Mischief Night#Detroit

{{Short description|Informal holiday practiced mainly in areas of the British Isles and English-speaking North America}}

{{About|the pranking holiday|other uses|Mischief Night (disambiguation)}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox holiday

| holiday_name = Mischief Night

| type = International

| longtype =

| image = Dellroy Halloween tp.JPG

| caption = Toilet papering is often practiced on Mischief Night

| official_name =

| nickname = {{Plain list|

  • Devil's Night
  • Gate Night
  • Goosey Night
  • Moving Night
  • Cabbage Night
  • Mat Night

}}

| observedby = Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom, United States, and other places

| significance =

| date = 30 October (most commonly)
4 November (Northern England)
30 April (originally)

| celebrations = Vandalism, practical jokes, pranks, parties

| duration = 1 day (begins at sundown)

| relatedto = Halloween

}}

Mischief Night is an informal holiday on which children, teenagers and adults engage in jokes, pranks, vandalism, or parties.{{Cite web|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/blogs/things_to_do/Where-to-party-on-Mischief-Night.html|title = Where to party on Mischief Night| date=October 28, 2015 }} It is known by a variety of names including Devil's Night (particularly in Detroit), Gate Night, Goosey Night, Moving Night, Cabbage Night, Mystery Night and Mat Night.{{Cite web | url=http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_110.html |title = Dialect Survey Results}}

Historical background

The earliest use of the phrase 'mischief night' comes from 1790, when a headmaster encouraged a school play which ended in "an Ode to Fun which praises children's tricks on Mischief Night in most approving terms".{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/nov/02/2|title=Traditionalist pranksters prepare for mayhem of Mischief Night|last=Wainright|first=Martin|date=November 2, 2008|work=The Guardian|access-date=November 7, 2010}} The concept of Mischief Night is certainly older though, as Puritan Philip Stubbs decries the May Day Eve mischief night as early as 1583.{{Cite web |last=Wilks |first=Jon |date=2023-04-22 |title=Customs Uncovered: Bringing in the May |url=https://tradfolk.co/customs/customs-customs/customs-uncovered-bringing-in-the-may/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Tradfolk |language=en-GB}}

In some regions in England, these pranks originated as part of 'Bringing in the May' on May Day Eve, but gradually shifted to later in the year. Dates vary in different areas, with some marking it traditionally on 4 November (the night before Bonfire Night), or the 30th October (the night before Halloween), though the latter is more common nowadays.{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4093505/mischief-night-history/|title=A Brief History of 'Mischief Night'|magazine=Time}}{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/whats-the-night-before-halloween-called-it-depends-on-1652219297|title=What's the Night Before Halloween Called? It Depends On Where You Live |website=Gizmodo|date=October 29, 2014 }}{{Cite web|url=https://wpst.com/do-you-call-october-30th-mischief-night-or-the-devils-night/|title=Do You Call October 30th Mischief Night Or The Devil's Night?|website=94.5 PST|date=October 25, 2018 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/what-do-you-call-night-before-halloween-180967010/|title=Yes. The Night Before Halloween Is a Real Holiday|first1=Smithsonian|last1=Magazine|first2=James|last2=Deutsch|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}

According to one historian, "May Day and the Green Man had little resonance for children in grimy cities. They looked at the opposite end of the year and found the ideal time, the night before the Gunpowder Plot." However, the shift only happened in the late 19th century and is described by the Opies as "one of the mysteries of the folklore calendar".{{cite book|last1=Opie|first1=Iona|last2=Opie|first2=Peter|title=The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren|date=2001|publisher=New York Review Books|location=New York|isbn=0940322692|pages=255}}

Word of Mischief Night began to appear in U.S. newspapers in the 1930s and 1940s and told of those who were celebrating wanting to put distance between the wholesome night of trick or treating and the chaotic night of causing havoc around the town. Some believed that the stress of the Great Depression was causing people to act out and this is what caused Mischief Night to break out at that time.{{Cite magazine |last=Fabry |first=Merrill |date=30 October 2015 |title=A Brief History of 'Mischief Night' |url=https://time.com/4093505/mischief-night-history/ |magazine=Time |access-date=30 October 2023}}{{tone inline|date=October 2021}}

Naming variations

=Canada=

West Kootenay (British Columbia), Vancouver Island, Thunder Bay (Ontario), and Winnipeg also called it "Gate Night"; in English-speaking Quebec it is known as "Mat Night" where a tradition of stealing front door mats developed while "Devil's Night" is a common name in many places throughout Canada.

In rural Niagara Falls, Ontario, during the 1950s and 1960s, "Cabbage Night" ({{langx|fr|Nuit de Chou}}) referred to the custom of raiding local gardens for leftover rotting cabbages and hurling them about to cause mischief in the neighbourhood. The night is still celebrated in Ontario. {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=United Kingdom=

Some parts of the country hold a Mischief Night on 30 October, the night before Halloween. The separation of Halloween tricks from treats seems to have only developed in certain areas, often appearing in one region but not at all nearby regions.{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/history/081029-devils-night.html |title=October 29, 2008-Devil's Night: The History of Pre-Halloween Pranks by Heather Whipps |website=Live Science |date=October 29, 2008 |access-date=November 1, 2010}} It is known in Welsh as Noson Ddrygioni and in Scottish Gaelic as Oidhche nan Cleas.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cy_gb/chirk-castle/features/hydref--calan-gaeaf-neu-samhain|title=Hydref – Calan Gaeaf neu Samhain?|website=National Trust}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/halloween-weird-and-wonderful-traditions-samhain-scotland-3018086|title=Halloween: The weird and wonderful traditions of Samhain in Scotland|website=www.scotsman.com|date=October 28, 2020 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.faclair.com/ViewEntry.aspx?ID=18E0E90B93C26C81AD11A72B0C6714F6|title=Oidhche nan Cleas|website=www.faclair.com}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cairnwater.co.uk/gaelicdictionary/?txtSearch=cleas|title=Am Faclair Beag – Scottish Gaelic Dictionary|website=www.cairnwater.co.uk}}

Mischief Nights are sometimes also held on May Day Eve, as part of 'Bringing in the May.' It was historically common for that night to involve playing pranks on neighbors, gathering flowers and greenery for May morning, making loud noise with gunfire or horns, and having sex.

==Northern England==

It is celebrated across Northern England on 4 November, the night before Bonfire Night.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In parts of Yorkshire as "Mischievous Night" or the shortened "'Chievous Night" "Miggy Night", "Tick-Tack Night", "Corn Night", "Trick Night" or "Micky Night"{{cite book|last1=Opie|first1=Iona|last2=Opie|first2=Peter|title=The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren|date=2001|publisher=New York Review Books|location=New York|isbn=0940322692|pages=276}} In some areas of Yorkshire, it is extremely popular among 13-year-olds, as they believe it to be a sort of "coming of age ceremony".{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/10/17/mischief_night_feature.shtml |title=Confessions from a Mischief Night Brat |publisher=BBC North Yorkshire |date=October 31, 2006 |access-date=June 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319092943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/10/17/mischief_night_feature.shtml |archive-date=March 19, 2007 }}

In Liverpool and parts of the surrounding region, Mischief Night is often shortened to "Mizzy Night".{{Cite web |last=Greasley |first=Remy |date=2023-10-24 |title=Mischief Night 'was harmless fun by kids, now they are pure evil' |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/mischief-night-used-harmless-fun-27972614 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}} Locally it has a reputation of causing anti-social and disruptive behaviour as well as vandalism in the area. In 2023 the night was described as being like a 'Warzone'.{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Police cars and buses damaged during Mischief Night in Halton |url=https://www.runcornandwidnesworld.co.uk/news/18006723.police-cars-buses-damaged-mischief-night-halton/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Runcorn and Widnes World |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Greasley |first=Remy |date=2023-10-31 |title=Fury as Merseyside becomes 'warzone' on Mischief Night |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/fury-merseyside-becomes-warzone-mischief-28016403 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Greasley |first=Remy |date=2023-10-24 |title=Mischief Night 'was harmless fun by kids, now they are pure evil' |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/mischief-night-used-harmless-fun-27972614 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}} The local police force Merseyside Police often has increased patrols of areas on Mischief Night.{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2015 |title=Merseyside Police take action to prevent Mischief Night trouble |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/merseyside-police-take-action-prevent-10362890#ICID=FB-Liv-main |access-date=October 31, 2015 |website=liverpoolecho}}

=United States=

In most of New Jersey, and other regions of the United States, including New Orleans, Philadelphia, the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, parts of New York state, and Connecticut, it is referred to as "Mischief Night".

In the Great Lakes region, Michigan, western New York, and western Pennsylvania it is known as Devil's Night.

In Des Moines, Iowa and its surrounding suburbs, it is known as “Beggar’s Night”. It is common for children to trick-or-treat on Beggar's Night rather than Halloween.

In some towns in North Jersey and parts of New York State, it is also known as "Goosey Night".{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/10/mischief_night_cabbage_night_goosey_night_what_does_it_all_mean.html|title=Mischief Night? Cabbage Night? Goosey Night? What does it all mean?|author=Myles Ma|website=NJ.com|date=October 30, 2014|access-date=October 30, 2014}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2018/10/its_a_jersey_thing_mischief_night.html |title = Mischief Night, apparently, is a Jersey thing. Here's how this mayhem started|date = October 28, 2018}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/04/nyregion/new-jersey-journalz-historians-well-law-enforcement-officials-are-assessing-last.html | title=NEW JERSEY JOURNALZ HISTORIANS as well as law-enforcement officials are assessing last week's Halloween activities. Traditionally, on Halloween Eve – widely known as Mischief Night – pranksters armed with soap and eggs sally forth, bent on leaving their marks on car, store and garage windows, as well as on occasional pedestrians or even on other pranksters| newspaper=The New York Times| date=November 4, 1984}} Cabbage Night is also used in this area as it is the term used in Vermont, Connecticut, Bergen County (New Jersey), Upstate New York, Northern Kentucky, Newport (Rhode Island) and Western Massachusetts.{{cite web |url=http://thefranklinlakesjournal.com/guestcolumnist/cabbage-night-to-you-mischief-night-to-me/ |title=Cabbage Night to You, Mischief Night to Me |work=The Franklin Lakes Journal |date=October 1, 2010 |first=Veronica MacDonald |last=Ditko |access-date=October 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006060748/http://thefranklinlakesjournal.com/guestcolumnist/cabbage-night-to-you-mischief-night-to-me/ |archive-date=October 6, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}

Baltimore (Maryland) traditionally refers the night as "Moving Night" due to the custom of exchanging or stealing porch furniture and other outside items.{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2008/10/31/neighbors-take-action-as-mischief-night-pranks-turn-ugly/ |title=Neighbors take action as 'Mischief Night' pranks turn ugly |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=October 31, 2008 |access-date=October 30, 2017}}

It is known as "Gate Night" in Bay City (Michigan), Rockland County (New York), North Dakota and South Dakota.{{Citation needed|date = October 2023}}

In Detroit, which was particularly affected by Devil's Night arson and vandalism throughout the 1980s, many citizens took it upon themselves to patrol the streets to deter arson and other crimes. Started in 1997 as an initiative to combat the legacy of Devil's Night, "Angels' Night" usually ran October 29 through October 31 with up to 40,000 volunteers on patrol, around the time most Halloween festivities were taking place.{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/angelsnight/default.htm |title=City of Detroit Angels Night – Home Page |publisher=Ci.detroit.mi.us |access-date=October 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191414/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/angelsnight/default.htm |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }} However, official city support for Angels' Night patrolling was discontinued in 2018 after arson had declined significantly.{{cite web |last=Dickson |first=James David |title='Angels' Night' to be changed in the city of Detroit |website=detroitnews.com |date=2017-11-01 |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/11/01/angels-night-detroit-ending/820484001/ |access-date=2024-02-10}}

==Detroit==

Devil's Night, especially from the late 1960s to the 1990s,Jack Santino, The Hallowed Eve, University Press of Kentucky (1998), pg. 10. involved widespread serious vandalism and arson in the Detroit area. Devil's Night made its way to Detroit in the 1930s and 1940s.{{cite web |url=https://detroithistorical.org/blog/2021-10-25-haunted-history-devils-night |website=Haunted History: Devil's Night |access-date=5 September 2022 |title=Haunted History: Devil's Night | Detroit Historical Society }} Traditionally, city youths engaged in a night of mischievous or petty criminal behavior, usually consisting of minor pranks or acts of mild vandalism (such as egging, soaping or waxing windows and doors, leaving rotten vegetables or flaming bags of canine feces on stoops, or toilet papering trees and shrubs) which caused little or no property damage. By the 1970s, the concept of Devil's Night as a phenomenon of a night of mischief and vandalism had spread, in a limited way, to cities around the state of Michigan, around the Midwest, and a few other cities around the country.

However, in Detroit in the early 1970s, the vandalism escalated to more destructive acts such as arson. This primarily took place in the inner city, but surrounding suburbs were often affected as well.

The crimes became more destructive in Detroit's inner-city neighborhoods, and included hundreds of acts of arson and vandalism every year. The destruction was worst in the mid- to late-1980s, with more than 800 fires set in 1984, and a number in the hundreds for each subsequent year until 2011.{{Cite news |last=Neavling |first=Steve |date=2019-10-31 |title=Decades long Devil's Night is dead in Detroit with fires disappearing on Halloween Eve |work=The Detroit Metro Times |url=https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/decades-long-devils-night-is-dead-in-detroit-fires-disappear-on-halloween-eve/Content?oid=23012915}} The damage was exacerbated by the severe population decline and widespread abandonment of buildings that occurred in Detroit during the 1970s and 1980s.

Devil's Night arson in Detroit had not declined by the early 1990s.{{Cite web |date=1991-11-03 |title=Devil's Night Fires Decline By More Than Half in Detroit, The New York Times, November 3, 1991 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4DC173DF930A35752C1A967958260 |access-date=2013-10-31 |website=New York Times}} After a brutal Devil's Night in 1994, mayor Dennis Archer promised city residents arson would not be tolerated. In 1995, Detroit city officials organized and established Angels' Night on and around October 29–31. Each year as many as 50,000 volunteers gather to patrol neighborhoods in the city.{{Cite web |title=City of Detroit Angel's Night Homepage, Accessed July 4, 2007 |url=http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/angelsnight/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191414/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/angelsnight/default.htm |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=2013-10-31 |publisher=Ci.detroit.mi.us}}{{Cite news |date=2009-11-03 |title=Detroit fires drop over 3-day Halloween period |work=Daily Tribune |url=http://dailytribune.com/articles/2009/11/03/news/doc4aef43ca44335834433376.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306075036/http://dailytribune.com/articles/2009/11/03/news/doc4aef43ca44335834433376.txt |archive-date=March 6, 2012}} Many volunteers kept a high profile, patrolling neighborhoods with magnetic-mount flashing amber beacons on their personal vehicles, along with communicating with command centers via CB radios or by cellular phones to report any suspicious activity. Incidences of arson and other crimes declined, a success largely attributed to the Angels' Night volunteers. The drop in reported fires for the year 2008 was credited to the Angels' Night program.{{Cite web |title=Angels Night Information - Volunteer - How Do I - City of Detroit MI |url=http://www.angelsnight.org/ |website=angelsnight.org}} That same year, 35,000 signed up to volunteer in the city, according to Daniel Cherrin, spokesperson for Detroit Mayor Ken Cockrel Jr.{{Cite web |date=2008-10-30 |title="Devil's Night" Fires Doused in Detroit |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/devils-night-fires-doused-in-detroit/ |access-date=2020-10-01 |publisher=CBS}}{{Cite web |last=Cherrin |first=Daniel |title=Angel's Night 2008 |date=2015 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/111835 |access-date=2020-10-01 |publisher=Deep Blue |hdl=2027.42/111835}}

As a result of the efforts, the number of fires decreased to near-ordinary levels in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2010, the number of reported fires increased to 169, a 42 percent increase compared to the previous year.{{Cite web |date=2010-11-01 |title=Significant rise in Detroit fires over Halloween weekend 2010 |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/299676 |publisher=Digital Journal}} However, subsequent years saw the totals again decline to the low 90s for the three-day period. This average of about 32 fires per day is somewhat higher than the expected 26 fires per day through the year.{{Cite web |date=2012-11-02 |title=Detroit Angels' Night: Data behind this year's record-low fire count |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2012/11/detroit_angels_night_data_behi.html |publisher=MLive.com}}{{Cite web |date=2013-11-02 |title=Detroit officials report 95 fires over three-day Angels' Night period leading up to Halloween |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/11/detroit_officials_report_95_fi.html |publisher=MLive.com}}[http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2014/10/38_fires_a_quiet_angels_night.html 38 fires a 'quiet' Angels' Night in Detroit, says Mayor Duggan's office], mlive, October 31, 2014 2015 saw 52 fires recorded and only 24 considered possibly arson.[http://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/city-of-detroit-records-quietest-angels-night-on-record-with-52-fires City of Detroit records quietest Angels' Night on record with 52 fires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105112625/http://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/city-of-detroit-records-quietest-angels-night-on-record-with-52-fires |date=2015-11-05 }}, WXYZ Detroit, November 1, 2015 2017 saw the lowest recorded number of fires with only 21 fires recorded.{{Cite web|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/10/31/detroit-only-21-fires-fought-devils-night/817349001/|title=Detroit: 21 fires fought on Halloween eve|date=|access-date=September 13, 2024|last=Dickson|first=James David|publisher=The Detroit News}}

Modern practice in the United States

Mischief Night is generally recognized as a New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maryland and Delaware, phenomenon.{{Cite web | url=https://www.nj.com/news/2018/10/its_a_jersey_thing_mischief_night.html |title = Mischief Night, apparently, is a Jersey thing. Here's how this mayhem started|date = October 28, 2018}}

Mischief Night tends to include popular tricks such as toilet papering yards and buildings, powder-bombing and egging cars, people, and homes, using soap to write on windows, 'forking' yards{{clarify|date=October 2022}}, setting off fireworks and smashing pumpkins and jack-o'-lanterns. Local grocery stores often refuse to sell eggs to children and teenagers around the time of Halloween for this reason. Occasionally the damage can escalate to include the spray-painting of buildings and homes.{{cite web|url=http://blog.mlive.com/citpat/2007/10/halloween_blowups_vandalized_i.html |title=Jackson Citizen Patriot: October 21, 2007-Halloween blow-ups vandalized in Springport by Jake May |publisher=Blog.mlive.com |date=October 21, 2007 |access-date=November 1, 2010}} Less destructive is the prank known as "Ding-dong ditch".

In New Orleans, from 2014 to 2018,{{Cite book |last=make total distro |url=http://archive.org/details/mischief-night-in-new-orleans |title=Mischief Night in New Orleans |date=2021-08-21}} Mischief Night involved a series of unruly parade-like riots.[http://www.noladefender.com/content/crime-bits-mischief-night-edition Crime Bits: Mischief Night Edition] According to participants, the Mischief Night 'krewes' follow in New Orleans' carnival's centuries-old tradition of 'walking parades', most of which take place in the lead-up to Mardi Gras. Mixing revelry with mindless violence, Mischief Night parades involve thematic floats and costumes as well as targeted vandalism and fires. Targets of vandalism, attacks and arson have included the police, bystanders and property.{{cite web |url=https://itsgoingdown.org/new-orleans-takes-streets-halloween/ |work=It's Going Down |date=November 15, 2016 |title=New Orleans: Mischief Night Parade Breaks History |accessdate=October 30, 2021}}

When asked in an interview from 2017 how Mischief Night in New Orleans fits into the context of carnival, a parader replied "Our Carnival traditions are those that actually want to 'turn the world upside down'."{{Cite web|url=https://itsgoingdown.org/new-orleans-mischief-night-interview-revelers/|title=New Orleans Mischief Night: An Interview with Revelers|date=December 4, 2017|website=It's Going Down}} After a parade through downtown in 2016 that saw bonfires in the street, police cars hit with paint and the Battle of Liberty Place Monument chipped away at with a sledgehammer, another participant wrote:

{{blockquote|There is no longer a middle ground; that's been seized for luxury condos. The choice is stark: we either collectively build a more combative spiritual practice or we collude in ceding our ritual spaces of encounter to the oppressors.{{Cite web|url=https://itsgoingdown.org/new-orleans-takes-streets-halloween/|title=New Orleans: Mischief Night Parade Breaks History|date=November 5, 2016|website=It's Going Down}}}}

In some areas of Queens, New York, Cabbage Night has included throwing rotten fruit at neighbors, cars and buses. Children and teenagers fill eggs with Neet and Nair hair remover and throw them at unsuspecting individuals. In the mid-1980s garbage was set on fire and cemeteries were set ablaze. In Camden, New Jersey, Mischief Night escalated to the point that in the 1990s widespread arson was committed, with more than 130 arson attacks on the night of October 30, 1991.{{Cite web|url=https://www.firehouse.com/photostory/10550817/fire-and-police-departments-extinguish-pre-halloween-arson-sprees|title=StackPath|website=www.firehouse.com|date=October 29, 2005 }}

By the end of the 2010s, the destructive elements of Devil's Night in Detroit had largely ceased to exist. In 2018, formal support of Angels' Night was ended with city resources being instead allocated to host neighborhood Halloween parties. Devil's Night 2018 recorded a total of five structure fires, with only four on the night before.[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/10/31/detroit-halloween-eve-sees-5-fires/1830753002/ Detroit: Halloween eve sees 5 fires], Detroit News, October 31, 2018 Devil's Night 2021 saw the lowest totals in multiple decades, with only three structure fires recorded.[https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2021/11/01/fires-vanish-from-detroits-notorious-devils-night], Detroit Metro Times, November 1, 2021 In the 2010s, the decline of Devil's Night fires coincided with an increase in similar arson on the nights surrounding the July 4 Independence Day holiday.{{Cite web |last=Neavling |first=Steve |date=2016-07-05 |title=Devil returns on Fourth of July weekend: 140 fires break out in Detroit |url=http://motorcitymuckraker.com/2016/07/05/devil-returns-detroit-fourth-july-weekends-140-fires/ |access-date=2016-07-05 |publisher=Motor City Muckraker}}

See also

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

  • Chafets, Ze'ev. (1990). Devil's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-58525-9}}.
  • Davis, Adam Brooke. [http://missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu/Missouri%20Folklore%20Studies/devilsnight.htm "Devil's Night and Hallowe'en: The Linked Fates of Two Folk Festivals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105514/http://missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu/Missouri%20Folklore%20Studies/devilsnight.htm |date=2016-03-05 }}. Missouri Folklore Society Journal XXIV(2002) 69–82