Missak Manouchian

Manouchian is registered as being born on 1 September 1906 in Adıyaman, in Mamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire into an Armenian peasant family.{{sfn|Khaleyan|1946|p=71}} It was discovered in February 2024 that he was in fact born in 1909, when pages from his notebooks, discovered in May 2023 by his family at the Charents Museum of Literature and Arts, were obtained at the last minute for the exhibition celebrating his transfer to the Panthéon, and exhibited although not yet exploited by French researchers, as they were written in Armenian: his great-grandniece Hasmik Manouchian read in an entry dated February 1935 that he was 25. She said that this corroborated family stories that he had made himself older by three years, as he was not 18 when he arrived in France, but 15, too young to be allowed to work. The historian Denis Peschanski, who curated the exhibition, pointed out that this was relatively common for immigrants to France at the time. His tomb at the Panthéon, installed a short time before, is engraved with the date 1906.{{cite news|last=Chemin|first=Ariane|title=Missak Manouchian n'est pas mort à 37 ans, mais à 34 : le résistant s'était vieilli de trois ans à son arrivée en France|language=fr|date=6 March 2024|newspaper=Le Monde|location=Paris|issn=0395-2037|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/03/06/missak-manouchian-n-est-pas-mort-a-37-ans-mais-a-34-le-resistant-s-etait-vieilli-de-trois-ans-a-son-arrivee-en-france_6220442_823448.html}}{{cite news|title=Erreur sur la stèle de Missak Manouchian au Panthéon : le résistant n'est pas né en 1906 mais en 1909|last=Durieux|first=Jeanne|language=fr|newspaper=Le Figaro|location=Paris|date=8 March 2024|issn=0182-5852|url= https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/erreur-sur-la-stele-de-missak-manouchian-au-pantheon-le-resistant-n-est-pas-ne-en-1906-mais-en-1909-20240308}}

His parents were killed during the Armenian genocide of 1915, but he and his brother managed to survive.{{cite book|last1=Houssin|first1=Monique|title=Résistantes et résistants en Seine-Saint-Denis: un nom, une rue, une histoire|date=2004|publisher=Editions de l'Atelier|isbn=9782708237308|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VL52RZBV4xUC&dq=manouchian&pg=PA252 252]|language=fr}}{{cite web|title=Missak Manouchian (le Chef)|work=Skyrock |date=14 April 2010|url=http://lafficherouge.skyrock.com/2839032862-Missak-Manouchian-le-Chef.html|publisher=L'affiche Rouge |author1=Lafficherouge }} In the early 1920s he settled in an Armenian General Benevolent Union-run orphanage in Jounieh, Lebanon, then a French protectorate.{{sfn|Khaleyan|1946|p=71}} He acquired education there and in 1925 moved to France.{{sfn|Khaleyan|1946|p=71}}

Eventually, Manouchian settled in Paris, where he took a job as a lathe operator at a Citroën plant.{{sfn|Khaleyan|1946|p=71}} During this period he was self-educated and often visited libraries{{sfn|Khaleyan|1946|p=71}} in the Latin Quarter. He joined the General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail, CGT), a national association of trade unions which was the first of the five major French confederations. In the early 1930s, when the world-wide economic crisis of the Great Depression set in, Missak Manouchian lost his job. Disaffected with capitalism, he began earning a meager living by posing as a model for sculptors.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

In 1934, Manouchian joined the French Communist Party.{{sfn|Khaleyan|1946|p=72}} From 1935 to 1937 he edited the Armenian-language left-wing weekly newspaper Zangou, named after a river in Armenia. The newspaper was anti-fascist, anti-Dashnak, anti-imperialist and pro-Soviet.{{sfn|Khaleyan|1946|p=72}}

Manouchian wrote poetry and, with an Armenian friend who used the pseudonym of Séma (Kégham Atmadjian), founded two communist-leaning literary magazines, Tchank ("Effort") and Mechagouyt ("Culture").{{cite journal|last=Atamian|first=Christopher|title=What's Happened to Our Culture in the Diaspora?|journal=Ararat Magazine|date=29 August 2011|url=http://araratmagazine.org/2011/08/whats-happened-to-our-culture-in-the-diaspora/|publisher=Armenian General Benevolent Union|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204449/http://araratmagazine.org/2011/08/whats-happened-to-our-culture-in-the-diaspora/|url-status=dead}} They published articles on French literature and Armenian culture. The two young men translated the poetry of Baudelaire, Verlaine, and Rimbaud into Armenian, making many of these works available in Armenian for the first time. Both Manouchian and Séma enrolled at the Sorbonne to follow courses in literature, philosophy, economics, and history.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

The following year, he was elected secretary of the Relief Committee for Armenia (HOC), an organization associated with the MOI (Immigrant Workforce Movement). At a meeting of the HOC in 1935, he met Mélinée Assadourian, who became his companion and, later, his wife.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1983-077-09A, Französischer Widerstandskämpfer.jpg.]]

When the Second World War broke out in September 1939 Manouchian was arrested for his suspect communist ties, but was released in October and conscripted into the French 4th Specialist Training Company and dispatched to Brittany. After the defeat of June 1940, he returned to Paris to find that his militant activities had become illegal. (French authorities had banned the Communist Party as early as September 1939.) On 22 June 1941, when the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Nazis began, Manouchian was arrested by the occupying Germans in an anti-communist round-up in Paris. Interned in a prison camp at Compiègne, he was released after a few weeks without being charged, thanks to the efforts of his wife, Mélinée Assadourian.[http://lorenz.ist.org/fba/document/manouchian.html Missak Manouchian – Ein armenischer Partisan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827120749/http://lorenz.ist.org/fba/document/manouchian.html |date=27 August 2005 }}

In early 1943 he was recruited by Boris Milev. Manouchian became the political chief of the Armenian section of the underground MOI, but little is known about his activities until 1943. In February of that year, Manouchian transferred to the FTP-MOI, a group of gunmen and saboteurs attached to the MOI in Paris.

Manouchian became the leader of the FTP-MOI in June/August 1943, replacing Boris Holban.{{cite book|last=Cobb|first=Matthew|title=The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis|date=2009|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1847391568|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=evcMAQAAMAAJ&q=Missak+Manouchian 187]}} Manouchian assumed command of three detachments, totaling about 50 fighters. The Manouchian group is credited with the assassination on 28 September 1943, of General Julius Ritter, the assistant in France to Fritz Sauckel, responsible for the mobilization and deportation of labor under the German STO (Obligatory Work Service) in Nazi-occupied Europe. (The attack was made by the partisans Marcel Rayman, Léo Kneller, and Celestino Alfonso.) The Manouchian group carried out almost thirty successful attacks on German interests from August to November 1943.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2011/01/11/san-diego-jewish-film-festival-preview-army-of-crime/|title=San Diego Jewish Film Festival preview: 'Army of Crime'|first=Donald H.|last=Harrison|date=11 January 2011}} Charles Aznavour and his family were members of the Manouchian resistance group, and were recognized after the war for rescuing Jews and Armenians from Nazi persecution.{{cite web |title=Charles Aznavour and his sister Aida received the Raoul Wallenberg Medal |url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/news/charles-aznavour-and-his-sister-aida-received-the-raoul-wallenberg-medal |website=The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation |access-date=1 October 2018 |last1=Ar |first1=Convistaalmar. com }}

On 16 November 1943,{{cite news|title=Il y a 69 ans, Missak Manouchian était arrêté|url=http://nor-haratch.com/2014/11/anniversaire-il-y-a-69-ans-missak-manouchian-etait-arrete/|work=Nor Haratch|date=16 November 2014|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222052827/http://nor-haratch.com/2014/11/anniversaire-il-y-a-69-ans-missak-manouchian-etait-arrete/|archive-date=22 February 2015}} the collaborationist French police forces arrested the Manouchian group{{cite book|last=Poznanski|first=Renée|title=Jews in France During World War II|date=2001|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=0-87451-896-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MzAhHLLtsDcC&dq=Missak+Manouchian+1943&pg=PA352 352]}} at Évry-Petit Bourg. His companion, Mélinée, managed to escape the police.{{Cite web |url=http://www.noev-kovcheg.ru/mag/2006-12/286.html |title=(in Russian) Армянский боец французского Сопротивления |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-date=15 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215183008/http://www.noev-kovcheg.ru/mag/2006-12/286.html |url-status=dead }}

Manouchian and the others were tortured to gain information, and eventually handed over to the Germans' Geheime Feldpolizei (GFP). The 23 were given a show trial for propaganda purposes before execution. Manouchian and 21 of his comrades were shot at Fort Mont-Valérien near Paris on 21 February 1944.{{cite web|last=Courtois|first=Stéphane|authorlink=Stéphane Courtois|title=Portrait de Boris Holban|url=http://www.hommes-et-migrations.fr/docannexe/file/5198/76_78_1276.pdf|website=Le Monde|language=fr|date=2 July 2004|quote=la BS2 arrête Manouchian et plus de soixante de ses camarades, dont les 23 figurant sur la fameuse "Affiche rouge", qui seront fusillés au mont Valérien, le 21 février 1943.}}{{cite news|last=Dutent|first=Nicolas|title=Missak Manouchian : Cet idéal qui le faisait combattre|url=https://www.humanite.fr/missak-manouchian-cet-ideal-qui-le-faisait-combattre-566181|work=L'Humanité|date=20 February 2015|language=fr}} The remaining group member, Olga Bancic, was deported to Stuttgart and beheaded there in May 1944.{{cite web [title=GOLDA (OLGA) BANCIC |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/id-card/golda-olga-bancic |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=US Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=21 January 2022}}

In his last letter to his wife, Mélinée, Manouchian said that he forgave everyone except the one who betrayed us to save his skin and those who sold us. "There was consensus that they were betrayed by one of their number, {{ill | Joseph Davidovitch | fr}}, who was arrested and tortured by the Nazis (before being released and shot by the Resistance). But some survivors also felt the French Communist Party had sacrificed the unit by refusing to smuggle vital Jewish combatants out of Paris after the French police began to tail them."

Photographs of French Resistance agents facing a firing squad of Nazi officers were discovered in December 2009, and Serge Klarsfeld identified them as Manouchian and his group members.{{cite news|last=Hugues|first=Bastien|title=Les derniers instants du groupe Manouchian|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/12/11/01016-20091211ARTFIG00428-les-derniers-instants-du-groupe-manouchian-.php|work=Le Figaro|date=11 December 2009|language=fr}} The photographs began being permanently exhibited at Fort Mont-Valérien in June 2010.{{cite news|last1=Samuel|first1=Henry|title=First pictures of French Resistance killed by Nazi firing squad|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/7841721/First-pictures-of-French-Resistance-killed-by-Nazi-firing-squad.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203052714/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/7841721/First-pictures-of-French-Resistance-killed-by-Nazi-firing-squad.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2012|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 June 2010}}

In June 1985, a television documentary by Mosco Boucault with the historian Stéphane Courtois working as a consultant entitled Des terroristes à la retraite (Terrorists in Retirement) was aired.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=550}} The documentary started an intense dispute over the identity of the informer who betrayed Manouchian and the rest of groupe Manouchian in 1943.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=550}} In the documentary, Mélinée Manouchian accused Boris Holban of being the informer.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=550}} In the 1986 book L'Affaire Manouchian by Philippe Robrieux, Holban was accused of being a member of an "ultra-secret special apparatus" within the PCF that took its orders from the Kremlin and that Holban had betrayed the groupe Manouchian on orders from Moscow.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=550}} The French journalist Alexandre Adler, in a series of articles in the Socialist newspaper Le Matin, defended Holban, arguing that he was not in Paris in the fall of 1943 and thus was not in a position to know the address of Manouchian or anyone else in his group.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=552}} Adler drew attention to a 1980 article in the Romanian journal Magazin istoric by the FTP-MOI intelligence chief Cristina Luca Boico, where she mentions that Holban was leading a maquis band in the Ardennes in November 1943 and had not been in Paris for some time.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=553}} L'Affaire Manouchian was finally settled in the 1990s when French police records were opened, revealing that Joseph Davidowicz, a resistance fighter who was arrested and then released by the Gestapo, was the informer who betrayed Manouchian.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=554}} Davidowicz was later killed by fellow resistance members, who accused him of spying for the Germans.{{Cite web|last=Dobbs|first=Michael|date=6 July 1985|title=TV Show on French Resistance Stirs Controversy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/07/06/tv-show-on-french-resistance-stirs-controversy/3107b0fb-ecda-4f12-adb3-6ba936366448/|access-date=23 June 2021|website=WashingtonPost.com}}

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| image1 = Rue du Groupe-Manouchian, Paris 20.jpg

| caption1 = Rue du Groupe-Manouchian in the 20th arrondissement of Paris

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| caption2 = Missak Manouchian Park in central Yerevan

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| caption3 = Manouchian on a 2015 Armenian stamp{{cite news|title=New postage stamp dedicated to Missak Manouchian|url=https://www.haypost.am/en/1432655737|agency=HayPost|date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419151905/https://www.haypost.am/en/1432655737 |archive-date=19 April 2021}}

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Following World War II, Armenians were perceived in France positively "solely in the reflective light of Missak Manouchian, who played an important role in the French anti-Nazi resistance."{{cite book|last=Al-Rustom|first=Hakem|editor1-last=Quayson|editor1-first=Ato|editor1-link=Ato Quayson|editor2-last=Daswani|editor2-first=Girish|title=A Companion to Diaspora and Transnationalism|url=https://www.academia.edu/7857619|contribution= Diaspora Activism and the Politics of Locality: The Armenians in France|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405188265|page=476}} Manouchian is a prominent figure in the bilateral relations between Armenia and France.{{cite web|last=Tardivier|first=Nelly|title= Arménie, mon amie est dédiée à une culture forte |url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/lettre/LI150.pdf|website=culture.gouv.fr|publisher=French Ministry of Culture|page=5|language=fr|date=July–August 2007|quote=Les 500 000 Français d'origine arménienne représentent un ciment extraordinaire entre les deux pays, avec de hautes figures commecelles de Missak Manouchian.}}

Due to his Communist ideology, Manouchian was immediately recognized as a hero in the Soviet Union. Soviet Armenian author Marietta Shaginyan described him as an "example of an Armenian who preserved his nationality, and at the same time became a class-conscious worker and a militant communist in his adopted country."{{cite book|last1=Shaginyan|first1=Marietta|authorlink1=Marietta Shaginyan|title=Journey Through Soviet Armenia [По Советской Армении]|date=1954|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House|location=Moscow|page=45}} Russian poet Sergei Shervinsky hailed him in a 1956 Ogoniok article as a "Fighter, Worker, Poet".{{cite journal|last1=Shervinsky|first1=Sergei|authorlink1=:ru:Шервинский, Сергей Васильевич|title=Борец, Рабочий, Поэт... [Fighter, Worker, Poet...]|journal=Ogoniok|date=3 June 1956|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gic_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA16 16]|location=Moscow|language=ru}} A school in Yerevan, Armenia—founded in 1947—was named for Manouchian in 1963.{{cite web|title=The schools subordinated to the municipality of Yerevan|url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/school/?page=2|website=yerevan.am|publisher=Yerevan Municipality}}

On 5 March 1955, a street named for the Manouchian Group (fr) was dedicated in the 20th arrondissement of Paris.{{cite web|title=Rue du Groupe Manouchian 75020 Paris|url=http://www.acam-france.org/contacts/contact_lieu.php?cle=108|website=acam-france.org|publisher=Association Culturelle Arménienne de Marne-la-Vallée|language=fr}}

In 1978, a statue of Manouchian sculpted by Ara Harutyunyan was opened in the military cemetery of Ivry-sur-Seine, Paris.

In 2007, an exhibition dedicated to Manouchian was held at the Musée Jean Moulin in Paris in the scope of the Year of Armenia in France.{{cite news|title=Autour de "Missak Manouchian, les Arméniens dans la Résistance en France"|url=http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article=29774|work=Nouvelles d'Arménie Magazine|date=26 February 2007|language=fr|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231325/http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article=29774|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=Missak Manouchian, les Arméniens dans la Résistance en France|url=http://www.fondationresistance.org/pages/accueil/missak-manouchian-les-armeniens-dans-resistance-france_exposition9.htm|publisher=Fondation de la Résistance|language=fr}}

A commemorative plaque was installed on 22 February 2009 at 11 rue de Plaisance, in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. The old hotel at this address was the last home shared by Manouchian and his wife, Mélinée.{{cite web|title=Dévoilement de la plaque Missak Manouchian|url=http://www.mairie14.paris.fr/mairie14/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?document_id=13759&portlet_id=1931|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721015341/http://www.mairie14.paris.fr/mairie14/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?document_id=13759&portlet_id=1931|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2011|website=mairie14.paris.fr|publisher=Mairie du 14e|language=fr}}{{cite news|title=Memorial plaque unveiled in Paris in honor of French Resistance hero Misak Manushyan|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/world/news/28749/|agency=PanARMENIAN.Net|date=23 February 2009}}

In February 2010, busts of Manouchian were inaugurated in Marseille, in a square named after him, and in Issy-les-Moulineaux.{{cite web|title=Buste Missak Manouchian Place Groupe Manouchian – 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux|url=http://www.acam-france.org/contacts/contact_lieu.php?cle=815|website=acam-france.org|publisher=Association Culturelle Arménienne de Marne-la-Vallée|language=fr}}

On 21 February 2014, on the 70th anniversary of the execution of Manouchian and his group, a commemoration ceremony was held at Fort Mont-Valérien. Notable attendees included French President François Hollande, Armenian foreign minister Eduard Nalbandyan and prominent French-Armenian singer Charles Aznavour.{{cite news|title=President Hollande Attends Missak Manouchian Commemoration|url=http://asbarez.com/119865/president-hollande-attends-missak-manouchian-commemoration/|work=Asbarez|date=21 February 2014}}{{cite web|title=Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian participated in the commemoration ceremony dedicated to the French Resistance and the group of Missak Manouchian|url=http://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/item/2014/02/21/france21022014/|website=mfa.am|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia|date=21 February 2014|access-date=23 February 2015|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015224/http://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/item/2014/02/21/france21022014/|url-status=dead}} On 13 March 2014, the Missak Manouchian Park was opened in central Yerevan, the Armenian capital, in attendance of Presidents Serzh Sargsyan and Hollande.{{cite news|last1=Gevorgyan|first1=Alisa|title=Missak Manouchian Park opens in Yerevan|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2014/05/13/missak-manouchian-park-opens-in-yerevan/|agency=Public Radio of Armenia|date=13 May 2014}}{{cite news|title=Hollande, Sargsyan Attend Manouchian Park Opening|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/54552/hollande-sargsyan-attend-manouchian-park-opening.html|work=Hetq Online|date=13 May 2014}}

In June 2014, the memorial in Marseille was defaced with a swastika.{{Cite web |title=Statue of Missak Manouchian in Marseille desecreted |url=https://en.armradio.am/2014/06/27/statue-of-missak-manouchian-in-marseille-desecreted/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Public Radio of Armenia |language=en-US}} Two far-right activists, who admitted their participation, were sentenced to 100 hours of community service in January 2015.{{Cite news |date=2015-01-09 |title=Profanation de la stèle Manouchian : deux militants d'extrême droite condamnés |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2015/01/09/profanation-de-la-stele-manouchian-deux-militants-d-extreme-droite-condamnes_4552839_1653578.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr}}

In January 2022 a campaign was launched by Nicolas Daragon, mayor of Valence, Drôme, and Jean-Pierre Sakoun, president of Comité Laïcité République, and others to move Manouchian's ashes to the Panthéon. Supporters included Katia Guiragossian, a great-niece of Missak and Mélinée Manouchian, sociologist Nathalie Heinich, historian Denis Peschanski, and others.{{cite news |title=Après Joséphine Baker, Missak Manouchian a sa place au Panthéon [After Josephine Baker, Missak Manouchian has his place in the Pantheon] |url=https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/apres-josephine-baker-missak-manouchian-a-sa-place-au-pantheon-20220113_XVUSSRC45NGOJAOW5STFPLRIYE/ |work=Libération |date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122200918/https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/apres-josephine-baker-missak-manouchian-a-sa-place-au-pantheon-20220113_XVUSSRC45NGOJAOW5STFPLRIYE/ |archive-date=22 November 2022 |language=fr}} It further gained the support of the mayors of Paris and Marseille Anne Hidalgo and Benoît Payan,{{cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Tim |title=Calls for Armenian resistance fighter to enter French Pantheon |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/04/25/armenian-genocide-anniversary-calls-for-armenian-resistance-fighter-to-enter-french-panthe |agency=Euronews (via AFP) |date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516130902/https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/04/25/armenian-genocide-anniversary-calls-for-armenian-resistance-fighter-to-enter-french-panthe |archive-date=16 May 2022}}{{cite news |last1=Gréco |first1=Bertrand |title=Anne Hidalgo réclame la panthéonisation du résistant Missak Manouchian [Anne Hidalgo calls for the pantheonization of the resistant Missak Manouchian] |url=https://www.lejdd.fr/culture/anne-hidalgo-reclame-la-pantheonisation-du-resistant-missak-manouchian-132763?Echobox=1676711381#utm_term=Autofeed&xtor=CS1-4 |work=Le Journal du Dimanche |date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230223090212/https://www.lejdd.fr/culture/anne-hidalgo-reclame-la-pantheonisation-du-resistant-missak-manouchian-132763?Echobox=1676711381%23utm_term=Autofeed&xtor=CS1-4 |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{cite web |last1=Hidalgo |first1=Anne |title=Faire entrer Missak Manouchian au Panthéon : en voilà un beau et nécessaire projet pour la France ! [Bringing Missak Manouchian into the Pantheon: here is a beautiful and necessary project for France!] |url=https://twitter.com/Anne_Hidalgo/status/1628120599745765377 |website=Twitter |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222084010/https://twitter.com/Anne_Hidalgo/status/1628120599745765377 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |language=fr}}{{cite web |last1=Payan |first1=Benoît |author1-link=Benoît Payan |title=Missak Manouchian, était un héros de la résistance. |url=https://twitter.com/BenoitPayan/status/1627715326073765912 |website=Twitter |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222073449/https://twitter.com/BenoitPayan/status/1627715326073765912 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |language=fr |date=February 20, 2023 |quote=Nous sommes nombreux à le demander : la France serait grande de le faire entrer au Panthéon.}} former French ambassador to Armenia Jonathan Lacôte,{{cite web |last1=Lacôte |first1=Jonathan |author1-link=Jonathan Lacôte |title=Petit fil pour une entrée de Missak Manouchian au Panthéon [Little thread for Missak Manouchian's entry to the Pantheon] |url=https://twitter.com/JonathanLacote/status/1467955458828869632 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222083837/https://twitter.com/JonathanLacote/status/1627930335714459649 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |language=fr |date=December 7, 2021}} and MPs from various parties.examples: Anne-Laurence Petel [https://twitter.com/al_petel/status/1628127191111180288]; Aurélien Saintoul [https://twitter.com/A_Saintoul/status/1627987397097971714]; Stéphane Troussel [https://twitter.com/StephanTroussel/status/1627999808550993921]; Martine Etienne [https://twitter.com/MartineEtienne_/status/1628051827684941824]; Pierre Ouzoulias [https://twitter.com/OuzouliasP/status/1627955317702107137], [https://twitter.com/OuzouliasP/status/1625132927225831424] In March 2022 Europe 1 reported that French President Emmanuel Macron was planning pantheonization of Manouchian. A close presidential adviser was quoted as saying: "This file is at the top of the pile."{{cite news |last1=Serais |first1=Jacques |title=Emmanuel Macron pense à panthéoniser Missak Manouchian [Emmanuel Macron thinks of pantheonizing Missak Manouchian] |url=https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-emmanuel-macron-pense-a-pantheoniser-missak-manouchian-4101117 |agency=Europe 1 |date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413052710/https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-emmanuel-macron-pense-a-pantheoniser-missak-manouchian-4101117 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |language=fr}} Le Monde reported Macron met with supporters of the campaign on March 30, 2022 at the Élysée Palace and several days later, Macron said of Manouchian: "I think he is a very great figure and that makes a lot of sense."

File:Panthéonisation de Missak et Mélinée Manouchian.png of Missak and Mélinée Manouchian.]]

Missak Manouchian and his wife Mélinée were entombed in the Panthéon on 21 February 2024, in commemoration of his execution's 80th anniversary.{{Cite news |title=En direct: au Panthéon, Emmanuel Macron salue la mémoire de Missak Manouchian, Français de préférence, Français d'espérance |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/02/21/en-direct-missak-et-melinee-manouchian-sont-entres-au-pantheon-suivez-en-direct-la-ceremonie_6217672_823448.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr-FR}}{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=France inducts Resistance hero Manouchian into Panthéon |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240221-armenian-resistance-fighter-manouchian-joins-france-s-panth%C3%A9on-heroes |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=France 24 |language=en}} He became the first communist to enter the Panthéon.{{Cite news |date=2023-06-18 |title=Missak Manouchian, héros de la Résistance d'origine arménienne, va faire son entrée au Panthéon |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2023/06/18/missak-manouchian-heros-de-la-resistance-d-origine-armenienne-va-faire-son-entree-au-pantheon_6178142_823448.html |access-date=2023-06-19}}{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=France honors foreign Resistance fighters as WWII hero Manouchian is inducted into the Panthéon |url=https://apnews.com/article/france-armenia-wwii-resistance-fighter-pantheon-manouchian-93614f176838da048c3c46d8b45e9dff |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}

• In 1955, Louis Aragon wrote a poem, "Strophes pour se souvenir", loosely inspired by the last letter that Manouchian wrote to his wife Mélinée.{{Cite web|url=http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/French/SelectedFrenchPoemsoftheTwentiethCentury.htm|title=The Red Poster, by Louis Aragon}} In 1959 Léo Ferré set the poem to music and recorded it under the title "L'Affiche rouge".
• In the 2009 novel Missak by Didier Daeninckx, set in 1955, a journalist investigates who betrayed Manouchian and discovers the informer was Boris Bruhman, a thinly disguised version of Boris Holban.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=555-556}}

;Films

• The 1985 film Terrorists in Retirement (Des terroristes à la retraite) offers speculations on why "beginning in 1943, the [French] Communist Party began deliberately dispatching the partisans [including the Manouchian group] on missions that their Communist leaders knew would lead to their arrest and probable execution."{{cite news|last=Holden|first=Stephen|authorlink1=Stephen Holden|title=FILM REVIEW; Sorrow and Perfidy: Unsung Resistance Fighters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/10/movies/film-review-sorrow-and-perfidy-unsung-resistance-fighters.html|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 2001}}
• The 2009 film The Army of Crime (L'Armée du crime), directed by Robert Guédiguian, is dedicated to Manouchian and his group.{{cite news|last1=Holden|first1=Stephen|authorlink1=Stephen Holden|title=The Army of Crime (2009)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/20/movies/20army.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 2010}}{{cite news|last1=Kempner|first1=Aviva|title=Vive La Resistance, Encore!|url=http://forward.com/articles/130162/vive-la-resistance-encore/|work=The Jewish Daily Forward|date=18 August 2010}} In the film, Manouchian appears as the hero, and many parallels are drawn between the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust as the film emphasizes Manouchian's opposition to genocide in the Second World War because he was a survivor of genocide in the First World War.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=555}} In a review of L'Armée du crime in Le Monde on 15 November 2009, the French historian Stéphane Courtois complained that the film wrongly portrayed Manouchian as an "anti-Stalinist" communist and the film was unrealistic in that it had Manouchian casually and routinely violating the rules of clandestine activity.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=555}} The British historian Gawin Bowd described the film as part of a tendency to move away from the traditional gallocentric view of résistancialiste where resistance in France was entirely the work of the French.{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=555}} However, Bowd noted that the way in which L'Armée du crime portrays Manouchian as a martyr who mort pour la France (died for France) does suggest that Manouchian was more of a French hero than an Armenian one as the "ultimate horizon of Frenchness remains".{{sfn|Bowd|2014|p=555}}
• Missak Manouchian, une esquisse de portrait (2012) is a documentary directed by Michel Ionascu.{{cite web|author1=Mihai|title=MISSAK MANOUCHIAN, une esquisse de portrait|url=http://creative.arte.tv/en/community/missak-manouchian-une-esquisse-de-portrait|website=arte.tv|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222002641/http://creative.arte.tv/en/community/missak-manouchian-une-esquisse-de-portrait|archive-date=22 February 2015}}

• Affiche Rouge (Red Poster)

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Helen|authorlink1=Helen Graham (historian)|title=The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century|date=2012|publisher=Apollo Books|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2wcfBZ9dnm4C&dq=Missak+Manouchian&pg=PA84 84]}}

{{cite book|last1=Rancière|first1=Jacques|authorlink1=Jacques Rancière|title=The Intellectual and His People: Staging the People, Volume 2|date=2012|publisher=Verso Books|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7aOn1Yh5p1gC&dq=Missak+Manouchian&pg=PA43 43]}}

{{cite book|last=Taturyan|first=Sh.|title=Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 7|contribution=Մանուշյան Միսաք [Manushyan Misak]|date=1981|pages=[https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_7.djvu/255 255–6]}}

{{cite journal|last=Atamian|first=Astrig|title=Les Arméniens communistes en France, une histoire oubliée|journal=Amnis. Revue de civilisation contemporaine Europes/Amériques|date=2007|volume=7 |issue=7|doi=10.4000/amnis.853|url=http://amnis.revues.org/853|publisher=University of Western Brittany|language=fr|issn=1764-7193|doi-access=free}}

{{cite news|last=Riding|first=Alan|authorlink1=Alan Riding|title=French Film Bears Witness To Wartime Complicity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/09/movies/french-film-bears-witness-to-wartime-complicity.html|work=The New York Times|date=9 January 2001}}

{{cite book|last1=Ter Minassian|first1=Anahide|last2=Vidal-Naquet|first2=Pierre|authorlink1=:fr:Anahide Ter Minassian|authorlink2=Pierre Vidal-Naquet|title=Histoires croisées: diaspora, Arménie, Transcaucasie, 1880–1990|date=1997|publisher=Editions Parenthèses|isbn=9782863640760|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tz21MWr6KpwC&dq=manouchian&pg=PA40 40]|language=fr}}

{{cite book|last1=Mouradian|first1=Claire|authorlink1=Claire Mouradian|title=Les Arméniens en France: du chaos à la reconnaissance|date=2010|publisher=Editions De L'attribut|isbn=978-2916002187|page=[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xzsZgE_E4lUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA48&dq=Missak+Manouchian 48]|language=fr}}

}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Bowd |first1=Gavin |title=Romanians of the French Resistance |journal=French History |date=December 2014 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=541–559|doi=10.1093/fh/cru080 |hdl=10023/9636 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|last=Khaleyan|first=Ervand|title=Նյութեր Միսակ Մանուշյանի մասին [Materials on Missak Manouchian]|journal=Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: Social Sciences|date=1946|issue=4|pages=71–86|url=http://basss.asj-oa.am/139/|language=hy|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221060838/http://basss.asj-oa.am/139/|url-status=dead}}

;Further reading

• {{cite book|last=Manouchian|first=Mélinée|authorlink1=Mélinée Manouchian|title=Manouchian|date=1954|publisher=Les Éditeurs français réunis|location=Paris|language=fr}}
• {{cite journal|last=Poghossian|first=Varouzhan|title=Միսաք Մանուշյանի նամակները [Misak Manushian's letters]|journal=Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri|date=1985|issue=7|pages=90–92|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/5412/|language=hy}}
• {{cite book|last=Daeninckx|first=Didier|authorlink=Didier Daeninckx|title=Missak: l'enfant de l'Affiche rouge|date=2009|publisher=Perrin|isbn=978-2262028022|language=fr}}
• {{cite journal|last=Benson|first=Darcy Colleen|title=Communist, Foreigner, Résistant?: Post-War Commemoration of Missak Manouchian and Marcel Langer|journal=Student Honors Theses by Year|date=2014|publisher=Dickinson College|url=http://scholar.dickinson.edu/student_honors/150/|format=Honors Thesis}}
• {{cite book|last=Robrieux|first=Philippe|authorlink=:fr:Philippe Robrieux|title=L'Affaire Manouchian|date=1986|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=2213017875|language=fr}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manouchian, Missak}}

Category:1909 births

Category:1944 deaths

Category:Armenian communists

Category:Armenian male poets

Category:Executed activists

Category:FTP-MOI

Category:French people of Armenian descent

Category:Communist members of the French Resistance

Category:Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)

Category:People from Adıyaman

Category:Armenian people of World War II

Category:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany

Category:Syrian emigrants to France

Category:Armenian genocide survivors

Category:Armenian people executed by Nazi Germany

Category:French people executed by Nazi Germany

Category:20th-century Armenian poets

Category:Affiche Rouge

Category:Burials at Ivry Cemetery

Category:Communists executed by Nazi Germany

Category:People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad

Category:Deaths by firearm in France

Category:People executed by Nazi Germany occupation forces