Mollo culture
{{Short description|Andean civilization during the period of AD 1000 to 1500}}
File:Altiplano.jpg as seen from the Bolivian Altiplano.]]
The Mollo culture existed in Bolivia's altiplano area after the collapse of the Tiwanaku culture during the period of AD 1000 to 1500; it predated the Inca civilization.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22mollo+culture%22&pg=PA309 |page=309 |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |first=I. |last=Shaw |author2=Jameson, R. |year=2002 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-23583-3}} While the Mollo showed a continuity with Late Tiwanaku culture in both domestic and village architecture, they left no pyramids.{{cite web |url=https://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/saa/saa_mod08.html |title=LATE INTERMEDIATE, CHIMU AND OTHER STATES: A.D. 900 – 1450 |last=Pyburn |first=Anne |date=2005-01-20 |publisher=Indiana University Bloomington}} Mollo worshiped the jaguar.{{cn|date=January 2018}}
Archaeology
File:512-Sillustani.JPG, Peru.]]
One of the best representations of the Mollo are the ruins northeast of Lake Titicaca at Iskanwaya, on the Cordillera Real, {{convert|250|m|ft}} above the Rio Llica ({{coord|15|21|S|68|32|W |region:BO_type:landmark |name=Iskanwaya}}). Iskanwaya, in Muñecas Province, is {{convert|325|km|mi}} from La Paz, Bolivia.{{cite news |date=2007-02-14 |url=https://travelvideo.tv/news/more.php?id=A10760_0_1_0_M |title=Tourism this week in Latin America |publisher=travelvideo.tv }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Dated from 1145 to 1425, the city was built on platforms and was notable for its running water. More than one hundred buildings, streets and plazas still survive.{{cite web |url=https://www.climbingsouthamerica.com/cultural/iskanwaya.htm |title=Ruins of Iskanwaya |publisher=climbingsouthamerica.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119120904/https://www.climbingsouthamerica.com/cultural/iskanwaya.htm |archivedate=2009-01-19 }} Mollo streets ran in east-west direction. Their houses were rectangular and grouped around patios. Agriculture patterns included terracing and irrigation.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientsouthamer00bruh |url-access=registration |quote=mollo culture. |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientsouthamer00bruh/page/311 311] |title=Ancient South America |first=Karen Olsen |last=Bruhns |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-27761-2}}
Other Mollo sites, such as Piniqo and Khargi, exhibit the same settlement characteristics as Iskanwaya, Wamán is an old agricultural establishment with the same terracing pattern.{{cite web |url=https://www.phfawcettsweb.org/trip2.htm |title=The route of 1911 from La Paz to Pelechuco and Apolo |publisher=phfawcettsweb.org}} The present-day village of Charazani includes Mollo archaeological sites as the ruins of Mallku Janalaya.{{cite web |url=https://www.bolivianmountains.com/trekking/apolobamba.html |title=Apolobamba |publisher=bolivianmountains.com |access-date=2008-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023235516/https://www.bolivianmountains.com/trekking/apolobamba.html |archive-date=2007-10-23 |url-status=dead }}
Ethnography
Kallawaya people, an itinerant group of healers, were of the Mollo culture.
The Mollo were defined by their ceramics. Shoe pots, grave pots, vases, and dipping vessels have been found and these are either plain or painted black and white on red clay. They created a unique drinking cup with a built-in straw.{{cn|date=January 2018}} Some of these ceramics can be found today as far away as the Náprstek Museum in Prague.{{cite web |url=https://www.necep.net/papers/budapest/klapstova.pdf |page=6 |title=Non-European ethnographical collections in central and eastern Europe |first=Katerina |last=Klápstová |date=2004-03-26 |location=Budapest |publisher=The Czech National Museum |access-date=2012-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218120900/https://www.necep.net/papers/budapest/klapstova.pdf |archive-date=2005-12-18 |url-status=usurped }}
Burials were of single adults placed in chullpa funerary towers of stone or adobe, while infant skeletons are found in tombs beneath house floors.
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- MacKay, W. I. (1988). An appraisal of the Mollo Culture of Bolivia. Oxford: BAR. OCLC 230446199
- Arellano López, J. (1985). Mollo, investigaciones arqueológicas. La Paz, Bolivia: Impr. Nacional. OCLC 13064940 {{in lang|es}}
External links
- [https://www.pbase.com/manco/image/99324866 Photo]
{{Pre-Columbian}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mollo Culture}}
Category:Prehistory of Bolivia
Category:Archaeological sites in Bolivia