Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador#Royalty in the colony

{{main|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces}}

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Newfoundland and Labrador in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.{{cite journal| last=Cox| first=Noel| title=Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence| journal=Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law| volume=9| issue=3| pages=12| publisher=Murdoch University| location=Perth| date=September 2002| url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html| access-date=17 May 2009}} It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government.{{Citation| last=Privy Council Office| author-link=Privy Council Office (Canada)| title=Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State – 2008| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2008| location=Ottawa| page=49| url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=publications&doc=ag-gr/2008/ag-gr-eng.htm| isbn=978-1-100-11096-7| access-date=17 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924193323/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng| archive-date=24 September 2009| url-status=dead}} The {{Canadian monarch, current|since=—}}—is represented and his duties carried out by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.{{Cite journal| last=Roberts| first=Edward| author-link=Edward Roberts (Canadian politician)| title=Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times| journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review| volume=23| issue=1| publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association| page=15| location=Ottawa| year=2009| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/32/1/32n1_09e_Roberts.pdf| access-date=21 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045234/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/32/1/32n1_09e_Roberts.pdf| archive-date=26 April 2012| url-status=dead}}{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2008| p=20}}

File:Garden Party at Government House, 2014 (14786608284).jpg in St. John's]]

This arrangement began with the granting in 1949 of royal assent to the Newfoundland Act{{Citation| last=George VI| author-link=George VI of the United Kingdom| publication-date=23 March 1949| title=Newfoundland Act| series=8.1| location=Ottawa| publisher=King's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/nfa.html| access-date=16 June 2009}} and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the late 15th century. However, though it has a separate government headed by the King, as a province, Newfoundland and Labrador is not itself a kingdom.{{Citation| last=Forsey| first=Eugene| author-link=Eugene Forsey| publication-date=31 December 1974| contribution=Crown and Cabinet| editor-last=Forsey| editor-first=Eugene| editor-link=Eugene Forsey| title=Freedom and Order: Collected Essays| location=Toronto| publisher=McClelland & Stewart Ltd.| isbn=978-0-7710-9773-7}}

Government House in St. John's is owned by the sovereign in his capacity as King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador and is used as an official residence by the lieutenant governor, and the sovereign when in Newfoundland and Labrador.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

{{see|Royal tours of Canada}}

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| footer = (Clockwise from top) The Queen Elizabeth II Library, so named for Queen Elizabeth II; the King George V Building, named for King George V; flag of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary; the Queen's Battery Barracks, named for Queen Victoria; Prince Philip Drive, named in honour of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

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Those in the royal family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Newfoundland and Labrador Crowns in their respective councils.{{Citation| first1=Sean| last1=Palmer| first2=John| last2=Aimers| author2-link=John Aimers| title=The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $1.10 per Canadian| year=2002| edition=2| place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/new/docs/costofcrown.html| access-date=15 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619203100/http://www.monarchist.ca/new/docs/costofcrown.html| archive-date=19 June 2008}} Monuments around Newfoundland and Labrador mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Further, Newfoundland and Labrador's monarchical status is illustrated by royal names applied regions, communities, schools, and buildings, many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the royal family. Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by a royal charter, received a royal prefix, and/or been honoured with the patronage of a member of the royal family. Examples include the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which received its royal prefix from Queen Elizabeth II in 1979, and the Royal St. John's Regatta, which had the Queen as its patron and received its royal prefix from her in 1993.

The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority.{{Citation| last=MacKinnon| first=Frank| title=The Crown in Canada| publisher=Glenbow-Alberta Institute| year=1976| location=Calgary| page=[https://archive.org/details/crownincanada0000mack/page/69 69]| isbn=978-0-7712-1016-7| url=https://archive.org/details/crownincanada0000mack/page/69}} A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Further, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions of Newfoundland and Labrador's honours, they do stem from the Crown as the fount of honour and, so, bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign.

{{main|History of monarchy in Canada}}

{{See|History of Newfoundland and Labrador}}

File:The Arms of the Newfoundland granted by Sir John Borough Garter Principal King of Arms.jpg by Sir John Borough, Garter Principal King of Arms, by command of King Charles I in 1637]]

By commission under the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the island of Newfoundland on 5 August 1583. By the mid-1660s, however, the French Crown had also laid claim to nearly half of the same area. Disputes over the island were ended as the French kings ceded Terre Neuve to the British Crown via the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and later the Treaty of Paris in 1763, in-between which, in 1729, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was established.

In 1615, Richard Whitbourne was sent to Newfoundland to oversee the fisheries and wrote A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland to induce Englishmen to settle the island. King James VI and I approved of the book so highly that he ordered copies sent to every parish in England.{{citation| url=https://archive.org/details/newfoundlandin00mcgr/page/5/mode/1up?view=theater&q=king| last=McGrath| first=P.T.| title=Newfoundland in 1911| page=42| publisher=Whitehead, Morris, & Co.| location=London| year=1911| accessdate=1 March 2024}}

David Kirke, an adventurer, privateer, and friend of King Charles I, was installed by the King as proprietary governor in 1638, also granting Kirke a coat of arms, which, in a twist of fate, are today the arms of King Charles III in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador.{{citation| url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/arms-seals-and-emblems.php| title=The Arms, Seals, and Emblems of Newfoundland and Labrador| publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage| accessdate=18 October 2019}} The year prior, Kirke and his partners had also been given, by way of a royal charter from Charles, co-proprietorship of the entire island.

When the English Civil War between the King and parliament in England ended in 1651 with Charles I's execution, Kirke lost the protection of the Crown and Newfoundland was taken by the Commonwealth of England, headed by Oliver Cromwell. Kirke died in prison in 1654, awaiting trial over his title to the lands around Ferryland.{{cite DCB| url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/kirke_david_1E.html| last=Moir| first=John S.| title=Kirke, Sir David| volume=1}} John Treworgie thereafter served as governor of Newfoundland until the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660.{{cite DCB| url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/treworgie_john_1E.html| last=Cell| first=Gillian T.| title=Treworgie, John| volume=1}} The Lord Baltimore was granted the Avalon Peninsula by royal patent from King Charles II, but never took up residence. Lady Kirke, the wife of David's brother, Sir Lewis Kirke, petitioned the King to make David's son, George Kirke, the governor of Newfoundland; an arrangement that had been suggested by Newfoundlanders. But, Charles demurred from appointing a resident governor.

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As an officer in the Royal Navy, in command of {{HMS|Pegasus|1779|6}}, Prince William Henry (later King William IV) was the first member of the royal family to visit the Newfoundland Colony, arriving on 10 April 1786.{{cite book| last1=Bousfield| first1=Arthur| first2=Garry| last2=Toffoli| title=Royal Tours 1786-2010: Home to Canada| page=24| publisher=Dundurn Press| year=2010| isbn=978-1-4597-1165-5}} His first impressions of the land were not positive: he stated of St John's, "truly deplorable [...] a most dreadful, inhospitable, and barren country"; though, he later changed his opinion after meeting the local women, commenting on the region's "inexhaustible supply of women of the most obliging kind."{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactive/royalvisits/01.html| last=Hall| first=Trevor| title=Canada: A History of Royal Visits for Canada since 1786| publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| accessdate=8 May 2007| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913022443/http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactive/royalvisits/01.html |archive-date=2007-09-13}}

While in Newfoundland, William found himself involved in civil affairs, in addition to naval ones, as there were no permanent civil authorities on the island and the Prince was the senior naval officer in the colony.{{harvnb| Bousfield| Toffoli| 2010| p=26}} As such, the Prince broke up a riot in Placentia, presided over a court, and commissioned the construction of St. Luke's Anglican Church in Newtown,{{citation| url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/pages/28_royalty_royaute.aspx| title="At Home in Canada": Royalty at Canada's Historic Places| publisher=Canad's Historic Places| accessdate=30 April 2023}} toward which he contributed his own money, as well as a silver communion set, consisting of a chalice, paten, plate, and flagon, all of which are still in the church's possession. On 21 August 1786, he celebrated his 21st birthday on his ship in the waters off Newfoundland.{{cite web| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/special/royalvisit2005/history_e.cfm| author=Department of Canadian Heritage| author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > The Royal Presence in Canada > A Historical Overview| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=14 July 2008| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704031521/http://www.pch.gc.ca/special/royalvisit2005/history_e.cfm| archive-date=4 July 2007}} William wrote to his father, King George III,

"During the last fortnight of our stay at Placentia, I read divine service in the courthouse for an example to the magistrates to perform that duty every Sunday 'til the arrival of the missionary from England. I twice led prayers and my congregation consisted of all the Protestants and many of the Catholicks {{sic}}."

File:Arrival of the Prince of Wales at St. John's, Newfoundland, July 23, 1860 (NYPL Hades-165489-EM11624).tiff in St. John's harbour, aboard HMS Hero, July 1860]]

Thirty-five years after the colony's status was elevated to that of a province of the Crown, Queen Victoria's eldest son and the grand-nephew of King William IV, Prince Albert Edward (the future King Edward VII) arrived at Newfoundland on 24 July 1860, aboard HMS Hero,{{harvnb| Bousfield| Toffoli| 2010| p=44}} receiving the standard welcome from Governor Alexander Bannerman, in the form of an official address, followed by a reply from the Prince. In the evening, there was a formal ball held in Albert Edward's honour. While on the island, the Prince took in the St. John's Regatta, offering £100 to the winner,{{citation| url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-st-johns-regatta| last=Marsh| first=James H.| title=Royal St John's Regatta| date=4 March 2015| encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publisher=Historica Canada| accessdate=11 March 2024}} and was gifted a Newfoundland dog, on behalf of Newfoundlanders.{{citation| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/special/royalvisit2005/history_e.cfm| author=Department of Canadian Heritage| author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy > The Royal Presence in Canada > A Historical Overview| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=14 July 2008| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704031521/http://www.pch.gc.ca/special/royalvisit2005/history_e.cfm| archive-date=4 July 2007}}

Prince George (later King George V) and Princess Mary (later Queen Mary), with Mary's brother, Prince Alexander (later a governor general of Canada), visited Newfoundland in 1901 (George's second visit to the island{{harvnb| McGrath| 1911| p=5}}), arriving at St. John's on 25 October, aboard HMS Ophir, escorted by HMS Crescent, HMS Niobe, HMS Proserpine, and HMS Diadem. The ships were greeted by a flotilla of thousands of decorated vessels; of the arrival, M. Harvey wrote, "from that moment until the departure of the Ophir, it was one continuous carnival." This was the royal party's last port on an eight month long tour of the British Empire and immediately followed a coast-to-coast-and-back-again tour of Canada.{{citation| url=https://archive.org/details/newfoundlandatbe00harv/page/n266/mode/1up?view=theater| last=Harvey| first=M| title=Newfoundland at the beginning of the 20th Century| pages=51–52| publisher=The South Publishing Co.| year=1902| location=New York| accessdate=10 March 2024}}

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| image2 =Officer of the Royal Navy (possibly H.R.H. the Prince of Wales) standing on an iceberg Officier de la Marine royale (possiblement Son Altesse Royale le prince de Galles) debout sur un iceberg (48188889551).jpg

| caption2 =Prince Edward (later King Edward VIII) stands on an iceberg in Conception Bay, 12 August 1919

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The Prince and Princess' first event in Newfoundland was hosting a formal dinner for Governor Cavendish Boyle and his cabinet on board Ophir. The following morning, the royal party landed and toured St. John's by carriage, stopping at Government House, to meet again with the Governor and his ministers; the then-new courthouse,{{harvnb| Harvey| 1902| p=55}} where the Duke laid the cornerstone;{{citation| url=https://court.nl.ca/supreme/general/locations/stjohns.html| title=St. John's—History of the Court| publisher=Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador| accessdate=17 February 2019}} and the Prince's Rink, to hear 6,000 schoolchildren sing a specially-composed anthem.{{harvnb| Harvey| 1902| p=57}} There, echoing the visit of George's father, King Edward VII, in 1860, the royal couple were given a nine-month old Newfoundland dog named Bouncer, to pass on to their then-seven year old son, Prince Edward (later King Edward VIII).{{harvnb| Harvey| 1902| p=59}}{{harvnb| Bousfield| Toffoli| 2010| p=75}} The Duke and Duchess then returned to Government House for a reception in the throne room.

Following the Imperial Conference in 1907, at which it was resolved to confer dominion status on all self-governing colonies in attendance,{{citation| url=https://archive.org/details/minutesofproceed00colo/page/n10| author=| title=Minutes of Proceedings of the Colonial Conference, 1907| page=v| publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office| location=London| year=1907| series=Cd. 3523}} King Edward VII, on the advice of his imperial Privy Council in London, made Newfoundland a Dominion of the British Empire. Seven years later, the country, with the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany, entered the First World War and, in recognition for its service with distinction in several battles, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment was granted the prefix royal from the King, becoming the Royal Newfoundland Regiment{{Citation| url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/first-world-war/articles/first-world-war-economy.php| title=First World War and the Economy| publisher=Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador| accessdate=11 March 2024}}

George and Mary's other son, Prince Albert (later King George VI), arrived in Newfoundland in 1913, while serving as a midshipman aboard the Royal Navy cruiser {{HMS|Cumberland|1902|6}},{{harvnb| Bousfield| Toffoli| 2010| p=107}} spending some leisure time salmon fishing.{{citation| url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/king-george-vi| last=Harris| first=Carolyn| title=King George VI| date=13 September 2022| encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publisher=Historica Canada| accessdate=12 March 2024}} His uncle, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, visited the island the following year, while he was serving as governor general of Canada.{{harvnb| Bousfield| Toffoli| 2010| p=86}}

Prince Edward visited Topsail on 5 August 1919,{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/westwardwithprin00newtuoft/mode/2up| last1=Newton| first1=Wilfrid Douglas| title=Westward with the Prince of Wales| page=372| year=1920| publisher=Appleton| location=New York| accessdate=15 January 2021}}{{citation| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45493267| title=Prince of Wales Reaches Newfoundland| date=14 August 1919| newspaper=The Barrier Miner| accessdate=11 March 2024}} aboard {{HMS|Renown|1916|6}}, which anchored in Conception Bay because the ship had been deemed too large to turn around in St. John's Harbour.{{citation| url=https://www.saltwire.com/newfoundland-labrador/news/that-time-a-prince-visited-topsail-unnoticed-392929/| last=Sweet| first=Barb| title=That time a prince visited Topsail, unnoticed| date=30 December 2019| publisher=Saltwire| accessdate=11 March 2024}} When he stepped ashore, the Prince received "not a second glance from the locals, who [had] no idea who he [was]". After a few hours touring the town, Edward travelled on to St John's for formal events and took in a race at the Royal St. John's Regatta.{{citation| url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/the-telegram-st-johns/20120731/282020439428565| last=Fitzgerald| first=Jack| title=Recalling accidents of past regattas| date=11 July 2012| newspaper=The Telegraph| via=PressReader| accessdate=11 March 2024}} The Prince departed Newfoundland for Canada on HMS Dauntless.

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| caption2 =A 1947 Newfoundland stamp with the image of Princess Elizabeth

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After the Balfour Declaration of 1926 established that the Dominions were "autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs",{{citation| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf| author=Inter-Imperial Rlations Committee| title=Rport, Proceedings, and Memoranda| date=November 1926| publisher=King's Printer| accessdate=10 March 2024}} Newfoundland gave its assent to the enactment of Statute of Westminster 1931.{{Cite canlaw| link=http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/compoundobject/collection/statutesnl/id/20372/rec/2| short title=Address to the King| abbr=SN| year=1931| chapter=1}} With that, the monarchy in Newfoundland ceased to be an exclusively British institution and became a Newfounlandian, or "domesticated", establishment, the sovereign's role as monarch of Newfoundland becoming distinct from his position as monarch of any other realm and only Newfoundlandian ministers of the Crown, thereafter, being able to advise the sovereign on any and all matters of the Newfoundland state. However, only three years later, the country suspended its legislature{{cite book| last=Neary| first=Peter| title=Newfoundland in the North Atlantic World, 1929–1949| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press| year=1988| location=Kingston, Ontario| isbn=978-0-7735-6180-9}} and self-governing status and the Commission of Government took control,{{citation| url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/commission_gov.html| last=Webb| first=Jeff A.| title=The Commission of Government, 1934–1949| date=January 2003| publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage| accessdate=10 August 2007}} putting Newfoundland under the authority of a governor who reported to the British Cabinet that adivised the monarch of the UK. This left Newfoundland as a dominion in name only.

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Newfoundland on 17 June 1939 and,{{citation| url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1145214/their-majesties-visit-to-canada-the-united-states-and-newfoundland-a#:~:text=In%20the%20summer%20of%201939,sovereign%20to%20the%20United%20States.| author=Royal Collection Trust| title=Their Majesties' visit to Canada, the United States, and Newfoundland: a chronological record of the speeches and broadcast addresses delivered by Their Majesties King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during their tour ... May 17-June 17, 1939| publisher=Royal Collection Trust| accessdate=10 March 2024}} accompanied by Governor Sir Humphrey Walwyn, undertook an hour-long drive from Conception Bay to St. John's and attended a garden party and other official events.{{citation| url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/rewind/the-royal-tour-of-1939-1.2801213| author=CBC Radio| title=The Royal Tour of 1939| date=15 May 2014| publisher=CBC| accessdate=12 March 2024}} The city's population of 50,000 doubled, as visitors came in to see the royal couple; though, a "lack of cheering and of visible enthusiasm” in the crowd was noted; the country remained downtrodden and demoralized after the loss of self-government and the Great Depression.{{citation| url=https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-history-of-newfoundland-and-labrador-during-the-second-world-war/#tabs| last=Neary| first=Peter| title=The History of Newfoundland and Labrador During the Second World War| publisher=Canadian War Museum| accessdate=12 March 2024}} Still, to bid the King and Queen farewell, the residents of St John's built a large bonfire on Signal Hill, visible to the monarch and his consort as they sailed away on the Canadian Pacific liner RMS Empress of Britain.{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/the-monarchy/their-majesties-in-canada-the-1939-royal-tour/quebec-city-rolls-out-the-red-carpet.html| title=Society > The Monarchy > A fond farewell| date=15 June 1939| publisher=CBC| access-date=12 July 2009}}

File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg receives for royal assent the bill concerning the terms of the union of Newfoundland with Canada, at Rideau Hall, Ottawa, 1949]]

Following two referenda in 1948, the island joined Canadian Confederation the next year, making it the only province to do so by authority of the Canadian monarch.

Since Confederation, there have been a number of royal visits to the province. Some notable visits have included Princess Mary, Princess Royal, marking in 1964 the 50th anniversary of the departure of the first contingent of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment from St. John's to the battlefields of the First World War; Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, along with his wife Diana, Princess of Wales, visiting Newfoundland in 1983 to mark the 400th anniversary of the island becoming an English, and later British, colony;{{cite web| url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1983-charles-and-diana-charm-newfoundlanders| title=1983: Charles and Diana charm Newfoundlanders| date=23 June 1983| publisher=CBC| access-date=11 April 2021}} and, during her 1997 tour of Canada, Queen Elizabeth II, along with her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, travelling to Bonavista to see the arrival of the Matthew, as part of the re-enactment of John Cabot's arrival on the island 500 years before.

• Symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador
• Monarchy

{{reflist|2}}

• [https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2675129994 Queen Elizabeth: Visits to Newfoundland and Labrador] at CBC

{{Canadian monarchy}}

{{Newfoundland and Labrador politics}}

{{Politics of Canadian provinces}}

{{Portal bar|Monarchy|Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monarchy In Newfoundland And Labrador}}

Newfoundland and Labrador

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