:HelitackCrew01.JPG|A contract Bell 205A-1 with its MNR helitack firefighting crew on standby at Sioux Lookout, Ontario, 1995

Image:S-58TC-GLOG.JPG|MNR contracts a variety of aircraft for fire fighting each year, such as this S-58T ready to deploy to a project fire, Dryden, Ontario, 1995

Image:S-58TBambiBucket.JPG|An MNR contract firefighting aircraft at work: a S-58T with bambi water bucket, near Dryden, Ontario, 1995

Image:deHavillandDHC2Mk3TurboBeavers03.JPG|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources deHavilland DHC 2 Mk 3 Turbo Beavers on amphib floats in Dryden ON in 1995

Image:Bell205A-1andFireFighters03.JPG|Bell 205A-1 and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources firefighters working on Fire 141 in 1995

Image:Bell204CandFireFighters04.JPG|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources firefighters prepare to deploy on an arriving contract Bell 204B on Fire 141 in 1995

• Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre (CBHC)
• Ontario Forest Research Institute (OFRI)

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