Mnong language
{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mnong
| altname = Bunong, ឞូន៝ង
| states = Vietnam and Cambodia
| region = throughout Tây Nguyên region, especially in Đắk Lắk, Lâm Đồng, Đắk Nông and Bình Phước provinces; Mondulkiri in Cambodia
| speakers = {{sigfig|134,200|2}}
| date = 2002–2008
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Austro-Asiatic
| fam2 = Bahnaric
| fam3 = South Bahnaric
| fam4 = Sre–Mnong
| script = Khmer
Latin (Vietnamese alphabet)
| lc1 = cmo
| ld1 = Central Mnong
| lc2 = mng
| ld2 = Eastern Mnong
| lc3 = mnn
| ld3 = Southern Mnong
| lc4 = rka
| ld4 = Kraol
| glotto = mnon1259
| glottorefname = Mnong
| ELP = 4045
| ELPname = Central Mnong
| ELP2 = 5337
| ELPname2 = Kraol
| map = Mnong language.jpg
}}
The Mnong language (also known as Pnong or Bunong) (Bunong: ឞូន៝ង) belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family. It is spoken by the different groups of Mnong in Vietnam and a Pnong group in Cambodia.
Distribution
Varieties
According to Ethnologue, four major dialects exist: Central, Eastern and Southern Mnong (all spoken in Vietnam), and Kraol (spoken in Cambodia). Within a dialect group, members do not understand other dialects. The Mnong language was studied first by the linguist Richard Phillips in the early 1970s.{{cite book|title=Austroasiatic Languages|author1=Harry Leonard Shorto |author2=Jeremy Hugh Chauncy |author3=Shane Davidson |year=1991|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7286-0183-4}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91045 |title=Language Family Trees |publisher=ethnologue.com |access-date=2008-01-07}}
Lê, et al. (2014:234-235)Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. {{ISBN|978-604-90-2436-8}} lists the following subgroups of Mnong and their respective locations.
- Mnông Gar: in northwestern Lâm Đồng Province and southern Lak Lake.
- Mnông Nong: in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District
- Mnông Kuênh: in Krông Pắk District
- Mnông Pré: mainly in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District, and a few at Lak Lake.
- Mnông Prâng: scattered in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District, and a few in southern Lak Lake and in Bản Đon, Ea Súp District.
- Mnông Rlăm: in Lắk District. Many have close relationships with the Ê-đê people.
- Mnông Bu-đâng: in Bản Đon, Ea Súp District
- Mnông Chỉl: in Lắk District. Many have close relationships with the Ê-đê people. Some also live in Lạc Dương District and Đức Trọng District of Lâm Đồng Province.
- Mnông Bu Nor: in Đắk Nông District and Đắk Min District
- Mnông Dih Bri: very small population in Đắk Nông District; Êa Krông.
- Mnông Đíp: Đắk Min District and the northern part of former Sông Bé Province.
- Mnông Biat: small population in former Sông Bé Province. Majority living around the Vietnam-Cambodia border.
- Mnông Bu Đêh: in former Sông Bé Province and Đắk Lắk Province
- Mnông Si Tô: a group of Mạ (Mạ Tô) people in Đắk Nông District who have become assimilated into the Mnông population ("Mnông-ized" Mạ people)
- Mnông K’ah: a group of Ê-đê people scattered across Đắk Nông District, Lắk District, and M'Đrăk District who have become assimilated into the Mnông population ("Mnông-ized" Ê-đê people)
- Mnông Phê Đâm: small population living only in Quảng Tín commune, Đắk Nông District.
Other minor Mnong ethnic groups include the Mnông Rơ Đe, Mnông R’Ông, and Mnông K’Ziêng.
Nguyễn & Trương (2009) cover the following M'Nông dialects.
- M'Nông Preh
- Kuênh
- Mạ
- M'Nông Nâr (Bu Nâr)
- M'Nông Noong (Bu Noong)
- M'Nông R'Lâm
- M'Nông Prâng
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
| align="center"
! rowspan="4" |Plosive |p |t |c |k |ʔ |
| aspirated
|pʰ |tʰ |cʰ |kʰ | |
|---|
| prenasal
|ᵐp |ⁿt |ᶮc |ᵑk | |
| implosive
|ɓ |ɗ |(ʄ) |(ɠ) | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |
| align="center"
! colspan="2" |Fricative | | |ç | |h |
| colspan="2" |Rhotic
| |r | | | |
| align="center"
! rowspan="2" |Approximant !plain |w |l |j | | |
| preglottal
|ʔw | |ʔj | | |
= Vowels =
Numerals
The following comparative numerals from various Mnong dialects are from Nguyễn & Trương (2009).
| class="wikitable" | |||||||
| Gloss | Preh | Bu Noong | Bu Nâr | Prâng | R'Lăm | Mạ | Kuênh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | du, ngoay, hŏ | muay | waay | dul | ju, ƀơn, muei | dul | đu |
| 2 | bar | bar | ra'r | baar | bar | bar | par |
| 3 | pê | pê | per | păi | pei | pê | |
| 4 | puăn | puăn | waam | puô | puan, puôn | puôn | |
| 5 | prăm | prăm | t'rơ̆m, năm | prăm, năm | prăm, pram | jorăm, sơ năm | snăm |
| 6 | prau | |pro | | | ||||
| 7 | poh | poh | pops | pŏh | poh | poh | pêh |
| 8 | pham | |pham | | | ||||
| 9 | dŭm, sĭn | sĭn | chĭnh | sin | sư̆n, sĭn | sin | |
| 10 | jât | jât | dư | joơt | măt | jơt |
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- Blood, Henry Florentine. A Reconstruction of Proto-Mnong. Waxhaw, N.C.: Wycliffe-JAARS Print Shop, 1968.
- Nguyễn Kiên Trường & Trương Anh. 2009. Từ Điển Việt - M'Nông. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Từ Điển Bách Khoa.
{{refend}}
External links
- [http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Mnong Mnong at www.peoplesoftheworld.org]
{{Languages of Cambodia}}
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}