Model Mugging

Model mugging training involves students role-playing and sometimes fighting through a variety of assault scenarios.{{cite news|last=Hartman|first=Carol|title=Conquering fear|url=http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/content?oid=5359|accessdate=9 September 2010|newspaper=Sacramento News & Review|date=2001-04-12}} Students are taught physical defenses, methods of avoiding or defusing potential assaults, verbal defenses, and decision-making under the pressure of such situations.{{cite magazine |magazine=American Fitness |date=November–December 1992 |author=Catherine Gockley |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0675/is_n6_v10/ai_12934048/ |title=Hear me roar: "Model Mugging" self-defense courses teach women to fight back under attack and win |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008063952/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0675/is_n6_v10/ai_12934048 |archive-date=2008-10-08 |url-status=dead }}

During the simulated assaults, heavily padded instructors, often referred to as muggers,{{cite magazine |last= Keeva |first=Steve|title= Fight For Your Life! |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/new_woman_magazine_july_1989_self-defence.pdf |magazine= New Woman }}{{cite news|last=Tierney|first=John|title=Model Mugger Earns His Pay|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IwwqAAAAIBAJ&pg=5862,1560408&dq=model-mugging&hl=en|accessdate=9 September 2010|newspaper=The News-Journal|date=Jan 4, 1993|agency=New York Times News Service|page=8}} accost, grab, or directly attack a student, who may respond (if they believe a physical response is appropriate for the situation) with full-force attacks to the padded instructor. The emotionally charged nature of the scenarios combined with the full-force nature of the fighting tend to create an adrenalized state similar to that of someone facing a real assault. The adrenalized nature of the training is intended to teach the student how to think clearly and respond in adrenalized situations.{{cite magazine |magazine=Scripps Magazine |author=Allison Ryan |url=http://www.scrippscollege.edu/media/magazine/take-that-model-mugging-101 |title=Take That! Model Mugging 101}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}}

Model Mugging received significant publicity beginning in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first major public recognition was described in 1978 within Human Behavior Magazine,{{cite magazine |last=Foote |first=Carol |date=December 1978 |title=Getting Tough About Rape |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/Human-Behavior-Mag_Dec1978_Model_Mugging.pdf

|magazine=Human Behavior |access-date=23 July 2015 }} and The Chronicle of Higher Education.{{cite news |last=Staff Writer |date=May 30, 1978|title=Ideas |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education_self_defense.pdf|newspaper= The Chronicle of Higher Education |access-date=23 July 2015 }}

Popularity of the Model Mugging program expanded rapidly after an article was published in Black Belt magazine{{cite magazine |last= Tesoro|first=Mary |date=May 1986 |title= Rape You Prevent May Be Your Own!|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/black-belt-magazine_rape-you-prevent-may-be-your-own_1986.pdf|magazine= Black Belt |access-date=23 July 2015 }} describing the innovative training system. Many other publications and supporters began providing positive press coverage,{{cite magazine |last= Barasch|first= Douglas |date=Spring 1986 |title=Street Smarts |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/womens_health_adviser_street-smarts_1986.pdf|magazine= Women's Health Adviser |access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last=Staff Writer |date=Spring 1986 |title=Removing the Nightmare from the Night|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/health-for-life_self-defense_romving-the-nightmare-from-the-night.pdf |magazine= Health for Life |access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last=Ryll |first=Debra |date= 1987 |title= Fighting Back|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/fighting-back-new-times.pdf |magazine= New Times |access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last= Naughton|first=Betty |date=Spring 1987 |title= Freeze or Fight? Choosing Not to Be a Victim|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/uptrends_magazine_freeze-or-fight_self_defense.pdf|magazine=Uptrend |access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last= Cummins|first= Cynthia|date=December 1987 |title= Fight, Not Flight |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/women’s-sports-fitness_fight-not-flight_model-mugging-self-defense-classes.pdf|magazine= Women's Sports & Fitness |page=20|access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last= Drawbridge|first= Jennifer|date= September 1988|title= Foil-A-Mugger School |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/self-magazine_foil-a-mugger-school_model-mugging-self-defense-1988.pdf |magazine= Self |pages=188-1889, 206-208 |access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last=King |first= Pamela|date=December 1978 |title= Women to Their Own Defense|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/Psychology-Today_Model-Mugging-Self-Defense_1989.pdf |magazine= Psychology Today |pages= 70–71, 143|access-date=23 July 2015 }} and especially in People magazine.{{cite magazine |last= Freeman|first= Patricia |date= July 18, 1988|title= Kicking and Screaming Women|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/people_1988_model_mugging_self_defense.pdf|magazine= People |pages=62–65|access-date=23 July 2015 }} The program was widely publicized in many other popular magazines and media such as Life magazine,{{cite magazine|date= November 1993|title= Fighting Back|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/LIFE_Magazine_Self-Defense_Nov1993.pdf|magazine= Life |page=106 |access-date=23 July 2015 }} Glamour magazine{{cite magazine |last= Kuster|first= Elizabeth|date= July 1991|title= Conquering Street Fear: A Self-Defense Course Worked For Me|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/glamour_conquering-fear_model-mugging-self-defense_1991.pdf|magazine= Glamour |pages=174–175, 190–191|access-date=23 July 2015 }} and others.{{cite magazine |last= McFarling |first= Usha Lee|date= October 1993 |title= Walking Without Fear|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/walking_without_fear_self-defense_walking_magazine.pdf|magazine= Walking Magazine|pages=54–58 |access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last= Christina |date= July 1992 |title= I Am Woman Hear Me Roar|url= http://modelmugging.org/history/sassy_magazine_Jul1992_model_mugging_self-defense.pdf |magazine= Sassy |pages=60–66, 87|access-date=23 July 2015 }}{{cite magazine |last= Kinosian |first= Janet |date= April 1995 |title= How Self-Defense Training Changed My Life |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/Fitness_Magazine_Women_Self_Defense_1995.pdf |magazine= Fitness |pages=131 |access-date=23 July 2015 }}

By 1990, some female instructors stated that women were traumatized by the course or sexually assaulted by Model Mugging male instructors. After several incidents of private lessons that founder Matt Thomas gave to female instructors of the Model Mugging program in his home led to allegations that he had acted inappropriately, the national board of Model Mugging instituted new rules prohibiting the practice. Women who had made the allegations broke from the Model Mugging program being taught at Stanford and formed their own self-defense organizations.{{cite magazine |last=Peri |first=Camille |date=September 1990 |title=Below the Belt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AecDAAAAMBAJ&q=camille+peri+below+the+belt&pg=PA44 |magazine=Mother Jones |access-date=6 June 2015 }}

In 1990, psychologist Albert Bandura used Model Mugging for a psychology study where he and Elizabeth Ozer tested the hypotheses that "perceived coping and cognitive control self-efficacy govern the effects of personal empowerment over physical threats". The women participated in a mastery modeling self-defense program in which they sought to learn the physical skills to defend themselves successfully against unarmed sexual assailants.{{cite journal |last=Ozar |first=Elizabth M. |author2=Albert Bandura |date= 1990 |title= Mechanisms Governing Empowerment Effects: A Self-Efficacy Analysis |url= http://modelmugging.org/history/ozer_bandura_mechanisms-governing-empowerment-effects_journal-personality-social-psychology.pdf|journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |access-date=23 July 2015 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.58.3.472 |volume=58 |number=3 |pages=472–486|pmid=2324938 }}

{{Reflist|2}}

• [http://www.modelmugging.org Model Mugging]

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Category:Self-defense