Mission (grape)

The original European strain, until recently, had been lost, thus the grapes' being named "Mission grapes" since they were generally grown in Spanish missions. Prior to 1522, wine was made from grapes native to the area around Mexico City. However, finding the wine produced lacking, it was decreed by Hernán Cortés that sacramental wine was to be made using grapes grown from cuttings from the Old World, and that the grape was to be planted in every Spanish settlement in the New World.{{cite book|last=Ausmus|first=William A.|title=Wines and Wineries of California's Central Coast: A Complete Guide from Monterey to Santa Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BHJlxKHl0YC&pg=PA11|date=30 June 2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93183-1|page=11}}{{cite journal |last1=McKee |first1=Irving |date=March 1947 |title=The Beginnings of California Winegrowing |journal=The Quarterly: Historical Society of Southern California |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=59–71 |doi=10.2307/41168117 |jstor=41168117 }} Originally brought to Mexico from Spain in the 16th century, they were planted in New Mexico during the early 17th century.{{cite news |last=Mobley |first=Esther |date=23 March 2017 |title=Mission revival: State's first wine grape, circa 1760, rides again |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/wine/article/Mission-revival-State-s-first-wine-grape-11023418.php |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=10 December 2019 }}{{cite news |last=Kettmann |first=Matt |date=5 April 2018 |title=Santa Barbara's Ancient Wines, Then and Now |url=https://www.independent.com/2018/04/05/santa-barbaras-ancient-wines-then-and-now/ |work=Independent |location=Santa Barbara |access-date=14 December 2019 }}{{efn|Eusebio Francisco Kino is credited for its cultivation in Mexico's northwestern regions.{{cite book|last=Emerson|first=L. P. Bill|title=Mexico's Grape Industry: Table Grapes, Raisins, and Wine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VP6PHiCxmVUC&pg=PP7|year=1979|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service|page=7}}}} Several decades later wine was introduced to present-day Baja California with the establishment of Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó in 1697 by Jesuit priest Juan de Ugarte.{{cite book|last=Hannickel|first=Erica|title=Empire of Vines: Wine Culture in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edJAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|date=9 October 2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0890-0|page=157}} While two grape varieties were native to California, Vitis californica and Vitis girdiana, neither were used for wine production.{{cite journal |last1=Amerine |first1=Maynard A. |date=April 1969 |title=An Introduction to the Pre-Repeal History of Grapes and Wines in California |journal=Agricultural History |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=259–268 |jstor=4617664 }}

The grape was introduced to present-day California in the late 18th century by Franciscan missionaries; the first planting of the grape in present-day California was done by Junipero Serra at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769.{{cite book|last=Estreicher|first=Stefan K.|title=Wine: From Neolithic Times to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9Jg8WxcaygC&pg=PA111|year=2006|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-478-5|page=111}}{{cite news |last=Bedford |first=Ed |date=15 November 2015 |title=A grape mission |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2015/nov/15/feast-grape-mission/# |work=San Diego Reader |access-date=12 December 2019 }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/news/short-history-wine-making-california/ |title=A short history on wine making in California |last=Borg |first=Axel |date=5 July 2016 |website=News |publisher=UC Davis |access-date=12 December 2019 }}
{{cite book|last=Pierce|first=Newton Barris|title=The California Vine Disease: A Preliminary Report of Investigations|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26|year=1892|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=26–27|chapter=Introduction and Spread of the Mission Vine in Upper California}}
{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=William Mark|last2=Nougaret|first2=Raymond Louis|title=The Grape Phylloxera in California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxVZsMoaAKQC&pg=PA3|year=1921|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|page=3}}{{efn|Not all sources agree that Mission San Diego de Alcala was where the first grapes were planted. One source claims that the first vine were planted at Mission San Juan Capistrano.{{cite web |url=http://californiamissionsfoundation.org/articles/wineatthecaliforniamissions/ |title=Wine at the California Missions |last=Iversen |first=Eve |date=1998 |website=California Missions Foundation |access-date=20 March 2020 }} Other sources claim that Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was where the first vine was planted.{{cite web |url=https://winehistoryproject.org/the-first-father-of-california-wine-fray-junipero-serra/ |title=The First Father of California Wine: Fray Junípero Serra |last=Agran |first=Libbie |date=16 September 2018 |website=Wine History Project of San Luis Obispo County |publisher=Archdiocese of Los Angeles |access-date=10 December 2019 }}{{cite web |url=https://angelusnews.com/local/la-catholics/historic-vine-dedicated-at-san-gabriel-mission/ |title=Historic Vine dedicated at San Gabriel Mission |author= |date=14 November 2014 |website=Angelus }}}} The next vines to be planted in present-day California were at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in 1771, cuttings from this vine would be used to start new vines at Pueblo de Los Ángeles around 1786.{{cite book|last=Pierce|first=Newton Barris|title=The California Vine Disease: A Preliminary Report of Investigations|url=https://archive.org/details/californiavined00piergoog|year=1892|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://archive.org/details/californiavined00piergoog/page/n36 28]}} Eventually vineyards and wine making expanded to each of the Spanish missions in California.{{cite book |last=Pinney |first=Thomas |date=September 2007 |title=A History of Wine in America, Volume 1 |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520254299/a-history-of-wine-in-america-volume-1 |publisher=University of California Press|pages=237–243 |chapter=Winegrowing in the California Mission Period |isbn=9780520254299 |chapter-url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft967nb63q&chunk.id=d0e6533&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e6429&brand=ucpress }} By the last decade of the 18th century, Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was making {{convert|35,000,000|USgal|kL}} of wine. In 1820, the wine made from Mission grapes began to be exported overseas.{{cite report |last1=Barber |first1=Nelson |last2=Hutchins |first2=Lyndsey |last3=Dodd |first3=Tim |date=June 2007 |title=A History of the American Wine Industry |chapter-url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/hs/texaswine/docs/Wine_History.pdf |publisher=Texas Tech University |access-date=17 March 2020 |chapter=California and the Western Wine Region }} A dessert wine made from the Mission grapes of the missions gained a reputation of quality in Europe.{{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Hank |date=Summer 2008 |title=Chasing Angels: The Sweet Wine Angelica |url=https://gcfs.ucpress.edu/content/ucpgastro/8/3/74.full.pdf |journal=Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture |volume=8 |issue=30 |pages=74–78 |issn=1529-3262 |doi=10.1525/gfc.2008.8.3.74 |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321032151/https://gcfs.ucpress.edu/content/ucpgastro/8/3/74.full.pdf |url-status=dead }} Making wine was a leading source of revenue for the missions, but ceased after secularization in the 1830s;{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Iris Ann |date=September 1957 |title=Early Southern California Viniculture 1830-1865 |journal=The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=242–250 |doi=10.2307/41169133 |jstor=41169133 }} eventually the vineyards of the missions began to be abandoned.{{cite journal |last1=Carosso |first1=Vincent P. |date=June 1949 |title=Anaheim, California: A Nineteenth Century Experiment in Commercial Viniculture |journal=Bulletin of the Business Historical Society |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=78–86 |doi=10.2307/3111042 |jstor=3111042 }}

File:Tables and chairs under a grape arbor, Mission San Gabriel (CHS-1734).jpg

Until about 1865, Mission grapes represented the entirety of viticulture in California wines.{{cite conference |url=http://www.ucanr.org/sites/intvit/files/24402.pdf |title=UC Davis' Role in Improving California's Grape Planting Materials |last1=Walker |first1=Andrew |date=19 June 2000 |publisher=University of California |book-title=Proceedings |pages=209–215 |location=Seattle |conference=American Society for Enology and Viticulture }}{{efn|By the 1850s, plantings of imported European grapes were present in present-day Los Angeles County, due to the efforts of Matthew Keller, Jean-Louis Vignes, and others.}} In 1870, Mission grapes were still described as universal; when eaten as fruit they were "pleasant, and agreeable".{{cite book|title=The Horticulturist, and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhwiAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA323|year=1870|publisher=Luther Tucker|page=323|chapter=Grape Culture in the Sonoma Valley.}} As late as 1888, {{convert|4,000|acres|ha}} of Napa Valley were used to grow Mission grapes. Yet, back in Spain, the vines which the Mission grapes had descended from, were wiped out by phylloxera in all areas except the Canary Islands.{{efn|Phylloxera infestation was first experienced in California in 1858.{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=William Mark|last2=Nougaret|first2=Raymond Louis|title=The Grape Phylloxera in California|url=https://archive.org/details/grapephylloxerai903davi|year=1921|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture|page=[https://archive.org/details/grapephylloxerai903davi/page/122 122]}}}} From 1880, to 1920, the amount of land which Mission grapes were grown on reduced from {{convert|30,000|acres|ha}} to {{convert|5,000|acres|ha}}.{{cite book|title=California Grape Grower|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA18|year=1920|page=18|chapter=The Mission Grape: Its Remarkable Record in California}}{{efn|During this time period, the then world's largest grape vine was of the mission variety, and was in Capenteria Valley.{{cite book|title=Rural Californian|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0ZRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA114|year=1906|publisher=Rural Californian|page=114|chapter=Mission Grapes}}}} During the Prohibition era, the grape largely disappeared from California, with wine made in Mexico smuggled into the United States. One vineyard in Santa Barbara County had sagebrush grown over it, to hide it from being ripped out by prohibitionists;{{cite book|last=Nabhan|first=Gary Paul|title=Renewing America's Food Traditions: Saving and Savoring the Continent's Most Endangered Foods|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcmJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36|year=2008|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-933392-89-9|pages=36–40|chapter=Mission Grape}}{{efn|Cuttings from this vineyard, are being planted at Mission Santa Barbara to revive its historic garden.{{cite news |last=Hayes |first=Virginia |date=23 January 2007 |title=La Huerta Project |url=https://www.independent.com/2007/01/23/la-huerta-project/ |work=Independent |location=Santa Barbara |access-date=23 January 2007 }}}} while others were just abandoned.{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Jancis|last2=Harding|first2=Julia|last3=Vouillamoz|first3=Jose|title=Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties, Including Their Origins and Flavours|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWh2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|date=24 September 2013|publisher=Ecco|isbn=978-0-06-232551-8|pages=14–15|chapter=Vine Age}} Afterwards it has largely been replaced by noble grape varieties.{{efn|It remained in quantities, well into the mid-20th century, but was often used to in blended wines, or in inexpensive fortified drinks, losing its once esteemed reputation.}}

{{As of|2016}}, the oldest surviving living vine of Mission grape exists at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, with the oldest vine still bearing fruit being at Avila Adobe.{{cite news |last=Levine |first=Allison |date=7 April 2016 |title=The oldest vine in California |url=https://napavalleyregister.com/wine/columnists/allison-levine/the-oldest-vine-in-california/article_04f94530-4005-5047-9c0a-b7447359da82.html |work=Napa Valley Register |access-date=12 December 2019 }}{{efn|A vine which grows over Olvera Street originates at the adobe, and is a genetic match to those from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.{{cite news |last=Totten |first=Sanden |date=20 May 2016 |title=Making wine from a piece of LA's early history |url=https://www.scpr.org/news/2016/05/20/60818/making-wine-from-a-piece-of-l-a-s-early-history/ |work=KPCC |location=Pasadena |access-date=20 March 2020 }}}} In 2017, most of the state's remaining plantings of the Mission grapes are in the Gold Country, growing in about total {{convert|1,000|acres|ha}}.{{cite web | url=http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/mission.htm |url-status=dead | title=Mission | first=Jim |last=LaMar | date=15 February 2017 | access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606082016/http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/mission.htm |archive-date=6 June 2019 }} By 2019, the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that Mission grapes are grown on about {{convert|400|acres|ha}} in California. Cultivation has also begun in Baja California, Mexico, where {{convert|24|acres|ha}} of century old vines are harvested near Tecate.{{cite web |url=https://vinepair.com/articles/pais-wine-guide-south-america/. |title=Low-Intervention Winemaking Is Giving this Ancient Grape a Modern Boost |last=McKirdy |first=Tim |date=1 July 2019 |website=VinePair |access-date=17 March 2020 }}

Early accounts of alcoholic beverages made using the Mission grape recall the use of simplistic methods utilizing cowhides, grape treading, and leather bags. The first pressing, producing white wine, later pressings producing red wine, and brandy distilled from the remaining residue. During the 19th century, the Mission grape was used to make strong wines similar to port and sherry.{{cite journal |last1=Terry |first1=Thomas D. |date=January 1975 |title=California Grapes and California Missions |journal=Agricultural History |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=292–293 |jstor=3742141 }} The wine produced by the mission grape was described by Julius Dresel{{efn|The brother of Emil Dresel, and whose family was important in early viticulture in Sonoma County.{{cite book|last=Guinn|first=James Miller|title=History of the State of California and Biographical Record of Coast Counties, California: An Historical Story of the State's Marvelous Growth from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMoPo5ce3IIC&pg=PA1050|year=1902|publisher=Chapman Publishing Company|page=1050}}
{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Charles L.|title=A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMwlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|date=October 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21351-7|page=92}}
{{cite web |url=https://sonomavalleywine.com/the-roots/summoning-the-dresels/#.XnGAeHJKhhE |title=Summoning the Dresels |author= |date=2020 |website=Sonomoa Valley Wine |publisher=Sonoma Valley Vintners & Growers |access-date=17 March 2020 }}}} as having "a marked Burgundy flavor,". Yet, that opinion of the wine's taste wasn't shared by all, and it also received negative and unflattering descriptions.{{cite news |last=Vreeken |first=Stacey |date=11 September 2018 |title=Uncorked: Vines to wines — History of grape growing in Santa Cruz County |url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2012/08/27/uncorked-vines-to-wines-history-of-grape-growing-in-santa-cruz-county/ |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |access-date=18 March 2020 }}{{cite book|title=Scientific American: Supplement|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IM6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA4501|volume=282|date=28 May 1881|publisher=Munn and Company|pages=450–451|chapter=The Grapes of California}}
{{cite book|title=California Grocers Advocate|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfM9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA593|year=1912|page=593|chapter=The First Wines of California}} The vine has a twisting thick trunk, looking more like a small tree rather than other types of vines.{{cite news |last=Dunne |first=Mike |date=19 August 2014 |title=Dunne on Wine: Marco Cappelli and angelica, a wine from early California history |url=https://www.sacbee.com/food-drink/wine/dunne-on-wine/article2607084.html |work=Sacramento Bee |access-date=20 March 2020 }} When fruiting, the vines produce "big, heavy, deep-red grape clusters,".{{cite news |last=Yadagaran |first=Jessica |date=15 August 2016 |title=California's historical grape with a mission |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2010/02/19/californias-historical-grape-with-a-mission/ |url-access=subscription |work=Mercury News |location=Santa Clara, California |access-date=17 March 2020 }} It was also written that the grapes of this variety grown in Northern California were called Sonoma grape, while grapes of this variety grown in Southern California were called Los Angeles Grape, with each imparting a distinct flavor compared to the other;{{cite book|last=Hittell|first=John Shertzer|title=The Resources of California|url=https://archive.org/details/resourcescalifo05hittgoog|year=1867|publisher=A. Roman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/resourcescalifo05hittgoog/page/n235 193]–207|chapter=Grapes}} elsewhere they were called California grape. Recently, it has been proposed that the Sonoma grape was brought to Northern California from Peru by Russian settlers of Fort Ross in 1817. {{cite journal|last1=Toro-Lira|first1=G.|last2=Mendoza|first2=K.|last3=Aliquo|first3=G.|date=2020|title=The Peruvian Provenance of the Northern California Mission Grape |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340729860|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.35518.02886|access-date=11 June 2020|via=ResearchGate.net}}

Historically, four types of wines were made from this variety: white, a dry red, a sweet red, and a sweet brandy fortified wine. These historic wines did not age well, and would sour after three years.{{cite book|title=Semi-tropic California and Southern California Horticulturist|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cVHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA42|year=1880|publisher=Southern California Horticultural Society.|pages=42–43|chapter=Proof Of The Pudding}} In the 21st century, the mission variety is grown in Amador, Calaveras, and Santa Barbara counties, as well as in Lodi in San Joaquin County.{{cite book|last=Misuraca|first=Karen|title=Backroads of the California Wine Country|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnR6wZlgud0C&pg=PA112|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-1-61060-349-2|pages=112–113|chapter=Calaveras County|year=2006}} From these growers, they have produced angelica, dry, and table wines. Other wines made from this variety are natural red, port, sacramental, and sherry. When made into a table wine, it creates a wine described as "very light boddied, yet extremely tannic, often indistinguishable in color from a dark rose, tasting of bitter orange peel and light red fruits, like rhubarb and strawberry.".{{cite news |last=Mobley |first=Esther |date=23 March 2017 |title=Tasting notes: Mission and angelica |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/wine/tastingroom/article/Tasting-notes-Mission-and-angelica-11023414.php |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=18 March 2020 }} Angelica made from mission grapes has been described as "unusually sweet," with notes "reminiscent of molasses, dried figs, caramel, nuts and toffee.".{{cite magazine |last=Caparoso |first=Randy |date=November 2014 |title=Once and Future Angelica |url=http://digital.copcomm.com/i/413994-november-2014/68?m4= |page=68 |magazine=The Tasting Panel |location=Encino |issn=2153-0122 |access-date=20 March 2020 }} Sacramental wine made from this variety has been described as "sickly sweet, with almost no acid to speak".{{cite magazine |last=Teeter |first=Adam |date=1 April 2015 |title=The First Foreign Grape In America Has Ties To Communion |url=https://vinepair.com/wine-blog/the-first-foreign-grape-in-america-has-ties-to-communion/ |magazine=Vine Pair |location=New York City |access-date=20 March 2020 }}

Though Mission grape vines are heavy producers and can adapt to a variety of climates, table wine made from the fruit tends to be rather characterless, and thus its use in wine making has diminished in modern times. However, as both contemporary accounts and those of the last two centuries attest, angelica, the fortified wine made from the grape, is sometimes a wine of note and distinction; in its angelica form, it has been described as having similar regional importance as port to Portugal, sherry to Spain, and marsala to Sicily. The Mission grape is related to the pink Criolla grape of Argentina, and the red País grape of Chile.{{cite book|last=Frank|first=Jennifer|title=Wine at Your Fingertips|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xxDioPtxfkC&pg=PA346|date=7 October 2008|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-4406-5197-7|page=346}}
{{cite book|last=MacNeil|first=Karen|title=The Wine Bible|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiKnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|date=13 October 2015|publisher=Workman Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7611-8083-8|page=81|chapter=Criolla}}
{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Kym|title=The World's Wine Markets: Globalization at Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMKc8Ed8qoIC&pg=PA210|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84542-076-5|page=210}} Despite being almost extinct in California after a century of being maligned and put down as an inferior grape, recently interest has increased in Mission again. A lot of smaller producers are embracing its long history and the very few plantings still left in the state. It is a drought resistant plant.{{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Oz|author-link1=Oz Clarke|last2=Rand|first2=Margaret|title=Oz Clarke's Grapes and Wines: The Definitive Guide to the World's Great Grapes and the Wines They Make|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyqC1uYmP4sC&pg=PA138|year=2007|publisher=Harcourt, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-15-603291-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/ozclarkesgrapesw0000clar/page/138 138]|chapter=Mission|url=https://archive.org/details/ozclarkesgrapesw0000clar/page/138}}

In December 2006, Spanish scholars from the Centro Nacional de Biotecnología in Madrid uncovered the name and origin of the mysterious Mission grape, as well as which were the earliest European vines grown in the Americas.{{cite magazine |last=Alley |first=Lynn |date=12 February 2007 |title=Researchers Uncover Identity of Historic California Grape |url=https://www.winespectator.com/articles/researchers-uncover-identity-of-historic-california-grape-3412 |magazine=Wine Spectator |location=New York |publisher=M. Shanken Communications |access-date=10 December 2019 }}{{efn|Another sources claim that the Mission grape is related to the Listán negro.{{cite web |url=https://grapecollective.com/articles/mission-grape-listan-negro-and-the-history-they-share# |title=Mission Grape, Listan Negro And The History They Share |last=Garza |first=Lucia Mijares |date=18 May 2015 |website=Grape Collective |access-date=12 May 2019 |quote=The Mission grape, however, was finally identified in 2007 when The Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia in Madrid matched the genetic markers of Mission to a variety known as Listan Negro.}}{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Derrick |date=20 February 2011 |title=Canary in a wine glass: Drinkers flock to islands' distinct wines |url=https://www.sfgate.com/food/article/Canary-in-a-wine-glass-Drinkers-flock-to-2458833.php |work=SFGate |location=San Francisco |access-date=12 December 2019 }}}} Their findings are due to appear in the journal of the American Society of Enology and Viticulture. The scholars determined that the Mission grape's DNA matched a little-known Spanish variety called Listan Prieto. Listan is another name for Palomino, although not related to the white grape Palomino Fino used to make Sherry.

{{portal|Wine}}

• History of California wine

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{{reflist}}

• {{cite web |url=https://fps.ucdavis.edu/fgrdetails.cfm?varietyid=980 |title=Grape Variety: Mission |website=Foundation Plant Services |publisher=University of California, Davis}}
• {{cite web |url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-924-pais-mission |title=Pais (Mission) Wine |author= |date=1 September 2019 |website=wine-searcher.com }}
• {{cite web |url=https://www.wine-blog.org/index.php/2012/08/30/mission-grape-has-played-a-major-role-in-california-wine-viticultural-history/ |title=Mission Grape Has Played a Major Role in California Wine Viticultural History |last=Diaz |first=Jo |date=30 August 2012 |website=wine-blog.org }}

{{Clear}}

{{Alta California Missions}}

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Category:California wine

Category:New Spain

Category:Pre-statehood history of California

Category:Red wine grape varieties

Category:Grape varieties of Spain