Monte B. Shapiro
{{short description|British psychologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{advert|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Monte Bernard Shapiro
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|05|31}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|04|29|1912|05|31}}
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| death_place=
| alma_mater = Rhodes University; University of Cambridge
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| discipline= Clinical Psychology
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| workplaces= Institute of Psychiatry
| spouse = Jean Shapiro
| children = David, Rose
}}
Monte Bernard Shapiro (May 31, 1912 – April 29, 2000) was one of the founding fathers of clinical psychology in the United Kingdom.{{cite journal|last1=Turkat|first1=Ira|title=An historical perspective on the impact of case formulation|journal=The Behavior Therapist|date=October 2014}}
Career
Shapiro was born in South Africa where he obtained his first degree in psychology from Rhodes University. He then moved to Britain where he undertook research at the University of Cambridge. With the outbreak of war, Shapiro joined the Royal Air Force and was shot down over the Netherlands leading to lifelong disability. After the war he started working at the Institute of Psychiatry where he established a training programme in clinical psychology along with Hans Eysenck{{Cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/may/02/guardianobituaries1|title = Monte Shapiro|date = 2000|work = The Guardian}} at the Maudsley Hospital.{{Cite journal|title = Training of clinical psychologists at the Institute of Psychiatry|last = Shapiro|first = Monte|date = 1955|journal = Bulletin of the British Psychological Society}} He developed the scientist-practitioner model as the basis for training in clinical psychology.{{Cite web|title = King's College London - Professor Elizabeth Kuipers awarded MB Shapiro Award 2010|url = http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn/news/records/2010/05May/ProfessorElizabethKuipersawardedMBShapiroAward2010.aspx|website = www.kcl.ac.uk|access-date = 2015-09-25}} Although Shapiro and Eysenck worked together, they were at odds on various issues, including of note, the appointment of Stanley Rachman to their faculty.
Research
Shapiro developed the use of the experimental method in the individual clinical case research.{{Cite journal|title = Experimental methods in the psychological description of the individual psychiatric patient|last = Shapiro|first = Monte|date = 1957|journal = International Journal of Social Psychiatry|volume = 3|issue = 2|pages = 89–102|doi = 10.1177/002076405700300201|s2cid = 144155516|doi-access = free}} as a way to integrate psychological practice and a scientific approach.{{cite journal|last1 = Shapiro|first1 = David|title = Renewing the scientist practitioner model|journal = The Psychologist|date = May 2002|volume = 15|pages = 232–234}}{{Cite web|title = MB Shapiro Award - The Tizard Centre - University of Kent|url = http://www.kent.ac.uk/tizard/news/?view=672|website = www.kent.ac.uk|access-date = 2015-09-25}} This approach was ultimately extended to current practice in neuropsychology. He developed the Personal Questionnaire (PQ) to measure psychological symptoms that were relevant to individuals (Shapiro, 1961).
Recognition
The British Psychological Society identified Shapiro as one of the "influential clinicians" who created case formulation{{Cite web|url = https://www.canterbury.ac.uk/social-and-applied-sciences/salomons-centre-for-applied-psychology/docs/resources/DCP-Guidelines-for-Formulation.pdf|title = Good Practice Guidelines on the use of Psychological Formulation|date = 2011|publisher = British Psychological Society|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925100052/https://www.canterbury.ac.uk/social-and-applied-sciences/salomons-centre-for-applied-psychology/docs/resources/DCP-Guidelines-for-Formulation.pdf|archive-date = 2015-09-25|url-status = dead}}
In 1984, the British Psychological Society honoured Shapiro by creating the M.B. Shapiro Award, to honour a British psychologist each year who has achieved eminence in their contributions to the field. Shapiro was the first recipient of the award.
Earlier in his career, Shapiro's application to join the Experimental Psychological Society was declined.{{Cite web|title = Experimental Psychological Society|url = http://www.eps.ac.uk/|website = www.eps.ac.uk|access-date = 2015-08-26}}{{Cite book|title = Playing with Fire: The Controversial Career of Hans J. Eysenck|last = Buchanan|first = Roderick|publisher = Oxford University press|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0198566885}} At no time in his career was Shapiro awarded a professorship.
Publications
- Shapiro, M.B., Nelson, E.H. (1955). An Investigation of the Nature of Cognitive Impairment in Co-Operative Psychiatric Patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology.
- Shapiro, M. B.; Nelson, E. H. (1955). An investigation of an abnormality of cognitive function in a cooperative young psychotic: an example of the application of experimental method to the single case. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11, 344-351.
- Bartlet, D., & and Shapiro, M.B. (1956). Investigation and Treatment of a Reading Disability in a Dull Child with Severe Psychiatric Disturbances, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 26 (3), 180–190.
- Shapiro, M.B., Post, F., Loefving, B., & Inglis, J. (1956). “Memory function” in psychiatric patients over sixty, some methodological and diagnostic implications. British Journal of Psychiatry.
- Shapiro, M.B., & Ravenette, A.T. (1959) - A preliminary experiment on paranoid delusions, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1959.
- Shapiro, M.B. (1961). A method of measuring psychological changes specific to the individual psychiatric patient, British Journal of Medical Psychology, Volume 34, Issue 2, pages 151–155.
- Shapiro, M.B. (1961). The single case in fundamental clinical psychological research, British Journal of Medical Psychology.
- Shapiro, M.B., Marks, I.M., & Fox, B. (1963). A therapeutic experiment on phobic and affective symptoms in an individual psychiatric patient British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.
- Shapiro, M.B. (1964). The measurement of clinically relevant.variables. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 8, 245–254
- Shapiro, M.B. (1966). The Single Case in Clinical-Psychological Research, Journal of General Psychology, Volume 74 (1).
- Shapiro,M.B. (1967). Clinical psychology as an applied science. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1039–1042.
- Shapiro, M.B. (1969). A Clinically Orientated Strategy in Individual-Centred Research, British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8 (3), 290–291.
- Shapiro, M.B., Litman, G.K., Nias, D.K., & Hendry, E.R. (1973). A clinician's approach to experimental research, Journal of Clinical Psychology Volume 29 (2), 165–169.
- Shapiro, M.B. (1979). Assessment interviewing in clinical psychology. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Volume 18, Issue 2, pages 211–218.
- Shapiro,M.B. (1985). A reassessment of clinical psychology as an applied science. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 1–11.