Monument to the Great Fire of London#As a scientific instrument

File:Monument top restored.JPG

The Monument comprises a Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gilded urn of fire. It was designed by Robert Hooke.{{Cite book |title=Out of the shadow of a giant: Hooke, Halley and the birth of British science, 1946- |last1=Gribbin |last2=Gribbin |first1=John |first2=Mary |isbn=978-0-00-822059-4 |location=London |oclc=966239842 |year=2017 |publisher=William Collins |pages=76, 77 |quote=On 26 January 1671, the Court of Aldermen approved Hooke's design: 'Upon view of the draught now produced by Mr Hooke [...] the same was well Liked and approved'.}} (The plaque that attributes it to Christopher Wren is not correct, though Hooke was a senior member of Wren's architecural practice and it was Wren who proposed it.) Its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor), the king's baker, where the blaze began.{{cite web |title=Monument views study |last=Department of the Built Environment |publisher=City of London |date=December 2020 |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/assets/Services-Environment/planning-protected-views-monument-views-study-2020.pdf |page=4 |access-date=22 February 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222000758/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/assets/Services-Environment/planning-protected-views-monument-views-study-2020.pdf |url-status=live }}

The viewing platform near the top of the Monument is reached by a narrow winding staircase of 311 steps.{{efn |name="311 or 345"}} A mesh cage was added in the mid-19th century to prevent people jumping to the ground, after six people died by suicide there between 1788 and 1842.{{cite book |last=Kuta |first=Stephen Robert |title=Selina's Letter: Tales of Suicide from Victorian and Edwardian London |publisher=Loma Publishing |location=Chelmsford, UK |year=2018 |pages=23–41 |isbn=9781916476233}}

Three sides of the base carry inscriptions in Latin. The one on the south side describes actions taken by King Charles II following the fire. The inscription on the east side describes how the Monument was started and brought to perfection, and under which mayors. Inscriptions on the north side describe how the fire started, how much damage it caused, and how it was eventually extinguished.{{cite web |title=City of London, The Monument |url=http://www.themonument.info/history/sculpture.asp |url-status=dead |website=themonument.info |access-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209001405/http://www.themonument.info/history/sculpture.asp |archive-date=9 February 2013}} The Latin words {{lang|la|"Sed Furor Papisticus Qui Tamdiu Patravit Nondum Restingvitur"}} ({{translation|"but Popish frenzy, which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched"}}) were added to the end of the inscription on the orders of the Court of Aldermen in 1681 during the foment of the Popish Plot.{{cite book |last=Timbs |first=John |author-link=John Timbs |title=Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis |url=https://archive.org/stream/curiositiesoflon00timbrich#page/571/mode/1up |publisher=D. Bogue |year=1855 |page=571}} Text on the east side originally falsely blamed Roman Catholics for the fire ("burning of this protestant city, begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the popish faction"), which prompted Alexander Pope (himself a Catholic) to say of the area:

{{poemquote|Where London's column, pointing at the skies,

Like a tall bully, lifts the head, and lies.|Moral Essays, Epistle iii. line 339 (1733–1734).}}

The words blaming Catholics were chiselled out with Catholic Emancipation in 1830.{{cite web |url=https://www.themonument.info/history/inscriptions.html |title=Inscriptions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022145/https://www.themonument.info/history/inscriptions.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |website= themonument.info |access-date=14 December 2018}} The west side of the base displays a relief sculpture by Caius Gabriel Cibber, representing in allegorical form the destruction and restoration of the City of London. The latter is personified by a languishing woman sustained by Time and Providentia; Charles II, assisted by his brother James, directs the reconstruction works surrounded by female allegories of Architecture, Imagination, Freedom, Justice and Fortitude; Envy lies powerlessly at the bottom of the scene, while Plenty and Peace watch benevolently from above. It gives its name to the nearby London Underground station, Monument.

Views published in [[The Graphic, 1891.|thumb|upright]]

The first Rebuilding Act, passed in 1669, stipulated that "the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation", a column of either brass or stone should be set up on Fish Street Hill, on or near the site of Farynor's bakery, where the fire began. Christopher Wren, as surveyor-general of the King's Works, was asked to submit a design. Robert Hooke, then working as an architect for Wren, developed the design. It is impossible to know the extent of the collaboration between Hooke and Wren, but Hooke's drawings of possible designs for the column still exist, with Wren's signature on them indicating his approval of the drawings rather than their authorship.{{Cite book |last=Inwood |first=Stephen |title=The man who knew too much: the inventive life of Robert Hooke, 1635-1703 |date=27 March 2024 |location=London |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=978-0-330-48829-7 |oclc=59355860 |page=[https://archive.org/details/forgottengeniusb00inwo/page/130/mode/1up 130]}} It was not until 1671 that the City Council approved the design, and it took six years to complete the {{convert|202|ft|sigfig=3}} column. It was two more years before the inscription (which had been left to Wren{{snd}} or to Wren's choice{{snd}} to decide upon) was set in place. "Commemorating{{snd}} with a brazen disregard for the truth{{snd}} the fact that 'London rises again ... three short years complete that which was considered the work of ages.{{' "}}Tinniswood, Adrian, His Invention so Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren (Oxford Press, 2001) p.232

Hooke's surviving drawings show that several versions of the monument were submitted for consideration: a plain obelisk, a column garnished with tongues of fire, and the fluted Doric column that was eventually chosen. The real contention came with the problem of what type of ornament to have at the top. Initially, Wren favoured a statue of a phoenix with outstretched wings rising from the ashes, but as the column neared completion he decided instead on a {{cvt|15|ft}} statue either of Charles II, or a sword-wielding female to represent a triumphant London; the cost of either being estimated at £1,050.{{efn|About £{{inflation|UK|1050|1667|r=-3|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}; {{Inflation/fn|UK}}}} Charles himself disliked the idea of his statue atop the monument and instead preferred a simple copper-gilded ball "with flames sprouting from the top", costing a little over £325, but ultimately it was the design of a flaming gilt-bronze urn suggested by Robert Hooke that was chosen.

The total cost of the monument was £13,450 11s 9d.,{{efn|About £{{inflation|UK|13350.59|1680|r=-3|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}}} of which £11,300 was paid to the mason-contractor Joshua Marshall. (Joshua Marshall was Master of the Masons' Company in 1670.)

The Edinburgh-born writer James Boswell visited the Monument in 1763 to climb the 311 steps to what was then the highest viewpoint in London.{{efn |name="311 or 345"|There are 311 steps from ground level to the viewing platform; 345 from the basement.}} Halfway up, he suffered a panic attack, but persevered and made it to the top, where he found it "horrid to be so monstrous a way up in the air, so far above London and all its spires".{{cite book |title=Boswell's London Journal |editor=Pottle, Frederick A. |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1950 |page=232 |isbn=0-07-006603-5}} In 1913 two suffragettes unfurled a flag and dropping leaflets from the monument. One of these was Gertrude Metcalfe-Shaw.{{Cite web |title=Suffragette Gertrude Metcalfe-Shaw |url=https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/v/object-454626/suffragette-gertrude-metcalfe-shaw/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=London Museum |language=en-gb}}

The area around the base of the column, Monument Street, was pedestrianised in 2006 in a £790,000 street improvement scheme.{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/planning/planning-policy/local-development-framework/Documents/Streetscene%20Challenge%20Approved%20Schemes%20update.pdf |title=City of London – Street Scene Challenge – The Monument |website=cityoflondon.gov.uk |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210912/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/planning/planning-policy/local-development-framework/Documents/Streetscene%20Challenge%20Approved%20Schemes%20update.pdf |url-status=dead }}[http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/consultations/files/part%202%20Chp%205%20Proposals%20and%20priorities%20.doc City of London – Proposals and Priorities, p166] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409100915/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/consultations/files/part%202%20Chp%205%20Proposals%20and%20priorities%20.doc |date=9 April 2008 }}

The Monument closed in July 2007 for an 18-month, £4.5 million refurbishment project and re-opened in February 2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.themonument.info/project/default.asp |title=The Project |access-date=30 July 2007 |date=30 July 2007 |work=www.themonument.info |publisher=City of London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220010822/http://www.themonument.info/project/default.asp |archive-date=20 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}

Between 1 and 2 October 2011, a Live Music Sculpture created especially for the Monument by British composer Samuel Bordoli was performed 18 times during the weekend. This was the first occasion that music had ever been heard inside the structure and effectively transformed Hooke's design into a gigantic reverberating musical instrument.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-15137256 |title=Monument hosts music performance |work=BBC News |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902023415/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-15137256 |url-status=live }}

Wren and Hooke built the monument to double-up as a scientific instrument.{{cite news |last1=Higgitt |first1=Rebekah |last2=Heggie |first2=Vanessa |title=The H Word Higgitt and Heggie blog: Last night's radio: Seven Ages of Science |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2013/aug/07/radio-seven-ages-science-history |date=7 August 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=27 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827051245/https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2013/aug/07/radio-seven-ages-science-history |url-status=live }}{{cite book |author-last=Jardine |author-first=Lisa |title=The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London |url=https://archive.org/details/curiouslifeofrob00lisa |url-access=registration |publisher=Harper Perennial |date=6 September 2004 |isbn=978-0007151752 |page=[https://archive.org/details/curiouslifeofrob00lisa/page/171 171]}} It has a central shaft meant for use as a zenith telescope and for use in gravity and pendulum experiments that connects to an underground laboratory for observers to work (accessible through a hatch in the floor of the present-day ticket booth). Vibrations from heavy traffic on Fish Street Hill rendered the experimental conditions unsuitable.{{cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |title=The secret lab hidden inside a famous monument |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170810-the-medieval-lab-hidden-inside-a-famous-monument |date=11 August 2017 |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811202530/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170810-the-medieval-lab-hidden-inside-a-famous-monument |url-status=live }}

At the top of the monument, a hinged lid in the urn covers the opening to the shaft.{{cite book |author=John Christopher |title=Wren's City of London Churches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnuoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-1109-9 |pages=87–}} The steps in the shaft of the tower are all {{Convert|6|in}} high, allowing them to be used for barometric pressure studies.

In a study published in 2020, researchers from Queen Mary University of London used the shaft of the monument stairwell to measure deformation in a hanging wire. By twisting and untwisting a wire hanging down the shaft of the stairwell, they were able to detect deformation at less than 9 parts per billion{{snd}} equivalent to a one-degree twist over the length of the {{Convert|50|metre|order=flip|adj=on}} wire.{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=W. |last2=Liu |first2=D. |last3=Li |first3=J. |last4=Pery |first4=A. D. |last5=Herrada |first5=N. |last6=Mills |first6=D. |last7=Owen |first7=R. A. |last8=Burton |first8=P. A. |last9=Dong |first9=D. |last10=Gannaway |first10=G. |last11=Bushby |first11=A. J. |last12=Dunstan |first12=D. J. |title=Nanostrain sensitivity in a wire torsion experiment |journal=Review of Scientific Instruments |date=1 January 2020 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=013901 |doi=10.1063/1.5111325 |pmid=32012549 |bibcode=2020RScI...91a3901A |s2cid=211023078 |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/62313 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616100749/https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/62313 |url-status=live }}

During the 2007–2009 refurbishment, a 360-degree panoramic camera was installed on top of the Monument.{{Cite web |title=Views from the Monument {{!}} The Monument to the Great Fire of London |url=https://www.themonument.info/views-from-the-monument.html |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712200005/https://www.themonument.info/views-from-the-monument.html |url-status=live }} Updated every minute and running 24 hours a day, it provides a record of weather, building and ground activity in the city.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

{{wide image|London_panorama_top_monument.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Panorama of London taken from the top of the Monument}}

File:Monument Square (London).jpg

The Monument stands in Monument Square, formerly known as Monument Yard which was merged into Monument Street in 1911,[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63236 Mngenelane - Monument Square] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910143235/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63236 |date=10 September 2014 }}, A Dictionary of London, Henry A Harben (1918), British History Online created as part of the pedestrianisation of Monument Street.{{when|date=January 2022}} It sits on the east side of Fish Street Hill, and extends to Pudding Lane. A glass pavilion, designed by Bere Architects, was unveiled on 31 January 2007.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

• William Godwin, in his novel Deloraine (1833), suggests that, like "the man we are told of, who climbed over the rails at the top of the Monument of London, and clung to them for a while on the outside, there was not room for repentance", meaning that there was no way for the hero, who has just killed his rival, to go back (147).
• Charles Dickens, in his novel Martin Chuzzlewit, published in 1844, describes the Monument thus:{{blockquote|if the day were bright, you observed upon the house-tops, stretching far away, a long dark path; the shadow of the Monument; and turning round, the tall original was close beside you, with every hair erect upon his golden head, as if the doings of the city frightened him.The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens}}
• The Monument is a prominent setting in The System of the World, the third book in Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle.
• George, the hero of Charlie Fletcher's children's book Stoneheart, has a fight at the top of the Monument with a raven and a gargoyle.
• The Monument's viewing platform features in the 1970 film The Man Who Haunted Himself where Roger Moore's character, Harold Pelham, meets a company rival for a secret meeting prior to a company takeover.

{{gallery

| title=Monument to the Great Fire of London

|File:The Monument sculpture (geograph 3273276).jpg|The relief on the Monument's base by Caius Gabriel Cibber

|File:TheMonumentSuttonNichollsc1753 edited.jpg|The Monument depicted in a picture by Sutton Nicholls, {{Circa|1753}}

|File:Dragon on the Monument.JPG|Dragon sculpture on the side of the Monument

|File:Monumento al Gran Incendio de Londres, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-11, DD 152.JPG |View down the interior staircase

|File:Monumento al Gran Incendio de Londres, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-11, DD 154-156 HDR.JPG|View up the interior staircase

|File:Carved-inscription-on-Monument.jpg | Stone recognising the work of Robert Hooke (2007)

}}

• History of London

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• Godwin, William. Deloraine in Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin vol. 8, ed. Maurice Hindle. London: William Pickering, 1992.

• Hart, V., 'London's Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument', in RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics, vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325–39
• Hart, V., Christopher Wren: In Search of Eastern Antiquity (Yale University Press, 2020)
• Jardine, L., On a Grander Scale: The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren ({{ISBN|0-00-710775-7}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-00-710776-5}} paperback)

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Monument to the Great Fire of London.ogg|date=23 September 2012}}

{{Commons category|The Monument to the Great Fire of London}}

• [http://www.themonument.org.uk Official Monument website]
• [https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visit-the-city/attractions/Pages/monument.aspx City of London Monument page]
• [https://archive.org/details/historyofmonumen00welc History of The Monument with some account of the great fire of London, which it commemorates (1921)], by Charles Welch
• [https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/monument-to-the-great-fire-of-london-base-55ac20872e3e4f0d85a8751ecdaab77a 3D photoscan of the base or the Monument showing Latin inscription]

{{London history}}

{{Public art in London|other monuments}}

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Category:17th-century inscriptions

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Category:Great Fire of London

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