Mohoidae
{{Short description|Extinct family of birds}}
{{distinguish|Mohouidae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Hawaiian honeyeaters
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Holocene|text=Holocene}}
| image = Moho apicalis.jpg
| image_caption = Moho apicalis and Chaetoptila angustipluma
| taxon = Mohoidae
| authority = Fleischer, James and Olson, 2008
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = †Moho
| diversity = Moho: 4
Chaetoptila: 3
}}
Mohoidae, also known as the Hawaiian honeyeaters, was a family of Hawaiian species of now recently extinct, nectarivorous songbirds in the genera Moho ({{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō) and Chaetoptila (kioea). These now extinct birds form their own family, representing the only complete extinction of an entire avian family in modern times,{{cite journal |pages=R1132–4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.006 |title=Convergent Evolution: Raising a Family from the Dead |year=2008 |last1=Lovette |first1=Irby J. |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=24 |pmid=19108768|doi-access=free |bibcode=2008CBio...18R1132L }} when the disputed family Turnagridae is regarded as invalid. The last surviving species in the family, the Kauaʻi ʻōʻō (Moho braccatus), became extinct after 1987.
Taxonomy
Until recently, these birds were thought to belong to the family Meliphagidae (honeyeaters) due to their very similar appearance and behavior, including many morphological details. However, a 2008 study argued, on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of DNA from museum specimens, that the genera Moho and Chaetoptila are not even closely related to the Meliphagidae but instead belong to a group within the Passerida that includes the waxwings and the palmchat; they appear especially close to the silky-flycatchers. Hawaiian honeyeaters did not evolve from the similar looking Australasian honeyeaters, but instead represent a striking case of convergent evolution. The authors proposed a family, Mohoidae, for these two extinct genera.{{cite journal |pages=1927–31 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051 |title=Convergent Evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific Honeyeaters from Distant Songbird Ancestors |year=2008 |last1=Fleischer |first1=Robert C. |last2=James |first2=Helen F. |last3=Olson |first3=Storrs L. |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=24 |pmid=19084408|doi-access=free |bibcode=2008CBio...18.1927F }}
Phylogenetic evidence from a 2019 taxonomic study supports the Mohoidae having an early Miocene origin, having originated 15-20 million years ago, and being the sister group to the family Hypocoliidae, which contains only the grey hypocolius (Hypocolius ampelinus), with the clade containing Mohoidae and Hypocoliidae being sister to the hylocitrea of Hylocitreidae, which diverged from them slightly earlier in the Miocene.{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveros|first1=Carl H.|last2=Field|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Ksepka|first3=Daniel T.|last4=Barker|first4=F. Keith|last5=Aleixo|first5=Alexandre|last6=Andersen|first6=Michael J.|last7=Alström|first7=Per|last8=Benz|first8=Brett W.|last9=Braun|first9=Edward L.|last10=Braun|first10=Michael J.|last11=Bravo|first11=Gustavo A.|date=2019-04-16|title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=16|pages=7916–7925|doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30936315|pmc=6475423|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O }} This makes them much older than the other major radiation of endemic Hawaiian birds, the Hawaiian honeycreepers (a clade within Fringillidae), which originated much later in the Miocene, around 7 million years ago.{{Cite journal|date=2011-11-08|title=Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=21|issue=21|pages=1838–1844|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039|issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free|last1=Lerner|first1=Heather R.L.|last2=Meyer|first2=Matthias|last3=James|first3=Helen F.|last4=Hofreiter|first4=Michael|last5=Fleischer|first5=Robert C.|pmid=22018543|bibcode=2011CBio...21.1838L }}
Species
Family: Mohoidae
- †Chaetoptila P.L. Sclater, 1871
- †Chaetoptila angustipluma Peale, 1848 (Kioea)
- †Chaetoptila cf.angustipluma (Oahu kioea - extinct before European contact)
- ?Chaetoptila sp. (Narrow-billed kioea - extinct before European contact)
- †Moho Lesson, 1830 - ʻōʻō
- †Moho apicalis Gould, 1860 – O{{okina}}ahu {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
- †Moho bishopi Rothschild, 1893 – Bishop's {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
- †Moho braccatus Cassin, 1855 – Kaua{{okina}}i {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
- †Moho nobilis Merrem, 1786 – Hawai{{okina}}i {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
Gallery
File:Moho apicalis-Keulemans.jpg|O{{okina}}ahu {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
File:Moho-bishopi.jpg|Bishop's {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
File:Moho nobilis-Keulemans.jpg|Hawai{{okina}}i {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
File:Kauaioo.jpg|Kaua{{okina}}i {{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō
File:Chaetoptila angustipluma.jpg|Kioea
References
{{Commons|Mohoidae}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134010}}
Category:Extinct birds of Hawaii
Category:Miocene first appearances