Moin-ul-Mulk

Moin-ul-Mulk was the son of Qamar-ud-Din Khan, Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, and younger brother of Intizam-ud-Daulah.

File:Moin-ul-Mulk (also known as Mir Mannu), Subahdar of Lahore (in green) in his darbar smoking a hookah. Painted by Nainsukh of Guler, circa 18th century.jpg of Lahore (in green) in his darbar smoking a hookah. Painted by Nainsukh of Guler, circa 18th century]]

In March 1748, Moin-ul-Mulk successfully commanded troops in the defeat of Ahmad Shah Durrani at the Battle of Manupur.{{cite book |last1=Dupree |first1=Louis |title=Afghanistan |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1400858910 |page=355}} During the campaign, his father was struck and killed by a cannonball whilst encamped and praying.{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sir Jaduanth |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |pages=223 |edition=Vol 1}} In battle he held the Mughal vanguard until reinforcements arrived from Safdar Jung, subsequently making a bold dash of cavalry which resulted in the routing of Durrani's forces.Siddiqi, Zameeruddin. “THE WIZARAT OF SAFDAR JANG.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 29, 1967, pp. 190–204. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44155496. Accessed 3 August 2020.

After Durrani's retreat to Afghanistan, Moin-ul-Mulk was made governor of the Subah of Lahore on 11 April 1748 by Muhammad Shah Rangila.{{cite book |last1=Lal Mehta |first1=Jaswant |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=1932705546 |page=252}} The appointment of Moin-ul-Mulk was opposed by the new wazir Safdar Jung.{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=War and Society in Afghanistan: From the Mughals to the Americans, 1500–2013 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199089444}}

Soon into Moin-ul-Mulk's reign in the Punjab, Durrani launched a second invasion in December 1749. Despite requests to Delhi, the Mughal government led by Safdar Jung refused to send reinforcements to his aid. Realising he could not defeat the Afghans, he opened negotiations. The terms of the treaty promised revenue from the Chahar Mahal region, namely Sialkot, Gujrat, Pasrur and Aurangabad to the Afghans.

In 1751–52, Durrani launched his third invasion on the pretext of non-payment of revenue from the Chahar Mahal region. Moin-ul-Mulk concentrated his forces by requesting troops from Kaura Mal in Multan and Adina Beg in Jalandhar. His army additionally consisted of 20,000 Sikh troops. Moon-ul-Mulk knew he would need the help of Sikhs to defeat Durrani. So he had started to give them land and stopped killing and hunting them. But once the war was over he went back to hunting the Sikhs and their families. Bringing in chained women and children to be tortured and put to death. Moin-ul-Mulk led his troops across the Ravi to confront Afghan troops under Jahan Khan and Durrani. However instead of joining up with Jahan Khan, Durrani detoured to Lahore from the north-east. Moin-ul-Mulk retreated to Lahore where he entrenched his forces outside the city walls.{{Pages needed|date=August 2023}} Durrani besieged Lahore for four months, causing widespread devastation in the surrounding areas. Again no reinforcements were sent from Delhi and no Mughal noble came to Moin-ul-Mulk's aid, resulting in his defeat on 6 March 1752. In the resulting peace agreement ratified by the Mughal emperor on 13 April, the subahs of Lahore and Multan were ceded to the Durrani Empire. Impressed by Moin-ul-Mulk's bravery during the siege, Durrani conferred on him the title Farzand Khan Bahadur Rustam-e-Hind and reinstated him as governor of Lahore, albeit now on his behalf.

Moin-ul-Mulk died on 3 November 1753 after being thrown from his horse.{{Cite book |last=Khān |first=Tahmās|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYoFtQEACAAJ |title=Tahmas Nama, the Autobiography of a Slave |date=1967 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en|page=20}} Durrani's three-year-old son, Mahmud Khan, succeeded as the Afghan governor of Lahore and Multan, with Moin-ul-Mulk's two-year-old son, Muhammad Amin Khan, as his deputy.{{cn|date=October 2020}} In reality power was exercised through Moin-ul-Mulk's widow Mughlani Begum.{{Page needed|date=May 2023|reason=Citation needs to show page number}} After his death, the Punjab hastened into turmoil as competing groups vied for political supremacy in Lahore, Multan and Delhi.{{cite book |last1=Saggu VSM |first1=D.S |title=Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs |date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1642490060}}

Indian film director Surjit Singh Sethi made Mughlani Begum, a 1979 Punjabi-language film about the Begum and Mir Mannu.{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-455-5|page=527}}

File:Painting of Mian-Moin-ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu).jpg|Painting of Mian-Moin-ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu)

File:Miniature painting of Mian-Moin-ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu) smoking hookah.jpg|Miniature painting of Mian-Moin-ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu) smoking hookah

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Category:1753 deaths

Category:Year of birth missing

Category:Subahdars of Lahore

Category:People from the Durrani Empire

Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people