Monocerin
{{Chembox
| ImageFile = Monocerin.svg
| ImageSize =
| PIN = (2S,3aR,9bR)-6-Hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-2-propyl-2,3,3a,9b-tetrahydro-5H-furo[3,2-c][2]benzopyran-5-one
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 30270-60-1
| CASNo_Ref = {{Cascite|changed|CAS}}
| ChEBI = 70148
| PubChem = 92267
| ChemSpiderID = 83301
| ChEMBL = 488513
| UNII = G7C424U3DJ
| SMILES = O=C3O[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@@H](CCC)C1)c2c3c(O)c(OC)c(OC)c2
| InChI = 1S/C16H20O6/c1-4-5-8-6-11-14(21-8)9-7-10(19-2)15(20-3)13(17)12(9)16(18)22-11/h7-8,11,14,17H,4-6H2,1-3H3/t8-,11+,14+/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey = VAYQNUBOZLPGDH-OLXJLDBKSA-N
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C16H20O6
| MolarMass = 308.33 g/mol
| Appearance =
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|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
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Monocerin is a dihydroisocoumarin and a polyketide metabolite that originates from various fungal species. It has been shown to display antifungal, plant pathogenic, and insecticidal characteristics. Monocerin has been isolated from Dreschlera monoceras, D. ravenelii, Exserohilum turcicum, and Fusarium larvarum.{{cite journal |author=Axford, L.C., Simpson, T.J., Willis, C.L. |title= Synthesis and Incorporation of the First Polyketide Synthase Free Intermediate in Monocerin Biosynthesis |journal=Angewandte Chemie|volume=116 |pages=745–748 |year=2004 |issue= 6 |doi=10.1002/ange.200352652|bibcode= 2004AngCh.116..745A }}
Biosynthesis
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) of fungi are Type I PKSs. Monocerin has been confirmed by biosynthesis studies to have heptaketide origins. Monocerin PKS produces an intermediate with initially a high degree of reductive modification but ends with a classical β-polyketide moiety. Dihydroisocoumarin is the first PKS-free intermediate which would be formed from the reduced heptaketide whose assembly pathway is shown in figure 1.{{cite journal |author1=Weerasooriya, M.K.B. |author2=Crosby, J. |name-list-style=amp |title= Methyl Transferase, a Polyketide Biosynthetic Enzyme from Dreschlera Monoceras: Purification and Properties |journal=J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya.|volume=3 |pages=1–16 |year=2007|doi=10.4038/josuk.v3i0.2734 |doi-access=free }} Ketosynthase, ketoreductase, dehydrates, enol reductases and cyclisases are shown as domains of the Monocerin PKS and methyl transferase is considered to be a tailoring enzyme.{{cite journal |author=Staunton, J., Weissman, K.J.|title= Polyketide biosyntheis: a millennium review|journal= Natural Product Reports|volume=18 |pages=380–416 |year=2001 |issue= 4|doi=10.1039/a909079g|pmid= 11548049}}
{{Clear}}
- Formation of an enolate ion on the carbon three carbons away from sulfur allows aldol addition onto the carbonyl six carbons distant along the chain. This produces the secondary alcohol. Dehydration proceeds to give the alkene. Enolization then occurs to reach the stability of the aromatic ring.{{cite book |author=Dewick, P.M. |title= Medicinal Natural Products, 3rd. Ed. |publisher=Wiley |pages=101 |year=2009}}
- The modified chain is transferred to the TE domain. This will allow lactonization and release from the enzyme.{{rp|72}}
- Hydroxylation occurs at ortho-position to two substituents. O-methylation occurs.
- O-methylation
- Cyclic-ether formation
Biological effects
Monocerin produced by Exserohilum turcicum causes Northern Corn Leaf blight disease in maize. The maize will develop brown lesions on its leaves and will have decreased viability in its root cap cells.{{cite journal |author=Cuq, F., Brown, S.C., Petitprez, M., and Alibert, G.|title=Effects of monocerin on cell cycle progression in maize root meristems synchronized with aphidicolin|journal=Plant Cell Reports|volume=15 |pages=138–142 |year=1995 |issue=1–2|doi=10.1007/bf01690271|pmid=24185672|s2cid=22721253}} Monocerin has also been shown to be an effective insecticide against wooly aphids.{{cite journal |author1=Grove, J.F. |author2=Pople M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Metabolic Products of Fusarium larvarum Fuckel. The Fusarentins and the Absolute configuration of Monocerin|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1|volume=1 |pages=2048–2051 |year=1979 |doi=10.1039/p19790002048}} Monocerin is also an effective herbicide against Johnson grass by inhibiting seedling growth. It has a lesser effect against cucumber.{{cite journal |author1=Roberson, D.J. |author2=Strobel, G.M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Monocerin, a Phytotoxin from Exserohilum turcicum |journal=Agricultural and Biological Chemistry |volume=46 |pages=2681–2683 |year=1982}}