Mood swing

Definitions of the terms mood swings, mood instability, affective lability, or emotional lability are commonly similar, which describe fluctuating or oscillating of mood and emotions. But each has unique characteristics that are used to describe specific phenomena or patterns of oscillation.{{Cite journal |date=1975 |title=Affect, mood, emotion, and feeling: semantic considerations |url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.132.11.1215 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=132 |issue=11 |pages=1215–1217 |doi=10.1176/ajp.132.11.1215 |pmid=1166902 |issn=0002-953X |quote=...the use and definitions of the terms "affect," "mood," "emotion," and "feeling" in some classical and contemporary works of psychiatry and psychology. He concludes that these words refer to distinct pscychological phenomena and suggests that they be used clearly and carefully to facilitate communication about emotions. |last1=Ketal |first1=R. |url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Broome |first1=M. R. |last2=Saunders |first2=K. E. A. |last3=Harrison |first3=P. J. |last4=Marwaha |first4=S. |date=2015 |title=Mood instability: significance, definition and measurement |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science |volume=207 |issue=4 |pages=283–285 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158543 |issn=1472-1465 |pmc=4589661 |pmid=26429679 |quote=The literature spans psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience, and multiple terms are used to describe the same, or related phenomena, including affective instability, emotional dysregulation, mood swings, emotional impulsiveness and affective lability. Collating the main overlapping dimensions, definitions, and their measurement scales, a recent systematic review proposed that mood instability is ‘rapid oscillations of intense affect, with a difficulty in regulating these oscillations or their behavioural consequences’.}} Different from emotions or affect,{{Cite journal |last1=Manjunatha |first1=Narayana |last2=Khess |first2=Christoday Raja Jayant |last3=Ram |first3=Dushad |date=2009 |title=The conceptualization of terms: 'Mood' and 'affect' in academic trainees of mental health |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=285–288 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.58295 |issn=1998-3794 |pmc=2802377 |pmid=20048455 |quote=One would conclude from the above italic sentences of Fish that affect is a sudden exacerbation of emotion, and mood is also the emotional state prevailing at any given time, in other words, both mood and affect are short-term emotional tone (However, these confusing lines are deleted in the new edition of Fish's clinical psychopathology). |doi-access=free }} mood is associated with emotional responses without knowing the reason (being unaware).{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/mood |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en |quote=Moods differ from emotions in lacking an object; for example, the emotion of anger can be aroused by an insult, but an angry mood may arise when one does not know what one is angry about or what elicited the anger.}}{{Citation |last1=Leaberry |first1=Kirsten D. |title=Emotional Lability |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_510 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences |pages=1319–1329 |access-date=2023-08-18 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |last2=Walerius |first2=Danielle M. |last3=Rosen |first3=Paul J. |last4=Fogleman |first4=Nicholas D.|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_510 |isbn=978-3-319-24610-9 |s2cid=241582879 |url-access=subscription }}." Previous literature suggests that mood often has a greater duration and is associated with an internal state value, whereas emotions are sudden and intense and are associated with greater environmental information value (Larsen et al. 2000).

The dynamics of mood, mood patterns for long times are commonly erratic,Kahmann, Daan (2022) [https://fse.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/28443/1/Thesis_DaanKahmann_s3986314.pdf Emotion dynamics in Tibetan monks and healthy Westerners]. Bachelor's Thesis, Artificial Intelligence.university of groningen."Emotions can be very turbulent and are constantly changing." labile{{Cite journal |last=Klinkman |first=Michael S. |date=2007 |title=A whole new world: complexity theory and mood variability in mental disorders |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=180–182 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v09n0302 |issn=1523-5998 |pmc=1911185 |pmid=17632649 |quote=Four of 5 normal controls displayed a circadian mood pattern with chaotic dynamics.}} or instable, also known as euthymic.{{Cite journal |last1=Fava |first1=Giovanni A. |last2=Bech |first2=Per |date=2015-11-27 |title=The Concept of Euthymia |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1159/000441244 |pmid=26610048 |s2cid=29087528 |issn=0033-3190 |quote=When a patient, in the longitudinal course of mood disturbances, no longer meets the threshold of a disorder such as depression or mania, as assessed by categorical methods resulting in diagnostic criteria or by cutoff points in the dimensional measurement of rating scales, he or she is often labeled as euthymic.|doi-access=free }} Although the term of mood swing is unspecific, it may be used to describe a pattern where mood goes down from positive to negative valency immediately (without delay in baseline) at specific periods.{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en |quote=a nonspecific term for any oscillation in mood, particularly between feelings of happiness and sadness.}} And also generally have aperiodic patterns.{{Cite journal |last1=Katerndahl |first1=David |last2=Ferrer |first2=Robert |last3=Best |first3=Rick |last4=Wang |first4=Chen-Pin |date=2007 |title=Dynamic patterns in mood among newly diagnosed patients with major depressive episode or panic disorder and normal controls |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=183–187 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v09n0303 |issn=1523-5998 |pmc=1911176 |pmid=17632650 |quote=Complexity of symptoms or behaviors in an individual is often characterized by the dynamics of the individual's longitudinal patterns. While periodic/linear temporal patterns are predictable in both trajectory and pattern, chaotic patterns are predictable in pattern only. Random dynamics are predictable in neither trajectory nor pattern.}}{{Cite journal |date=1991 |title=Mood variability: a study of four groups |url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.148.11.1505 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=148 |issue=11 |pages=1505–1511 |doi=10.1176/ajp.148.11.1505 |pmid=1928464 |issn=0002-953X |quote=The visual analog scale can capture patterns of mood and mood variability thought to be typical of these diagnostic groups. Mood disorders differ not only in the degree of abnormal mood but also in the pattern of mood variability, suggesting that mechanisms regulating mood stability may differ from those regulating overall mood state. |last1=Cowdry |first1=R. W. |last2=Gardner |first2=D. L. |last3=O'Leary |first3=K. M. |last4=Leibenluft |first4=E. |last5=Rubinow |first5=D. R. |url-access=subscription }} This is because mood dynamics are influenced by various factors which can magnify or lessen fluctuations,{{Cite journal |last1=Pessiglione |first1=Mathias |last2=Heerema |first2=Roeland |last3=Daunizeau |first3=Jean |last4=Vinckier |first4=Fabien |date=2023-04-01 |title=Origins and consequences of mood flexibility: a computational perspective |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=147 |pages=105084 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105084 |pmid=36764635 |s2cid=256666316 |issn=0149-7634 |quote=We typically have little control over fluctuations between episodes of good and bad mood. In most cases, we also have little understanding of the causal factors driving our mood fluctuations, contrary to emotional reactions that are circumscribed to a specific trigger and limited to a short duration.|doi-access=free }} such as when expectations become reality or not.{{Cite journal |last1=Eldar |first1=Eran |last2=Rutledge |first2=Robb B. |last3=Dolan |first3=Raymond J. |last4=Niv |first4=Yael |date=2016-01-01 |title=Mood as Representation of Momentum |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=15–24 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.010 |pmid=26545853 |pmc=4703769 |issn=1364-6613 |quote=The main conclusion of the study was that happiness depends not on how well things are going (in terms of cumulative earnings) but whether they are going better than expected.}} Other terms for describing patterns are episodic, periodic, cyclothymia, rapid cycling, mixed states, short episodes, soft spectrum,{{Cite journal |last1=Perugi |first1=Giulio |last2=Akiskal |first2=Hagop S. |date=2002 |title=The soft bipolar spectrum redefined: focus on the cyclothymic, anxious-sensitive, impulse-dyscontrol, and binge-eating connection in bipolar II and related conditions |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462857/ |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=713–737 |doi=10.1016/s0193-953x(02)00023-0 |issn=0193-953X |pmid=12462857 |quote=The bipolar II spectrum represents the most common phenotype of bipolarity. Numerous studies indicate that in clinical settings this soft spectrum might be as common--if not more common than--major depressive disorders.}} diurnal variation, etc., although the definition of each term may be unclear.{{Cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Rudy |last2=Clark |first2=Malin |last3=Baetz |first3=Marilyn |date=2004-03-01 |title=Mood swings in patients with anxiety disorders compared with normal controls |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503270200304X |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=185–192 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00304-X |pmid=15013242 |issn=0165-0327 |quote=Difficulties with measurement, and unclear definitions for terms like cyclothymia, rapid cycling, mixed states, short episodes, and soft spectrum have contributed to the uncertainty (Akiskal et al., 2000, Blacker and Tsuang, 1992, Cassano et al., 1999, Ghaemi et al., 2001).|url-access=subscription }}

Mood swings can happen any time at any place, varying from the microscopic to the wild oscillations of bipolar disorder,Sigmund Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (PFL 12) p. 164 so that a continuum can be traced from normal struggles around self-esteem, through cyclothymia, up to a depressive disease.Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 406 However, most people's mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs.{{cite book|author=Daniel Goleman|title=Emotional Intelligence: Why it Can Matter More Than IQ|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|date=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/emotionalintell000gole/page/57 57]|isbn=978-0747528302|id={{ASIN|0747528306|country=uk}}|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/emotionalintell000gole/page/57}} The duration of bipolar mood swings also varies. They may last a few hours – ultrarapid – or extend over days – ultradian: clinicians maintain that only when four continuous days of hypomania, or seven days of mania, occur, is a diagnosis of bipolar disorder justified.S, Nassir Ghaemi, Mood Disorder (2007) p. 243-4 In such cases, mood swings can extend over several days, even weeks; these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria.{{cite book|last=Hockenbury|first=Don and Sandra|title=Discovering Psychology Fifth Edition|year=2011|publisher=Worth Publishers|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4292-1650-0|page=549}}

{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}

File:National Marathon IMG 1567 (5563108196).jpgFile:Chronic fatigue syndrome.JPG

• Changing mood up and down without knowing the reason or external stimuli,{{Citation |last=Lischetzke |first=Tanja |title=Mood |date=2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1842 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research |pages=4115–4119 |editor-last=Michalos |editor-first=Alex C. |access-date=2023-08-31 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1842 |isbn=978-94-007-0753-5|url-access=subscription }}."Moods are affective states that are diffuse and unfocused, that is, not directed toward a specific object. They are continually present (tonic) and shape the background of our moment-moment experience, but fluctuate over time." in various degrees, duration and frequent, from high mood (happy, elevated, irritated) to low mood (sad, depressed).CAMH Bipolar Clinic Staff(2013)."[https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/bipolar-guide-en.pdf Bipolar disorder:an information guide]".camph:Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.www.camh.ca."Everyone has ups and downs in mood. Feeling happy, sad and angry is normal...Their moods may have nothing to do with things going on in their lives."
• Sometimes it's mixed,{{Cite journal |last1=Janiri |first1=Delfina |last2=Conte |first2=Eliana |last3=De Luca |first3=Ilaria |last4=Simone |first4=Maria Velia |last5=Moccia |first5=Lorenzo |last6=Simonetti |first6=Alessio |last7=Mazza |first7=Marianna |last8=Marconi |first8=Elisa |last9=Monti |first9=Laura |last10=Chieffo |first10=Daniela Pia Rosaria |last11=Kotzalidis |first11=Georgios |last12=Janiri |first12=Luigi |last13=Sani |first13=Gabriele |date=2021-03-29 |title=Not Only Mania or Depression: Mixed States/Mixed Features in Paediatric Bipolar Disorders |journal=Brain Sciences |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=434 |doi=10.3390/brainsci11040434 |issn=2076-3425 |pmc=8065627 |pmid=33805270 |quote=DSM-5 introduced the "with mixed features" specifier, which could apply to any type of episode of BD and major depressive disorder (MDD). |doi-access=free}} a combination between manic and depression symptoms{{Cite journal |last1=Fava |first1=Giovanni A. |last2=Guidi |first2=Jenny |date=2020 |title=The pursuit of euthymia |journal=World Psychiatry|volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=40–50 |doi=10.1002/wps.20698 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=7254162 |pmid=31922678 |quote=Patients with bipolar disorder spend about half of their time in depression, mania or mixed states22. The remaining periods are defined as euthymic23, 24, 25, 26, 27. However, considerable fluctuations in psychological distress were recorded in studies with longitudinal designs, suggesting that the illness is still active in those latter periods, even though its intensity may vary28. It is thus questionable whether subthreshold symptomatic periods truly represent euthymia28....This definition of euthymia, because of its intertwining with mood stability, is substantially different from the concept of eudaimonic well‐being, that has become increasingly popular in positive psychology}} or similar with bittersweet experiences that last for a day.{{Cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Jeff T. |last2=McGraw |first2=A. Peter |last3=Cacioppo |first3=John T. |date=2001 |title=Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11709924 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=684–696 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.684 |pmid=11642354 |issn=1939-1315 |quote=Though mixed feelings may be uncommon, they might often have important consequences (e.g., for health).}}{{Cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Jeff T. |last2=Hershfield |first2=Hal E. |last3=Cazares |first3=James L. |last4=Hogan |first4=Candice L. |last5=Carstensen |first5=Laura L. |date=2021 |title=Meaningful endings and mixed emotions: The double-edged sword of reminiscence on good times |journal=Emotion |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1650–1659 |doi=10.1037/emo0001011 |issn=1931-1516 |pmc=8817627 |pmid=34591508 |quote=Indeed, college students are more likely to report mixed emotions of happiness and sadness on the day that they move out of their freshmen dorm and on their graduation day than on typical days.}}
• Mood swings in normal people appear like "climate changing" at mild to moderate degree.{{Cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=R. |last2=Csikszentmihalyi |first2=M. |last3=Graef |first3=R. |date=1980 |title=Mood variability and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24318310/ |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=469–490 |doi=10.1007/BF02089885 |issn=0047-2891 |pmid=24318310 |s2cid=5068051 |quote=The findings confirm that adolescents experience wider and quicker mood swings, but do not show that this variability is related to stress, lack of personal control, psychological maladjustment, or social maladjustment within individual teenagers.}} Thus, unless it happens at a moderate degree or more, some people need more high emotional intelligence{{Cite web |last=Okoronkwo |first=Valentine |date=2022-11-29 |title=39 Best Emotional Intelligence Statistics To Know In 2022 |url=https://passivesecrets.com/emotional-intelligence-statistics/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Passive Secrets |language=en-US |quote=Only about 36% of people in the world are emotionally Intelligent... 54% of the U.S. population are emotionally aware.}} to recognize their mood change.Wilhelm, Peter & Schoebi, Dominik. (2007). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dominik-Schoebi/publication/225274249_Assessing_Mood_in_Daily_Life_Structural_Validity_Sensitivity_to_Change_and_Reliability_of_a_Short-Scale_to_Measure_Three_Basic_Dimensions_of_Mood/links/559695e108ae793d137c5236/Assessing-Mood-in-Daily-Life-Structural-Validity-Sensitivity-to-Change-and-Reliability-of-a-Short-Scale-to-Measure-Three-Basic-Dimensions-of-Mood.pdf Assessing Mood in Daily Life Structural Validity, Sensitivity to Change, and Reliability of a Short-Scale to Measure Three Basic Dimensions of Mood.] [https://www.researchgate.net/journal/European-Journal-of-Psychological-Assessment-2151-2426?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19 European Journal of Psychological Assessment]. 23. 258-. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.258 10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.258]."Moods can be consciously experienced as soon as they gain the focus of our attention, and are then characterized by the predominance of certain subjective feelings."
• Mood swings in mental illness simply can be described by generalized complexity{{Cite journal |last1=Durstewitz |first1=Daniel |last2=Huys |first2=Quentin J.M. |last3=Koppe |first3=Georgia |date=2020 |title=Psychiatric Illnesses as Disorders of Network Dynamics |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451902220300197 |journal=Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging |language=en |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=865–876 |doi=10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.01.001 |pmid=32249208 |s2cid=52288970 |quote=Mental illnesses are highly complex, temporally dynamic phenomena (1). Variables across a vast range of timescales – from milliseconds to generations – and levels – from subcellular to societal – interact in complex manners to result in the dynamic, rich and extraordinarily heterogeneous temporal trajectories that are characteristic of the personal and psychiatric histories evident in mental health services across the world.|arxiv=1809.06303 }} based on mood dynamics (patterns that characterize the oscillation) like intensity (mild, moderate, severe), duration (days, weeks, years), average mood and other features, such as:van Genugten, Claire. (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365853916_Measurement_innovation_studies_on_smartphone-based_ecological_momentary_assessment_in_depression Measurement innovation: studies on smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment in depression]. VU Research Portal.ISBN 978-94-93270-96-1."Mood dynamics are the patterns that characterize fluctuations in a person's mood [64]. Mood dynamics are often operationalized by a combination of "mood variability" and "emotional inertia" [65,66].{{Cite journal |last1=van Genugten |first1=Claire R. |last2=Schuurmans |first2=Josien |last3=Hoogendoorn |first3=Adriaan W. |last4=Araya |first4=Ricardo |last5=Andersson |first5=Gerhard |last6=Baños |first6=Rosa M. |last7=Berger |first7=Thomas |last8=Botella |first8=Cristina |last9=Cerga Pashoja |first9=Arlinda |last10=Cieslak |first10=Roman |last11=Ebert |first11=David D. |last12=García-Palacios |first12=Azucena |last13=Hazo |first13=Jean-Baptiste |last14=Herrero |first14=Rocío |last15=Holtzmann |first15=Jérôme |date=2022-03-17 |title=A Data-Driven Clustering Method for Discovering Profiles in the Dynamics of Major Depressive Disorder Using a Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mood |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=13 |page=755809 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.755809 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=8968132 |pmid=35370856 |doi-access=free }}

1. Mood swings in cyclothymia: Mood swings occur episodically and aperiodic within 2 years or more at a moderate degree and frequently.Miklowitz, D. J., Gitlin, M. J. (2015). Clinician's Guide to Bipolar Disorder. Amerika Serikat: Guilford Publications."The mood swings of individuals with cyclothymia occur most of the time (in the DSM-5 definition, no more than 2 consecutive months have been symptom-free within a 2-year period) and never exhibit the number of symptoms or the length of ..." Characterized by coexisting with anxiety, persistence, rapid shift, intense, impulsive,Rhoads, J. (2021). Clinical Consult to Psychiatric Mental Health Management for Nurse Practitioners. Amerika Serikat: Springer Publishing Company."Mood changes in cyclothymic disorder can be abrupt and unpredictable, of short duration, and with infrequent euthymic episodes." heightened by sensitivity and reactivity to external stimuli.{{Cite journal |last1=Perugi |first1=Giulio |last2=Hantouche |first2=Elie |last3=Vannucchi |first3=Giulia |date=2017 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Cyclothymia: The "Primacy" of Temperament |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=372–379 |doi=10.2174/1570159X14666160616120157 |issn=1875-6190 |pmc=5405616 |pmid=28503108 |quote=Cyclothymia is characterized by early onset, persistent, spontaneous and reactive mood fluctuations, associated with a variety of anxious and impulsive behaviors, resulting in a very rich and complex clinical presentation. Current diagnostic criteria for cyclothymic disorder (DSM-5 and ICD-10), emphasizing only episodic mood symptoms, may be misleading both from diagnostic and therapeutic point of views.}}
2. Mood swings in bipolar II: Episodic,{{Cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=E A |last2=Bonsall |first2=M B |last3=Hales |first3=S A |last4=Mitchell |first4=H |last5=Renner |first5=F |last6=Blackwell |first6=S E |last7=Watson |first7=P |last8=Goodwin |first8=G M |last9=Di Simplicio |first9=M |date=2016-01-26 |title=Applications of time-series analysis to mood fluctuations in bipolar disorder to promote treatment innovation: a case series |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.207 |journal=Translational Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e720 |doi=10.1038/tp.2015.207 |pmid=26812041 |pmc=5068881 |issn=2158-3188 |quote=A time-series approach allows comparison of mood instability pre- and post-treatment. Figure 1}} hypomanic (severe degree) episodes occur continuously for 4 days, depression episodes for weeks,{{Cite journal |last1=Tondo |first1=Leonardo |last2=Vázquez |first2=Gustavo H. |last3=Baldessarini |first3=Ross J. |date=2017 |title=Depression and Mania in Bipolar Disorder |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=353–358 |doi=10.2174/1570159X14666160606210811 |issn=1875-6190 |pmc=5405618 |pmid=28503106 |quote=As expected, episodes of depressions were much longer than manias, but episode-duration did not differ among BD diagnostic types: I, II, with mainly mixed-episodes (BD-Mx), or with psychotic features (BD-P)...A total of 56.8% of subjects could be characterized for major course-patterns as either DMI or MDI, which occurred in similar proportions for each type. As expected, depressive episodes averaged 5.2 months}} and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes.{{Cite journal |last1=Gottschalk |first1=A. |last2=Bauer |first2=M. S. |last3=Whybrow |first3=P. C. |date=1995 |title=Evidence of chaotic mood variation in bipolar disorder |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7487343/ |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=52 |issue=11 |pages=947–959 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950230061009 |issn=0003-990X |pmid=7487343 |quote=These studies indicate that mood in patients with bipolar disorder is not truly cyclic for extended periods. Nonetheless, self-rated mood in bipolar disorder is significantly more organized than self-rated mood in normal subjects and can be characterized as a low-dimensional chaotic process. This characterization of the dynamics of bipolar disorder provides a unitary theoretical framework that can accommodate neurobiologic and psychosocial data and can reconcile existing models for the pathogenesis of the disorder. Furthermore, consideration of the dynamical structure of bipolar disorder may lead to new methods for predicting and controlling pathologic mood.}}
3. Mood swings in bipolar I: Episodic, manic episodes (severe degree) occur continuously for 7 days, depressive episodes for weeks,Last, C. G. (2009). When Someone You Love Is Bipolar: Help and Support for You and Your Partner. Ukraina: Guilford Publications."Research indicates that bipolar II depressions persist for longer periods of time than bipolar I depressions, nearly twice as long (1 year versus 6 months)."{{Cite journal |last1=Solomon |first1=David A. |last2=Fiedorowicz |first2=Jess G. |last3=Leon |first3=Andrew C. |last4=Coryell |first4=William |last5=Endicott |first5=Jean |last6=Li |first6=Chunshan |last7=Boland |first7=Robert J. |last8=Keller |first8=Martin B. |date=2013 |title=Recovery from multiple episodes of bipolar I depression |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=e205–211 |doi=10.4088/JCP.12m08049 |issn=1555-2101 |pmc=3837577 |pmid=23561241 |quote=The median duration of major depressive episodes was 14 weeks, and over 70% recovered within 12 months of onset of the episode. The median duration of minor depressive episodes was 8 weeks, and approximately 90% recovered within 6 months of onset of the episode...An early report from this study examined 66 participants with bipolar I followed for up to 5 years, and found that the median time to recovery from the first two prospectively observed episodes of major depression was 20 weeks and 24 weeks.16 A subsequent report described 82 participants with bipolar I followed for 10 years; the median duration of major and minor depressive episodes were 12 and 5 weeks, respectively.17}} and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes. Alterations in bipolar I and II can be rapid cyclic, which means changes of mood happen 4 times or more within a year.Fink, C., Kraynak, J. (2011). Bipolar Disorder For Dummies. Amerika Serikat: Wiley."Rapid cycling isn't a separate type of bipolar disorder, but your doctor may use the label to describe a particular subtype of Bipolar I or II. To qualify as a rapid-cycling sufferer, you must experience the following: You must ..." Symptoms of manic and hypomanic episodes are similar between bipolar I and bipolar II, just different in degree of intensity.Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders. (2013). Amerika Serikat: Cambridge University Press."While both mania and hypomania are phenomenologically similar in that they occur as discrete episodes ... "
4. Mood swings in Premenstrual symptoms (PMS): Episodically at mild to severe degree in the menses period, occur gradually or rapidly,{{Cite web |last=admin |title=PMS |url=https://www.womensinternational.com/blog/portfolio-items/pms/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Women's International Pharmacy |language=en-US |quote=In PMS: Solving the Puzzle, Linaya Hahn identifies five patterns of symptoms, occurring primarily within the luteal phase but varying in timing and intensity (see Patterns of PMS Symptoms)}} start 7 days before and decrease at the onset of menses.{{Cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Rudy |last2=Bowen |first2=Angela |last3=Baetz |first3=Marilyn |last4=Wagner |first4=Jason |last5=Pierson |first5=Roger |date=2011 |title=Mood Instability in Women With Premenstrual Syndrome |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224046807 |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=927–934 |doi=10.1016/s1701-2163(16)35018-6 |pmid=21923990 |issn=1701-2163 |quote=(graph PMS pattern)...Key characteristics of PMS include a lack of symptoms during the follicular phase, a peak of symptoms during the late luteal or premenstrual phase, and a sudden decrease of symptoms with the onset of menses.}} Characterized by angry outbursts, depression, anxiety, confusion, irritability or social withdrawal.{{Cite journal |last1=Dilbaz |first1=Berna |last2=Aksan |first2=Alperen |date=2021-05-28 |title=Premenstrual syndrome, a common but underrated entity: review of the clinical literature |journal=Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2021.2020.0133 |issn=1309-0399 |pmc=8187976 |pmid=33663193 |quote=The ACOG definition involves the presence of at least one of the six affective symptoms (angry outbursts, depression, anxiety, confusion, irritability and social withdrawal) and one of the four somatic…}}
5. Mood swings in borderline personality disorder (BPD): Mood changes erratically with episodic mood swings.Southward, Matt & Semcho, Stephen & Stumpp, Nicole & MacLean, Destiney & Sauer, Shannon. (2020). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346316997_A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Borderline_Personality_Disorder_A_Preliminary_Analysis_of_Within-Day_Emotion_Generation_and_Regulation A Day in the Life of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Preliminary Analysis of Within-Day Emotion Generation and Regulation]. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 42. 702-713. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10862-020-09836-1 10.1007/s10862-020-09836-1]."[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Emotional-Intensity-Within-and-Across-Days-for-Each-Participant_fig1_346316997 Graph]" Mood swings fluctuate in rapid shifts for hours or days, not persistent, sensitive and heightened negative mood (e.g. irritability) by external stimuli.{{Cite journal |last1=Carpenter |first1=Ryan W. |last2=Trull |first2=Timothy J. |date=2013 |title=Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: a review |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=335 |doi=10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2 |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=3973423 |pmid=23250816 |quote=It consists of a heightened emotional reactivity to environmental stimuli, including emotions of others. Emotion sensitivity in BPD has primarily been associated with negative mood states (e.g., anger, fear, sadness) and not positive emotions (although see [9, 10]).}}{{Cite journal |last=Paris |first=Joel |date=2005-06-07 |title=Borderline personality disorder |journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=172 |issue=12 |pages=1579–1583 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.045281 |issn=1488-2329 |pmc=558173 |pmid=15939918 |quote=...but in BPD, symptoms are usually associated with mood instability rather than with the extended and continuous periods of lower mood seen in classic mood disorders.19 Also, because of characteristic mood swings, BPD is often mistaken for bipolar disorder.30 However, patients with BPD do not show continuously elevated mood but instead exhibit a pattern of rapid shifts in affect related to environmental events, with "high" periods that last for hours rather than for days or weeks.}} Mood appears in the form of high intensity of irritability,{{Cite journal |last1=Bertsch |first1=Katja |last2=Back |first2=Sarah |last3=Flechsenhar |first3=Aleya |last4=Neukel |first4=Corinne |last5=Krauch |first5=Marlene |last6=Spieß |first6=Karen |last7=Panizza |first7=Angelika |last8=Herpertz |first8=Sabine C. |date=2021 |title=Don't Make Me Angry: Frustration-Induced Anger and Its Link to Aggression in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=12 |page=695062 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695062 |pmid=34122197 |pmc=8195331 |issn=1664-0640 |quote=Individuals with BPD report more negative emotions and a greater intensity of negative emotions than healthy individuals throughout the day (9). However, recent data suggest a particular relevance of anger, a negative emotion that is closely related to reactive aggression, in BPD. Using e-diaries, Kockler et al. (10) found that individuals with BPD exhibit anger more frequently in their daily life than healthy as well as clinical control groups and feelings of anger accounted for more distress than pure emotional intensity. |doi-access=free }}Reich Brad.(2012).[https://www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/AffectiveInstabilityNEABPD12-30-12.pdf Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder].McLean Hospital."Graph" anxiety,{{Cite journal |last1=Koenigsberg |first1=Harold W. |last2=Harvey |first2=Philip D. |last3=Mitropoulou |first3=Vivian |last4=Schmeidler |first4=James |last5=New |first5=Antonia S. |last6=Goodman |first6=Marianne |last7=Silverman |first7=Jeremy M. |last8=Serby |first8=Michael |last9=Schopick |first9=Frances |last10=Siever |first10=Larry J. |date=2002 |title=Characterizing Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder |url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.784 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=5 |pages=784–788 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.784 |pmid=11986132 |issn=0002-953X |quote=The results of this study suggest that the presence of greater lability in terms of anger, anxiety, and depression/anxiety oscillation characterizes borderline personality disorder, while suggesting that the subjective sense of high affective intensity is present in this population but does not explain these other affective phenomena.|url-access=subscription }} and moderate degree depression (characterized by hostility, anger towards self, loneliness, isolation, related with relationships, emptiness or boredom).{{Cite journal |last1=Beatson |first1=Josephine A. |last2=Rao |first2=Sathya |date=2013-10-29 |title=Depression and borderline personality disorder |url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2013/199/6/depression-and-borderline-personality-disorder |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |volume=199 |issue=6 |pages=S24-7 |doi=10.5694/mja12.10474 |pmid=25370280 |s2cid=22836499 |issn=0025-729X |quote=Depressive symptoms that occur as part of BPD are usually transient and related to interpersonal stress (eg, after an event arousing feelings of rejection). Such "depression" usually lifts dramatically when the relationship is restored. Depressive symptoms in BPD may also serve to express feelings (eg, anger, frustration, hatred, helplessness, powerlessness, disappointment) that the patient is not able to express in more adaptive ways.|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Köhling |first1=Johanna |last2=Ehrenthal |first2=Johannes C. |last3=Levy |first3=Kenneth N. |last4=Schauenburg |first4=Henning |last5=Dinger |first5=Ulrike |date=2015-04-01 |title=Quality and severity of depression in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735815000215 |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=37 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.002 |pmid=25723972 |issn=0272-7358 |quote=Moderator analyses revealed lower depression severity in BPD patients without comorbid DeDs, but higher severity in BPD patients with comorbid DeDs compared to depressed controls...some authors labeled the depression experienced in BPD "borderline-depression", characterized by distinct feelings of loneliness and isolation (Adler and Buie, 1979, Grinker et al., 1968), emptiness or boredom (Gunderson, 1996), high dependency and fears of abandonment (Masterson, 1976), as well as intense anger and hate toward the self and others (Hartocollis, 1977, Kernberg, 1975, Kernberg, 1992).|url-access=subscription }}
6. Mood swings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) : Mood changes erratically and mood swings occur episodically, sometimes several times a day in rapid shifts.FW, Reimherr & Marchant, Barrie & Olsen, John & C, Halls & Kondo, Douglas & ED, Lyon & Robison, Reid. (2010). [http://repository.cshl.edu/26296/1/Lyon%20GJ%20Journal%20of%20ADHD%202010.pdf Emotional dysregulation as a core feature of adult ADHD: Its relationship with clinical variables and treatment response in two methylphenidate trials]. Journal of ADHD and Related Disorders. 1. 53-64. "[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/EMA-ratings-of-irritability-EMA-ecological-momentary-assessment-ADHD-EDr_fig1_224911003 Graph]"{{Cite journal |last1=Skirrow |first1=Caroline |last2=Asherson |first2=Philip |date=2013-05-01 |title=Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503271200688X |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=80–86 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.011 |pmid=23218897 |issn=0165-0327 |quote=This study replicates research showing that adults with ADHD report heighted emotional lability (EL), which contributes to impairments in their daily life.|url-access=subscription }} Characterized by a mild to moderate degree of irritability,{{Cite journal |last1=J. Rosen |first1=Paul |last2=N. Epstein |first2=Jeffery |date=2010 |title=A pilot study of ecological momentary assessment of emotion dysregulation in children |url=http://repository.cshl.edu/26296/1/Lyon%20GJ%20Journal%20of%20ADHD%202010.pdf |journal=Journal of ADHD & Related Disorder |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=49 |quote=This pattern is consistent with the pattern of dysregulation demonstrated by the ADHD-EDr child in the present study, as he demonstrated generally low positive affect along with 10 single time-point ratings of mild to moderate irritability over the 4 weeks. |via=semantic scholar}} related to the environment, impulsiveness (impatience to get rewards).{{Cite journal |last1=Winstanley |first1=Catharine A. |last2=Eagle |first2=Dawn M. |last3=Robbins |first3=Trevor W. |date=2006 |title=Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=379–395 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.001 |issn=0272-7358 |pmc=1892795 |pmid=16504359 |quote=However, common themes include decreased inhibitory control, intolerance of delay to rewards and quick decision-making due to lack of consideration, as well as more universal deficits such as poor attentional ability.}} In adult ADHD, high mood appears as excitement and low mood appears as boredom.
7. Mood swings in schizophrenia: Although schizophrenia has flat emotions,{{Cite journal |last=Ciompi |first=Luc |date=2015 |title=The key role of emotions in the schizophrenia puzzle |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=318–322 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbu158 |issn=1745-1701 |pmc=4332953 |pmid=25481397 |quote=Kraepelin1 and Bleuler2 had already mainly focused on "flat" or "inappropriate" emotions as core features of the illness.}} a study in 2021 based on ALS-SF measures, Margrethe Collier et al., found that the score pattern of schizophrenia is similar to bipolar I.{{Cite journal |last1=Høegh |first1=Margrethe Collier |last2=Melle |first2=Ingrid |last3=Aminoff |first3=Sofie R. |last4=Haatveit |first4=Beathe |last5=Olsen |first5=Stine Holmstul |last6=Huflåtten |first6=Idun B. |last7=Ueland |first7=Torill |last8=Lagerberg |first8=Trine Vik |date=2021 |title=Characterization of affective lability across subgroups of psychosis spectrum disorders |journal=International Journal of Bipolar Disorders |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1186/s40345-021-00238-0 |issn=2194-7511 |pmc=8566621 |pmid=34734342 |quote=There were no statistically significant differences between individuals with BD-I and SZ for any ALS-SF dimension and these two groups had very similar score patterns throughout. This suggests that despite the overlap in core affective symptom profiles of BD-I and BD-II, the BD-I group is more similar to SZ than it is to BD-II concerning levels of affective lability. |doi-access=free }} The alteration being related to delusions or hallucinations,{{Cite journal |last1=van Rossum |first1=Inge |last2=Dominguez |first2=Maria-de-Gracia |last3=Lieb |first3=Roselind |last4=Wittchen |first4=Hans-Ulrich |last5=van Os |first5=Jim |date=2011 |title=Affective dysregulation and reality distortion: a 10-year prospective study of their association and clinical relevance |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=561–571 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp101 |issn=1745-1701 |pmc=3080695 |pmid=19793794 |quote=Evidence from multiple domains indicates that affective dysregulation is strongly associated with reality distortion.1,2 Genetic epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the liabilities for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are correlated.}} mood changes that occur internally may be difficult to express externally (blunt affect),{{Cite journal |last1=Kilian |first1=Sanja |last2=Asmal |first2=Laila |last3=Goosen |first3=Anneke |last4=Chiliza |first4=Bonginkosi |last5=Phahladira |first5=Lebogang |last6=Emsley |first6=Robin |date=2015 |title=Instruments measuring blunted affect in schizophrenia: a systematic review |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e0127740 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127740 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4452733 |pmid=26035179 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027740K |quote=Blunted affect, also referred to as emotional blunting, is a prominent symptom of schizophrenia. Patients with blunted affect have difficulty in expressing their emotions [1], characterized by diminished facial expression, expressive gestures and vocal expressions in reaction to emotion provoking stimuli [1–3]. However, patients' reduced outward emotional expression may not mirror subjective internal emotional experiences [4] suggesting a disconnect in what patients experience, perceive and express when interpreting emotional stimuli [5] due to problems associated with emotional processing [6–7]. |doi-access=free }} and heightened by external stimuli.{{Cite journal |last1=Docherty |first1=Nancy M. |last2=St-Hilaire |first2=Annie |last3=Aakre |first3=Jennifer M. |last4=Seghers |first4=James P. |date=2009 |title=Life events and high-trait reactivity together predict psychotic symptom increases in schizophrenia |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=638–645 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbn002 |issn=0586-7614 |pmc=2669571 |pmid=18245057 |quote=There is evidence that the occurrence of stressful life events3,6–8 or the presence of social relationship stressors such as high levels of familial "expressed emotion9–11" are associated with subsequent exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in patients as a group.}}
8. Mood swings in major depressive disorder (MDD): Various mood patterns,{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Renee J. |last2=Mata |first2=Jutta |last3=Jaeggi |first3=Susanne M. |last4=Buschkuehl |first4=Martin |last5=Jonides |first5=John |last6=Gotlib |first6=Ian H. |date=2012 |title=The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=819–829 |doi=10.1037/a0027978 |issn=1939-1846 |pmc=3624976 |pmid=22708886 |quote=Whether depressed individuals and healthy controls will differ in their instability of PA is less clear. As we noted above, depressed individuals have been found to have blunted emotional responses to valenced stimuli in the laboratory (Bylsma, et al., 2008) and decreased responsivity to reward (e.g., Pizzagalli, Iosifescu, Hallett, Ratner, & Fava, 2009)...}} and mood changes erratically. Mood swings occur episodically and fluctuate in moderate high mood and severe low mood.{{Cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Rudy |last2=Peters |first2=Evyn |last3=Marwaha |first3=Steven |last4=Baetz |first4=Marilyn |last5=Balbuena |first5=Lloyd |date=2017 |title=Moods in Clinical Depression Are More Unstable than Severe Normal Sadness |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=8 |pages=56 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00056 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5388683 |pmid=28446884 |quote="He noted that people with melancholia could become over-talkative and manic but did not adequately explain why this is so." & "On the VAS ratings, the depressed group experienced more severe low moods and less severe high moods than the non-depressed group, as would be expected given the selection criteria. This is consistent with reports of more severe negative emotions and variable positive emotions in ecological momentary assessment studies of patients with major depression (12, 33, 53)." |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Christensen |first1=Michael Cronquist |last2=Ren |first2=Hongye |last3=Fagiolini |first3=Andrea |date=2022-04-04 |title=Emotional blunting in patients with depression. Part I: clinical characteristics |journal=Annals of General Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s12991-022-00387-1 |issn=1744-859X |pmc=8981644 |pmid=35379283 |quote=Emotional effects of depression and treatment vary, but may include, for example, feeling emotionally "numbed" or "blunted" in some way; lacking positive emotions or negative emotions; feeling detached from the world around you... |doi-access=free }} Characterized by having high negative affect (bad mood) most of the time, particularly in melancholic subtype.{{Cite journal |last1=Sperry |first1=Sarah Havens |last2=Walsh |first2=Molly A. |last3=Kwapil |first3=Thomas Richard |date=2019-09-30 |title=Emotion Dynamics Concurrently and Prospectively Predict Mood Psychopathology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/n7xza |access-date=2023-08-25 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=261 |pages=67–75 |doi=10.31234/osf.io/n7xza |pmid=31600589 |s2cid=242802425 |quote=Major depressive disorder is characterized by high mean NA and low mean PA (e.g., Watson et al., 1988).... Note that major depressive disorder generally is unassociated with instability of NA or PA (Köhling et al., 2016; Koval et al., 2013).}} And also positive diurnal variation mood (bad mood in the morning, good mood in the evening),{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Greg |date=2007-09-01 |title=Diurnal mood variation in depression: A signal of disturbed circadian function? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032706005301 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |series=Depression and Anxiety in Women across Cultures |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.001 |pmid=17239958 |issn=0165-0327 |quote=Diurnal variation in mood is a prominent symptom of depression, and is typically experienced as positive mood variation (PMV — mood being worse upon waking and better in the evening).|url-access=subscription }} sensitivity to negative stimulation and mixed symptoms in some people, etc.{{Cite journal |last1=Loas |first1=Gwenolé |last2=Salinas |first2=Eliseo |last3=Pierson |first3=Annick |last4=Guelfi |first4=Julien D. |last5=Samuel-Lajeunesse |first5=Bertrand |date=1994-09-01 |title=Anhedonia and blunted affect in major depressive disorder |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X%2894%2990277-1 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=366–372 |doi=10.1016/0010-440X(94)90277-1 |pmid=7995029 |issn=0010-440X |quote=The depressives are more sensitive to displeasure and more anhedonic than controls.|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Faedda |first1=Gianni L. |last2=Marangoni |first2=Ciro |last3=Reginaldi |first3=Daniela |date=2015-05-01 |title=Depressive mixed states: A reappraisal of Koukopoulos׳criteria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503271500066X |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=176 |pages=18–23 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.053 |pmid=25687279 |issn=0165-0327 |quote=The mixed depressive syndrome is not a transitory state but a state of long duration, which may last weeks or several months. The clinical picture is characterized by dysphoric mood, emotional lability, psychic and/or motor agitation, talkativeness, crowded and/or racing thoughts, rumination, initial or middle insomnia.|url-access=subscription }}
9. Mood swings in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Mood changes erratically{{Cite journal |last1=Wonderlich |first1=Stephen A. |last2=Rosenfeldt |first2=Steven |last3=Crosby |first3=Ross D. |last4=Mitchell |first4=James E. |last5=Engel |first5=Scott G. |last6=Smyth |first6=Joshua |last7=Miltenberger |first7=Raymond |date=2007 |title=The effects of childhood trauma on daily mood lability and comorbid psychopathology in bulimia nervosa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jts.20184 |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=77–87 |doi=10.1002/jts.20184 |pmid=17345648 |quote=Emotional abuse was associated with average daily mood and mood lability.|url-access=subscription }} with episodic mood swings rising in the period of recovery process.{{Cite journal |last1=Power |first1=Mick J. |last2=Fyvie |first2=Claire |date=2013 |title=The Role of Emotion in PTSD: Two Preliminary Studies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1352465812000148/type/journal_article |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=162–172 |doi=10.1017/S1352465812000148 |pmid=22452905 |s2cid=33989429 |issn=1352-4658 |quote=The results showed that less than 50% of PTSD cases presented with anxiety as the primary emotion, with the remainder showing primary emotions of sadness, anger, or disgust rather than anxiety|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Matthew |last2=Legrand |first2=Alison C. |last3=Brier |first3=Zoe M. F. |last4=Gratton |first4=Jennifer |last5=Skalka |first5=Christian |date=2020 |title=The short-term dynamics of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during the acute posttrauma period |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=313–320 |doi=10.1002/da.22976 |issn=1520-6394 |pmc=8340953 |pmid=31730736 |quote=Taken together, these results indicate that PTSD development is a dynamic process in which symptoms interact over time (Gelkopf et al., 2017). As hypothesized, intrusions and AAR symptoms may be more important early on and lead to other symptoms in the disorder.}} Characterized by temporary fluctuations in negative affect (anxiety, irritability, shame, guilt) and self-esteem, reactive to environmental reminders,{{Cite journal |last=Shalev |first=Arieh Y. |date=2009 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder and stress-related disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=687–704 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.001 |issn=1558-3147 |pmc=2746940 |pmid=19716997 |quote=Chronic PTSD most often co-occurs with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. It is highly reactive to environmental reminders of the traumatic event and to renewed life-stressors, and thus may have a fluctuating course (23).}} difficulty to control emotions,{{Cite journal |last1=Newton |first1=Tamara |last2=Ho |first2=Ivy |date=2008-12-04 |title=Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Emotion Experience in Women: Emotion Occurrence, Intensity, and Variability in the Natural Environment |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19322880802492237 |journal=Journal of Psychological Trauma |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=276–297 |doi=10.1080/19322880802492237 |s2cid=144129832 |issn=1932-2887 |quote=Posttraumatic stress symptom severity was uniquely correlated with greater intensity and variability, but not occurrence, of certain negative emotions, and with less frequent occurrence but greater variability of joy/happiness. Intrusive reexperiencing was uniquely associated with greater variability of both anxiety and joy/happiness. Results suggest that women with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms do not experience more episodes of negative emotion but, once emotion occurs, they have difficulty modulating its intensity.|url-access=subscription }} hyperarousal symptoms, etc.{{Cite journal |last1=Yehuda |first1=Rachel |last2=LeDoux |first2=Joseph |date=2007-10-04 |title=Response Variation following Trauma: A Translational Neuroscience Approach to Understanding PTSD |journal=Neuron |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.006 |pmid=17920012 |s2cid=25239428 |issn=0896-6273 |quote=Reexperiencing symptoms describe spontaneous, often insuppressible intrusions of the traumatic memory in the form of images or nightmares that are accompanied by intense physiological distress...Hyperarousal symptoms reflect more overt physiological manifestations, such as insomnia, irritability, impaired concentration, hypervigilance, and increased startle responses.|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Schoenleber |first1=Michelle |last2=Berghoff |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Gratz |first3=Kim L. |last4=Tull |first4=Matthew T. |date=2018 |title=Emotional lability and affective synchrony in posttraumatic stress disorder pathology |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=53 |pages=68–75 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.006 |issn=1873-7897 |pmc=5748357 |pmid=29197703 |quote=Kleim, Graham, Bryant, and Ehlers (2013) asked a sample of trauma-exposed individuals to report state levels of various unpleasant emotions (i.e., fear, helplessness, anger, guilt, and shame) following naturally occurring intrusive memories over the course of a week.}}

There can be many different causes for mood swings. Some mood swings can be classified as normal/healthy reactions, such as grief processing, adverse effects of substances/drugs, or a result of sleep deprivation. Mood swings can also be a sign of psychiatric illnesses in the absence of external triggers or stressors.

Changes in a person's energy level, sleep patterns, self-esteem, sexual function, concentration, drug or alcohol use can be signs of an oncoming mood disorder.[http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/guide/mood-swings "Bipolar Mood Swings, Stabilizers, Triggers, and Mania."] WebMD. WebMD, 3 May 0000. Web. 29 February 2012.

Other major causes of mood swings (besides bipolar disorder and major depression) include diseases/disorders which interfere with nervous system function. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy,{{cite web|url=http://www.epilepsymatters.com/english/lwebehavioural.html|title=epilepsymatters.com – Home of the Canadian Epilepsy Alliance|publisher=Epilepsymatters.com|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903100731/http://www.epilepsymatters.com/english/lwebehavioural.html|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}} and autism spectrum are three such examples.{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001526.htm|title=Autism spectrum disorder|publisher=Nlm.nih.gov|access-date=8 January 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.adultaspergerschat.com/2013/09/mood-swings-in-adults-on-autism-spectrum.html|title=Chat for Adults with HFA and Aspergers: Mood Swings in Adults on the Autism Spectrum|publisher=Adultaspergerschat.com|access-date=8 January 2015}}

The hyperactivity sometimes accompanied by inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and forgetfulness are cardinal symptoms associated with ADHD. As a result, ADHD is known to bring about usually short-lived (though sometimes dramatic) mood swings. The communication difficulties associated with autism, and the associated changes in neurochemistry, are also known to cause autistic fits (autistic mood swings).{{cite web|url=http://www.donnawilliams.net/autismpubertyseizure.0.html|title=Donna Williams: Autism, Puberty and Possibility of Seizures|author=Donna Williams|publisher=Donnawilliams.net|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102152/http://www.donnawilliams.net/autismpubertyseizure.0.html|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}} The seizures associated with epilepsy involve changes in the brain's electrical firing, and thus may also bring about striking and dramatic mood swings. If the mood swing is not associated with a mood disorder, treatments are harder to assign. Most commonly, however, mood swings are the result of dealing with stressful and/or unexpected situations in daily life.

Degenerative diseases of the human central nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease may also produce mood swings.{{cite journal |author=Stern RA |title=Assessment of Mood States in Neurodegenerative Disease: Methodological Issues and Diagnostic Recommendations |journal=Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=315–324 |year=1996 |doi=10.1053/SCNP00100315 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |pmid=10320434 }} Celiac disease can also affect the nervous system and mood swings can appear.{{cite web|title=Definition & Facts for Celiac Disease. What are the complications of celiac disease?|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/definition-facts|publisher=NIDDK|date=June 2016|access-date=26 June 2018}}

Not eating on time can contribute, or eating too much sugar, can cause fluctuations in blood sugar, which can cause mood swings.{{cite web|url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/diet-fitness/diet/articles/2011/08/31/food-and-mood-6-ways-your-diet-affects-how-you-feel|title=Food and Mood: 6 Ways Your Diet Affects How You Feel|author=Angela Haupt|website=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=8 January 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/26/health/upwave-food-mood/|title=Can food affect your mood? – CNN.com|date=26 November 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=8 January 2015}}

If a person has an abnormal level of one or several of certain neurotransmitters (NTs) in their brain, it may result in having mood swings or a mood disorder.{{cite web|url=http://www.turner-white.com/pdf/hp_sep05_mood.pdf|title=Neurobiology of Mood Disorders.|publisher=Turner-white.com|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712144609/http://www.turner-white.com/pdf/hp_sep05_mood.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=dead}} Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter that is involved with sleep, moods, and emotional states. A slight imbalance of this NT could result in depression. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved with learning, memory, and physical arousal. Like serotonin, an imbalance of norepinephrine may also result in depression.[http://www.integrativepsychiatry.net/neurotransmitter.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804081312/http://www.integrativepsychiatry.net/neurotransmitter.html|date=4 August 2012}}

• Bipolar disorder{{Cite journal |last1=Hagihara |first1=Hideo |last2=Horikawa |first2=Tomoyasu |last3=Irino |first3=Yasuhiro |last4=Nakamura |first4=Hironori K. |last5=Umemori |first5=Juzoh |last6=Shoji |first6=Hirotaka |last7=Yoshida |first7=Masaru |last8=Kamitani |first8=Yukiyasu |last9=Miyakawa |first9=Tsuyoshi |date=December 2019 |title=Peripheral blood metabolome predicts mood change-related activity in mouse model of bipolar disorder |journal=Molecular Brain |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=107 |doi=10.1186/s13041-019-0527-3 |issn=1756-6606 |pmc=6902552 |pmid=31822292 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Özgürdal |first1=Seza |last2=van Haren |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Hauser |first3=Marta |last4=Ströhle |first4=Andreas |last5=Bauer |first5=Michael |last6=Assion |first6=Hans-Jörg |last7=Juckel |first7=Georg |date=2009 |title=Early Mood Swings as Symptoms of the Bipolar Prodrome: Preliminary Results of a Retrospective Analysis |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/232977 |journal=Psychopathology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=337–342 |doi=10.1159/000232977 |issn=0254-4962 |pmid=19672137 |s2cid=15290117}} or cyclothymia: Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder with characteristics of mood swings from hypomania or mania to depression. While cyclothymia is a lower degree of bipolar disorder.{{Citation |last1=Brickman |first1=H.M. |title=Bipolar and related disorders |date=2023 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00195-8 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Mental Health |pages=232–239 |access-date=2023-07-29 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-91498-7 |last2=Young |first2=A.S. |last3=Fristad |first3=M.A.|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00195-8 |url-access=subscription }} In 2022, ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group found that people with bipolar disorder have smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity,{{Cite journal |last1=Ching |first1=Christopher R. K. |last2=Hibar |first2=Derrek P. |last3=Gurholt |first3=Tiril P. |last4=Nunes |first4=Abraham |last5=Thomopoulos |first5=Sophia I. |last6=Abé |first6=Christoph |last7=Agartz |first7=Ingrid |last8=Brouwer |first8=Rachel M. |last9=Cannon |first9=Dara M. |last10=de Zwarte |first10=Sonja M. C. |last11=Eyler |first11=Lisa T. |last12=Favre |first12=Pauline |last13=Hajek |first13=Tomas |last14=Haukvik |first14=Unn K. |last15=Houenou |first15=Josselin |date=2022 |title=What we learn about bipolar disorder from large-scale neuroimaging: Findings and future directions from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group |journal=Human Brain Mapping |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=56–82 |doi=10.1002/hbm.25098 |issn=1097-0193 |pmc=8675426 |pmid=32725849 |quote=Findings and future directions from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan;43(1):56-82."Initial BD Working Group studies reveal widespread patterns of lower cortical thickness, subcortical volume and disrupted white matter integrity associated with BD. Findings also include mapping brain alterations of}}{{Citation |last1=Jain |first1=Ankit |title=Bipolar Disorder |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-08-05 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32644424 |quote=Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established.[3][4][5] Numerous genetic loci have been implicated as increasing the risk of BD; the first was noted in 1987 with "DNA markers" on the short arm of chromosome 11. Since then, an association has been made between at least 30 genes and an increased risk of the condition.[6] |last2=Mitra |first2=Paroma}} which one of the functions is for emotion processing.{{Citation |last1=Benoit |first1=M. |title=Behavior, Neural Basis of |date=2003 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/00418-4 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences |pages=364–369 |access-date=2023-07-29 |publisher=Elsevier |quote=mesial limbic system (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus) and the entire prefrontal cortex. They play a determining role in emotional expression and motivation. For example, a reduction in the activity of the mesocortical pathway will result in a paucity of affect and loss of motivation and planning |last2=Robert |first2=P.H.|doi=10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/00418-4 |isbn=9780122268700 |url-access=subscription }}
• Anabolic steroid abuse:{{Cite journal |last=Su |first=Tung-Ping |date=1993-06-02 |title=Neuropsychiatric Effects of Anabolic Steroids in Male Normal Volunteers |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03500210060032 |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=269 |issue=21 |pages=2760–2764 |doi=10.1001/jama.1993.03500210060032 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=8492402|url-access=subscription }} Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Used for treatment of male hypogonadism or delayed puberty,{{Cite journal |last1=Lenko |first1=Iil |last2=Mäenpää |first2=J. |last3=Mäkitie |first3=O. |last4=Perheentupa |first4=J. |date=1988 |title=Low Dose Testosterone Treatment of Delayed Growth |journal=Pediatric Research |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=124 |doi=10.1203/00006450-198801000-00139 |s2cid=6016824 |issn=1530-0447 |quote=Anabolic steroids are used to accelerate the growth of normal boys with constitutional, delay of growth and puberty|doi-access=free }} stimulating muscle growth,{{Cite journal |last1=Mottram |first1=David R. |last2=George |first2=Alan J. |date=2000-03-01 |title=Anabolic steroids |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521690X00900538 |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1053/beem.2000.0053 |pmid=10932810 |issn=1521-690X |quote=The anabolic effects are considered to be those promoting protein synthesis, muscle growth and crythopoiesis|url-access=subscription }} as well as treating impotence, and AIDS.{{Cite journal |last1=Newshan |first1=Gayle |last2=Leon |first2=Wade |date=2001-03-01 |title=The use of anabolic agents in HIV disease |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1258/0956462011916893 |journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=141–144 |doi=10.1258/0956462011916893 |pmid=11231865 |s2cid=6055905 |issn=0956-4624 |quote=Anabolic steroids and other agents are fast becoming part of the standard of care for HIV disease, gaining acceptance in reversing loss of lean body mass...|url-access=subscription }} Studies found that overusing anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause mood swings, impulsive, and aggressive behavior.{{Cite journal |last1=Piacentino |first1=Daria |last2=Kotzalidis |first2=Georgios D. |last3=Del Casale |first3=Antonio |last4=Aromatario |first4=Maria Rosaria |last5=Pomara |first5=Cristoforo |last6=Girardi |first6=Paolo |last7=Sani |first7=Gabriele |date=2015 |title=Anabolic-androgenic steroid use and psychopathology in athletes. A systematic review |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=101–121 |doi=10.2174/1570159X13666141210222725 |issn=1570-159X |pmc=4462035 |pmid=26074746 |quote=High doses of AASs can lead to serious physical and psychological complications, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy and infarction, abnormal blood clotting, hepatotoxicity and hepatic tumors, tendon damage, reduced libido, and psychiatric/behavioral symptoms like aggressiveness and irritability}} This behavior is associated with decreased emotion regulation systems such as the frontal cortex, temporal, parietal, and occipital.{{Cite journal |last1=Hauger |first1=Lisa E. |last2=Westlye |first2=Lars T. |last3=Fjell |first3=Anders M. |last4=Walhovd |first4=Kristine B. |last5=Bjørnebekk |first5=Astrid |date=2019 |title=Structural brain characteristics of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence in men |journal=Addiction |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=1405–1415 |doi=10.1111/add.14629 |issn=1360-0443 |pmc=6767448 |pmid=30955206 |quote=AAS users who fulfilled the criteria for AAS‐dependence had significantly thinner cortex in frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and pre‐frontal regions compared to non‐dependent users}} Studies also found that using anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause neuronal changes and death in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thus symptoms of sleep and mood disorder occur.{{Cite journal |last1=SANTOS |first1=JOÃO PEDRO BELCHIOR |last2=LACERDA |first2=FRANCIELLY BAÊTA |last3=OLIVEIRA |first3=LEANDRO ALMEIDA DE |last4=FIALHO |first4=BRENDA BORCARD |last5=ASSUNÇÃO |first5=ISADORA NOGUEIRA |last6=SANTANA |first6=MARCOS GONÇALVES |last7=GOMIDES |first7=LINDISLEY FERREIRA |last8=CUPERTINO |first8=MARLI DO CARMO |date=2020 |title=NEUROLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABUSIVE USE OF ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS |url=https://www.mastereditora.com.br/periodico/20201004_094022.pdf |journal=Brazilian Journal of Surgery and Clinical Research |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=52–58 |eissn=2317-4404 |quote=As a result, it was observed that at NS, these stimulants actuate through a complex signaling systems that include the neuroendocrine alteration of the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis, modification of neurotransmitters and their receptors, as well as the induction of neuronal death by apoptosis in several pathways |via=BJSCR}}
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD is known as a disorder with difficulty keeping control of attention, hyperactivity, frequently changing focus and losing interest{{Cite journal |last1=Koutsoklenis |first1=Athanasios |last2=Honkasilta |first2=Juho |date=2023-01-10 |title=ADHD in the DSM-5-TR: What has changed and what has not |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1064141 |pmid=36704731 |pmc=9871920 |issn=1664-0640 |quote=ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Inattention and disorganization entail inability to stay on task, seeming not to listen, and losing materials necessary for tasks, at levels that are inconsistent with age or developmental level. |doi-access=free }} and also hyperfocus when doing something interesting or pleasurable tasks.{{Cite journal |last1=Ashinoff |first1=Brandon K. |last2=Abu-Akel |first2=Ahmad |date=2021-02-01 |title=Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8 |journal=Psychological Research |language=en |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8 |issn=1430-2772 |pmc=7851038 |pmid=31541305 |quote=Ozel-Kizil et al. (2013; also see Ozel-Kizil et al., 2014) defined hyperfocusing as being “characterized by intensive concentration on interesting and non-routine activities accompanied by temporarily diminished perception of the environment”.}} Mood dysregulation may be caused by distraction when absorbed in pleasurable tasks.{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Can ADHD Cause Mood Swings? |url=https://psychcentral.com/adhd/adhd-mood-swings |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Psych Central |language=en |quote=ADHD-induced mood shifts may be a result of being distracted, comorbid conditions like depression or bipolar disorder, or a side effect of certain medications.}}{{Cite journal |last1=McDonagh |first1=Tracey |last2=Travers |first2=Áine |last3=Bramham |first3=Jessica |date=2019-07-03 |title=Do Neuropsychological Deficits Predict Anger Dysregulation in Adults with ADHD? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14999013.2018.1508095 |journal=International Journal of Forensic Mental Health |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=200–211 |doi=10.1080/14999013.2018.1508095 |s2cid=149490018 |issn=1499-9013 |quote=Shifting attention was more significantly associated with trait anger and anger out than response inhibition, which was significantly related to anger control|url-access=subscription }} Another contribution to mood swings is lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC),{{Cite journal |last=Arnsten |first=Amy F.T. |date=2009 |title=ADHD and the Prefrontal Cortex |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |language=en |volume=154 |issue=5 |pages=I–S43 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.018 |pmc=2894421 |pmid=20596295 |quote=Studies have found that ADHD is associated with weaker function and structure of prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuits, especially in the right hemisphere.}} orbitofrontal cortex (OFC),{{Cite journal |last1=Itami |first1=Shouichi |last2=Uno |first2=Hiroyuki |date=2002-12-20 |title=Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder revealed by reversal and extinction tasks |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12499848 |journal=NeuroReport |volume=13 |issue=18 |pages=2453–2457 |doi=10.1097/00001756-200212200-00016 |issn=0959-4965 |pmid=12499848 |s2cid=23189353 |quote=ADHD subjects indeed showed a performance deficit in the tasks, supporting OFC dysfunction in ADHD. Furthermore, a discriminat analysis using the task performance variables correctly classified 89.7% of the participants among ADHD patients and normal controls.}} increased size of the hippocampus and decreasing size of the amygdala in some people.{{Cite journal |last1=Perlov |first1=Evgeniy |last2=Philipsen |first2=Alexandra |last3=Tebartz van Elst |first3=Ludger |last4=Ebert |first4=Dieter |last5=Henning |first5=Juergen |last6=Maier |first6=Simon |last7=Bubl |first7=Emanuel |last8=Hesslinger |first8=Bernd |date=2008 |title=Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=509–515 |issn=1488-2434 |pmc=2575764 |pmid=18982173 |quote=We conclude that the findings of interest (i.e., hippocampus enlargement and amygdala volume loss) are not very stable across different samples of patients with ADHD and that the different and contradictory findings may be related to the different locations of alterations along the complex circuits responsible for the different symptoms of ADHD.}} Abnormalities in these parts of the brain can cause disturbance in attention, motivation, mood, and behavioral inhibition.{{Cite journal |last=Arnsten |first=Amy P.T. |title=The Emerging Neurobiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Key Role of the Prefrontal Association Cortex |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |date=May 1, 2009 |volume=154 |issue=5 |pages=I–S43 |pmc=2894421 |pmid=20596295 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.018 |quote=The prefrontal association cortex plays a crucial role in regulating attention, behavior, and emotion, with the right hemisphere specialized for behavioral inhibition.}}
• Autism or other pervasive developmental disorder: Autism is a neurological and development disorder with symptoms such as lack of social skills, restricted repetitive behaviors, hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input, etc.{{Cite journal |last1=Hodges |first1=Holly |last2=Fealko |first2=Casey |last3=Soares |first3=Neelkamal |date=2020 |title=Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation |journal=Translational Pediatrics |volume=9 |issue=S1 |pages=S55–S65 |doi=10.21037/tp.2019.09.09 |pmid=32206584 |pmc=7082249 |issn=2224-4336 |quote=Table 1 :Changes in ASD criteria from the DSM-IV to DSM-5 |doi-access=free }} Abnormal sensory processing is one of the reasons for mood swings in autism.{{Cite journal |last1=MacLennan |first1=K. |last2=O’Brien |first2=S. |last3=Tavassoli |first3=T. |date=2022 |title=In Our Own Words: The Complex Sensory Experiences of Autistic Adults |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |language=en |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=3061–3075 |doi=10.1007/s10803-021-05186-3 |issn=0162-3257 |pmc=9213348 |pmid=34255236 |quote=Difficulties with sensory input was described to impact mood, causing stress and agitation:}} Studies in 2015 found that in autism, the brain becomes overactivated in limbic areas, primary sensory cortices, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which functions for emotional and sensory processing. Studies found too, that the brain in autism has decreased connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, increased amygdala reactivity, and reduced prefrontal response which contribute to emotion dysregulation.{{Cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Shulamite A. |last2=Hernandez |first2=Leanna |last3=Tottenham |first3=Nim |last4=Krasileva |first4=Kate |last5=Bookheimer |first5=Susan Y. |last6=Dapretto |first6=Mirella |date=2015 |title=Neurobiology of Sensory Overresponsivity in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=72 |issue=8 |pages=778–786 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0737 |issn=2168-6238 |pmc=4861140 |pmid=26061819 |quote="The authors found that youth with ASDs had overactivation in limbic areas, primary sensory cortices, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compared with typically developing (TD) control subjects in response to mildly aversive visual and auditory stimuli." & "Finally, Green et al10 found that SOR symptoms correlated with hyperactivity in the amygdala and OFC. "}}{{Cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Karim |last2=Eilbott |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Ventola |first3=Pamela |last4=He |first4=George |last5=Pelphrey |first5=Kevin A. |last6=McCarthy |first6=Gregory |last7=Sukhodolsky |first7=Denis G. |date=2019 |title=Reduced Amygdala–Prefrontal Functional Connectivity in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-occurring Disruptive Behavior |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.01.009 |journal=Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=1031–1041 |doi=10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.01.009 |pmid=30979647 |pmc=7173634 |issn=2451-9022 |quote=Children with ASD and disruptive behavior showed reduced amygdala–vlPFC connectivity compared with children with ASD without disruptive behavior.}}
• Borderline personality disorder: It has been theorized that borderline personality disorder comes from lack of ability to endure, learn{{Cite journal |last1=Fonagy |first1=Peter |last2=Luyten |first2=Patrick |last3=Allison |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Campbell |first4=Chloe |date=2017 |title=What we have changed our minds about: Part 1. Borderline personality disorder as a limitation of resilience |journal=Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/s40479-017-0061-9 |issn=2051-6673 |pmc=5389119 |pmid=28413687 |quote=In BPD, the appraisal mechanisms are at fault, in large part because of mentalizing difficulties (e.g. in the mistaken appraisal of threat at the moment of its presentation) or a breakdown in epistemic trust, which damages the capacity to relearn different ways of mentalizing – or appraising – situations (i.e. the inability to change our understanding of the threat after the event). |doi-access=free }} and overcome negative events.{{Citation |last1=Chapman |first1=Jennifer |title=Borderline Personality Disorder |date=2022-10-25 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430883/ |work=StatPearls [Internet] |access-date=2023-08-07 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |language=en |pmid=28613633 |quote=There are many theories about the development of borderline personality disorder. In the mentalizing model of Peter Fonagy and Anthony Bateman, borderline personality disorder is the result of a lack of resilience against psychological stressors. In this framework, Fonagy and Bateman define resilience as the ability to generate adaptive re-appraisal of negative events or stressors;... |last2=Jamil |first2=Radia T. |last3=Fleisher |first3=Carl}} People with BPD commonly have difficulty in relationships,{{Cite journal |last1=Lazarus |first1=Sophie A. |last2=Choukas-Bradley |first2=Sophia |last3=Beeney |first3=Joseph E. |last4=Byrd |first4=Amy L. |last5=Vine |first5=Vera |last6=Stepp |first6=Stephanie D. |date=2019 |title=Too Much Too Soon?: Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Romantic Relationships in Adolescent Girls |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1995–2005 |doi=10.1007/s10802-019-00570-1 |issn=1573-2835 |pmc=7045362 |pmid=31240430 |quote=Core symptoms that comprise the disorder are often explicitly interpersonal in nature (e.g., tumultuous romantic relationships and frantic efforts to avoid abandonment) or are expressed in reaction to interpersonal stressors (e.g., affective instability, paranoid ideation, suicidal behavior}} which is associated with a tendency to anger-outbursts, judgment{{Cite journal |last1=Nicol |first1=Katie |last2=Pope |first2=Merrick |last3=Sprengelmeyer |first3=Reiner |last4=Young |first4=Andrew W. |last5=Hall |first5=Jeremy |date=2013-11-06 |title=Social Judgement in Borderline Personality Disorder |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e73440 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0073440 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3819347 |pmid=24223110 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...873440N |quote=Individuals with a diagnosis of BPD have difficulty making appropriate social judgements about others from their faces. Judging more faces as unapproachable and untrustworthy indicates that this group may have a heightened sensitivity to perceiving potential threat, and this should be considered in clinical management and treatment |doi-access=free }} or expecting how others behave.{{Cite journal |last1=Balsis |first1=Steve |last2=Loehle-Conger |first2=Evan |last3=Busch |first3=Alexander J. |last4=Ungredda |first4=Tatiana |last5=Oltmanns |first5=Thomas F. |date=2018 |title=Self and informant report across the borderline personality disorder spectrum |journal=Personality Disorders |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=429–436 |doi=10.1037/per0000259 |issn=1949-2723 |pmc=6082732 |pmid=28857585 |quote=Individuals with BPD features often have distorted cognitions. Specifically, they often make simplified judgments about people and situations.}} Emotion dysregulation may be as a result of lack of interpersonal skills such as knowledge about emotions and how to control them, especially with intense emotions.{{Cite journal |last1=Carpenter |first1=Ryan W. |last2=Trull |first2=Timothy J. |date=2013 |title=Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: a review |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=335 |doi=10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2 |issn=1535-1645 |pmc=3973423 |pmid=23250816 |quote=Following Linehan’s biosocial model, we conceptualize emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD) as consisting of four components: emotion sensitivity, heightened and labile negative affect, a deficit of appropriate regulation strategies, and a surplus of maladaptive regulation strategies.}} Mostly, people with BPD use maladaptive emotion regulations like self-criticism, thought suppression, avoidance, and alcohol, which may trigger more mood disruption.{{Cite journal |last1=Salgó |first1=Ella |last2=Szeghalmi |first2=Liliána |last3=Bajzát |first3=Bettina |last4=Berán |first4=Eszter |last5=Unoka |first5=Zsolt |date=2021-03-17 |title=Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder, compared to healthy control subjects |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=e0248409 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0248409 |pmid=33730065 |pmc=7968662 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1648409S |issn=1932-6203 |quote=In comparison to a healthy control group, BPD patients show deficits in the following areas: mindfulness, self-compassion and adaptive emotion-regulation strategies. |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Dixon-Gordon |first1=Katherine L. |last2=Peters |first2=Jessica R. |last3=Fertuck |first3=Eric A. |last4=Yen |first4=Shirley |date=2017 |title=Emotional Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Update for Clinical Practice |journal=Journal of Psychotherapy Integration |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=425–438 |doi=10.1037/int0000044 |issn=1053-0479 |pmc=5842953 |pmid=29527105 |quote=BPD features are also associated with self-criticism, thought suppression, avoidance, and alcohol use as strategies for regulating emotions (Aldao & Dixon-Gordon, 2014).}}{{Cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Clara V. |last2=Jacobs |first2=Juno Irma-Louise |last3=Rock |first3=Adam J. |last4=Clark |first4=Gavin I. |date=2021 |title=Attachment style, thought suppression, self-compassion and depression: Testing a serial mediation model |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=e0245056 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245056 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7808589 |pmid=33444358 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645056M |quote=Studies of the general population indicate that attempts to suppress thoughts typically result in a heightened accessibility of suppressed thoughts (e.g., a rebound effect) together with increases in emotional and physiological arousal [27]. |doi-access=free }}
• Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease: Dementia is known as a decreasing brain function disease that affects older people.{{Cite journal |last1=Lanctôt |first1=Krista L. |last2=Amatniek |first2=Joan |last3=Ancoli-Israel |first3=Sonia |last4=Arnold |first4=Steven E. |last5=Ballard |first5=Clive |last6=Cohen-Mansfield |first6=Jiska |last7=Ismail |first7=Zahinoor |last8=Lyketsos |first8=Constantine |last9=Miller |first9=David S. |last10=Musiek |first10=Erik |last11=Osorio |first11=Ricardo S. |last12=Rosenberg |first12=Paul B. |last13=Satlin |first13=Andrew |last14=Steffens |first14=David |last15=Tariot |first15=Pierre |date=2017 |title=Neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: New treatment paradigms |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=440–449 |doi=10.1016/j.trci.2017.07.001 |pmc=5651439 |pmid=29067350 |quote=...NPSs based on neurobiological dimensions and behaviors rather than clinical syndromes, grouping them into five domains: (1) negative valence; (2) positive valence; (3) cognitive systems; (4) processes for social systems; and (5) arousal or regulatory systems [13]. Yet here, too, there is tremendous overlap. For example, impairment of cognitive systems may manifest in delusions, hallucinations, agitation, aggression, depression or dysphoria, anxiety, elation or euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, motor disturbance, sleep disorder, appetite disorder, aberrant vocalization, and ruminative, repetitive, and somatoform behaviors.}} In Alzheimer's disease, mood dysregulation can be caused by decreasing function of emotional regulation, salience, cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic function. Parkinson's disease can generate mood swings and mood dysregulation such as depression, low self worth, shame and worry about the future caused by cognitive and physical problems.Sjödahl Hammarlund, C., Westergren, A., Åström, I., Edberg, A. K., & Hagell, P. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6087577/ The Impact of Living with Parkinson's Disease: Balancing within a Web of Needs and Demands]. Parkinson's disease, 2018, 4598651. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4598651.PMCID: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6087577/ PMC6087577].PMID: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30151098 30151098]."Psychological symptoms and mood swings were intertwined with cognitive and physical problems, adding to the struggle of managing the demands of everyday life. The participants felt depressed, low-spirited, and were worried about the future. Some held dark and destructive thoughts and considered intentionally ending their lives. In a previous study, suicidal and death ideation was present among one-third of persons with PD [25]. " And in Huntington's disease, common mood swings occur as a result of psychosocial, cognitive deficits, neuropsychiatric and biological factors.Jauhar, S., & Ritchie, S. (2010). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/psychiatric-and-behavioural-manifestations-of-huntingtons-disease/E0BBFE93570D7144ADF0C253D48A4E88 Psychiatric and behavioural manifestations of Huntington's disease]. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16(3), 168-175. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005371."Cognitive deficits combined with neuropsychiatric symptoms often cause the greatest difficulties in behaviour, for example anergia, lack of initiative, blunted affect, egocentricity, constant demands, irritation and threatening behaviour."
• Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is an effect of abusing Parkinson's disease drugs to decrease motor and non-motor syndromes, which result in mania, violent behavior, and depression when withdrawal. Mood dysregulation from dopamine dysregulation syndrome occurs as a result of changes in the neurotransmitter systems such as disturbance in the dopaminergic reward system.{{Cite journal |last1=Drew |first1=Daniel S |last2=Muhammed |first2=Kinan |last3=Baig |first3=Fahd |last4=Kelly |first4=Mark |last5=Saleh |first5=Youssuf |last6=Sarangmat |first6=Nagaraja |last7=Okai |first7=David |last8=Hu |first8=Michele |last9=Manohar |first9=Sanjay |last10=Husain |first10=Masud |date=2020-08-01 |title=Dopamine and reward hypersensitivity in Parkinson's disease with impulse control disorder |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa198 |journal=Brain |volume=143 |issue=8 |pages=2502–2518 |doi=10.1093/brain/awaa198 |issn=0006-8950 |pmc=7447523 |pmid=32761061 |quote=However, the findings argue against a simple relationship between dopamine level and reward sensitivity. Many PD+ICD patients were also found to experience behavioural apathy and impulsivity comorbidly, suggesting that aberrant reward sensitivity is just one component of a dysfunctional system which may incorporate functional changes in other neurotransmitter systems.}}{{Cite journal |last1=De la Casa-Fages |first1=Beatriz |last2=Grandas |first2=Francisco |date=2011 |title=Dopamine dysregulation syndrome and deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology Research International |volume=2011 |pages=759895 |doi=10.1155/2011/759895 |issn=2090-1860 |pmc=3216377 |pmid=22135744 |quote="(d) impairment in social or occupational functioning: fights, violent behaviour, loss of friends, absence from work, loss of job, legal difficulties, arguments or difficulties with family; (e) development of hypomaniac, maniac, or cyclothymic affective syndrome in relation to DRT; (f) development of a withdrawal state characterized by dysphoria, depression, irritability, and anxiety on reducing the level of DRT; (g) duration of disturbance of at least 6 months." & "Patients with DDS develop an addictive pattern of DRT use, self-administering doses of dopaminergic drugs in excess of those required to control their motor symptoms." |doi-access=free }}
• Epilepsy: Epilepsy is an abnormal brain activity disease marked with seizures. Seizures occur because hypersynchronous and hyperexcitability of neurons, in other words, too much neural activity and excitability at the same time.{{Cite book |date=2022-04-02 |chapter=The Anatomical Basis of Seizures |chapter-url=https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/article/view/epilepsy-anatomical-basis/899 |language=en |pages=15–23 |doi=10.36255/exon-publications-epilepsy-anatomical-basis |pmid=35605083 |isbn=9780645332049 |quote="Hyperexcitability of neurons and hypersynchrony of neural networks are the hallmarks of seizures." & "Seizures have been known to cause abnormal neurogenesis in the hippocampus and form faulty circuits that disrupt its function (11)." |title=Epilepsy |last1=Chauhan |first1=Pradip |last2=Philip |first2=Shalom Elsy |last3=Chauhan |first3=Girish |last4=Mehra |first4=Simmi |last5=Mehra |first5=S. }} Mood swings commonly appear before, during, after a seizure and during treatment.{{Citation |last=Heilman |first=Kenneth M. |title=Disorders of Emotion in Neurologic Disease |chapter=Emotion and mood disorders associated with epilepsy |date=2021 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00008-6 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=183 |pages=169–173 |access-date=2023-07-28 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00008-6 |pmid=34389116 |isbn=978-0-12-822290-4|s2cid=237009046 }}."Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy can alter mood and emotions. Treatments for epilepsy can also alter mood and emotions." Studies found that seizures contribute to decreased function of emotions and mood processing as a consequence of abnormal neurogenesis and damaged neuron connections in the hippocampus and amygdala. Experiencing a seizure can cause mood swings caused by depression, anxiety, or worry about life being threatened. Another source of mood change comes from anticonvulsant drugs for epilepsy, like phenobarbital for increasing brain inhibitors or antiglutamatergic for decreasing brain activity which generates depression, cognitive dysfunction, sedation or mood lability.{{Cite journal |last=Salpekar |first=Jay |date=2016 |title=Mood Disorders in Epilepsy |journal=FOCUS |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=465–472 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.20160017 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=6519597 |pmid=31975826 |quote=Mood disorder may represent the most common, and likely the most worrisome, psychiatric manifestation associated with epilepsy. Depression is frequently associated, although anxiety and bipolar disorder may also co-occur with epilepsy}}
• Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism: Hypo- and hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disease caused by low or excessive production of thyroid hormone. Abnormal thyroid hormone can affect mood,{{Cite journal |last1=Hage |first1=Mirella P. |last2=Azar |first2=Sami T. |date=2011-12-14 |title=The Link between Thyroid Function and Depression |journal=Journal of Thyroid Research |language=en |volume=2012 |pages=e590648 |doi=10.1155/2012/590648 |issn=2090-8067 |pmc=3246784 |pmid=22220285 |quote=Today, it is well recognized that disturbances in thyroid function may significantly affect mental status including emotion and cognition. Both excess and insufficient thyroid hormones can cause mood abnormalities including depression... |doi-access=free }} although the correlation between thyroid hormone and mood disorder is still not known.{{Cite journal |last1=Kuś |first1=Aleksander |last2=Kjaergaard |first2=Alisa D. |last3=Marouli |first3=Eirini |last4=Del Greco M. |first4=Fabiola |last5=Sterenborg |first5=Rosalie B.T.M. |last6=Chaker |first6=Layal |last7=Peeters |first7=Robin P. |last8=Bednarczuk |first8=Tomasz |last9=Åsvold |first9=Bjørn O. |last10=Burgess |first10=Stephen |last11=Deloukas |first11=Panos |last12=Teumer |first12=Alexander |last13=Ellervik |first13=Christina |last14=Medici |first14=Marco |date=2021 |title=Thyroid Function and Mood Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study |journal=Thyroid |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1171–1181 |doi=10.1089/thy.2020.0884 |issn=1050-7256 |pmc=7612998 |pmid=33899528 |quote=Variations in normal-range TSH and FT4 levels have no effects on the risk of MDD and its subtypes, and neither on minor depressive symptoms. This indicates that depressive symptoms should not be attributed to minor variations in thyroid function}}
• Intermittent explosive disorder: Intermittent explosive disorder is frequent rage that occurs spontaneous, uncontrolled, unproportioned and not persistent.{{Cite journal |last=Coccaro |first=Emil F. |date=2018 |title=DSM-5 intermittent explosive disorder: Relationship with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.04.011 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=84 |pages=118–121 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.04.011 |pmid=29753187 |s2cid=21679528 |issn=0010-440X |quote=These data indicate that inter-outburst anger in those with IED is relatively brief and that such individuals do not generally display the kind of persistent anger that is a diagnostic feature of DMDD.|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=K. M. |last2=de Vries |first2=Y. A. |last3=Aguilar-Gaxiola |first3=S. |last4=Al-Hamzawi |first4=A. |last5=Alonso |first5=J. |last6=Bromet |first6=E. J. |last7=Bunting |first7=B. |last8=Caldas-de-Almeida |first8=J. M. |last9=Cía |first9=A. |last10=Florescu |first10=S. |last11=Gureje |first11=O. |last12=Hu |first12=C.-Y. |last13=Karam |first13=E. G. |last14=Karam |first14=A. |last15=Kawakami |first15=N. |date=2020-06-23 |title=Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality |journal=Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences |volume=29 |pages=e138 |doi=10.1017/S2045796020000517 |issn=2045-7979 |pmc=7327434 |pmid=32638683 |quote="A prominent bimodal conceptualisation of aggression classifies it as either: (i) spontaneous (referred to as reactive or impulsive aggression), or (ii) planned (referred to as proactive, premediated or instrumental aggression) (Babcock et al., 2014; Wrangham, 2018)." & "...DSM-5 is the occurrence of repeated episodes of impulsive aggression resulting in verbal or physical assaults or property destruction." & "DSM-IV criterion B for IED requires that the aggressiveness is ‘grossly out of proportion to any precipitating psychosocial stressor’."}} This short duration of alternate mood occurs in the form of aggression verbally or physically towards people or property, sometimes followed by regret, shame and guilt after an act which might generate depression symptoms.{{Cite journal |last1=Tilghman-Osborne |first1=Carlos |last2=Cole |first2=David A. |last3=Felton |first3=Julia W. |last4=Ciesla |first4=Jeffrey A. |date=October 2008 |title=Relation of Guilt, Shame, Behavioral and Characterological Self-Blame to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Over Time |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.809 |journal=Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=809–842 |doi=10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.809 |pmid=25419043 |pmc=4238306 |issn=0736-7236 |quote=Results suggest that shame and CSB converge into a common construct, significantly related to depressive symptoms and cognitions. Convergence of guilt and BSB, however, was limited to particular pairs of measures.}} Impulsive behavior in IED can be associated with hyperactivity in brain regions for regulating and emotional expression, such as the amygdala, insula, and orbitofrontal area.{{Cite journal |last1=Seok |first1=Ji-Woo |last2=Cheong |first2=Chaejoon |date=2020-05-20 |title=Gray Matter Deficits and Dysfunction in the Insula Among Individuals With Intermittent Explosive Disorder |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=11 |page=439 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00439 |pmid=32508687 |pmc=7251158 |issn=1664-0640 |quote=We found hyperreactivity in brain regions involved in both, emotional expression, and regulation. |doi-access=free }}
• Menopause:{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=A. |date=January 2003 |title=The emergence of the menopause in India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/cmt.6.2.92.95 |journal=Climacteric |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=92–95 |doi=10.1080/cmt.6.2.92.95 |issn=1369-7137 |pmid=12841878 |s2cid=22273563|url-access=subscription }} Menopause in women commonly happens at age 52. One factor that causes mood disturbance is fluctuation of milieu hormones{{Cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=Ellen W. |last2=Sammel |first2=Mary D. |last3=Lin |first3=Hui |last4=Nelson |first4=Deborah B. |date=2006-04-01 |title=Associations of Hormones and Menopausal Status With Depressed Mood in Women With No History of Depression |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |language=en |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=375–382 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.375 |pmid=16585466 |issn=0003-990X |quote=Transition to menopause and its changing hormonal milieu are strongly associated with new onset of depressed mood among women with no history of depression.|doi-access=free }} including sex steroids, growth hormones, stress hormones, etc.Hankinson, S. E., & Tworoger, S. S. (2011). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22997864/ Assessment of the hormonal milieu]. IARC scientific publications, (163), 199–214."The hormonal milieu has been hypothesized to play a role in a range of human diseases, and therefore has been a topic of much epidemiologic investigation. Hormones of particular interest include: sex steroids; growth hormones; insulin-like growth factors; stress hormones, such as cortisol; and hormones produced by the adipose tissue, termed adipokines."{{Cite journal |last1=Gava |first1=Giulia |last2=Orsili |first2=Isabella |last3=Alvisi |first3=Stefania |last4=Mancini |first4=Ilaria |last5=Seracchioli |first5=Renato |last6=Meriggiola |first6=Maria Cristina |date=2019-10-01 |title=Cognition, Mood and Sleep in Menopausal Transition: The Role of Menopause Hormone Therapy |journal=Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=668 |doi=10.3390/medicina55100668 |issn=1648-9144 |pmc=6843314 |pmid=31581598 |quote=Sex steroids are able to modify several functions including behavior, cognition and memory, sleep, mood, pain and coordination, amongst others. |doi-access=free }}
• Major depression: Major depression is a disorder with symptoms such as feelings of sadness, loss of interest, emptiness{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Zezhi |last2=Ruan |first2=Meihua |last3=Chen |first3=Jun |last4=Fang |first4=Yiru |date=2021-02-13 |title=Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-021-00638-3 |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=863–880 |doi=10.1007/s12264-021-00638-3 |pmid=33582959 |pmc=8192601 |issn=1673-7067 |quote=Major depressive disorder (MDD) also referred to as depression, is one of the most severe and common psychiatric disorders across the world. It is characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, low energy, worse appetite and sleep, and even suicide, disrupting daily activities and psychosocial functions.}} and, for some people, mixed with irritability, mental overactivity, and behavioral overactivity.{{Cite journal |last=Benazzi |first=Franco |date=2006-06-30 |title=Various forms of depression |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2006.8.2/fbenazzi |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=151–161 |doi=10.31887/dcns.2006.8.2/fbenazzi |pmid=16889102 |pmc=3181770 |issn=1958-5969 |quote=The most common DSM-IV-TR manic/hypomanic symptoms of mixed depression are irritability, mental overactivity (flight of ideas, racing thoughts, crowded thoughts), and behavioral overactivity (psychomotor agitation, overtalkativeness). Different frequencies of mixed depression have been reported, which may be related to treated versus untreated samples...}} Development of irritability or anger may result from personality traits like narcissistic or coping strategies to avoid looking sad, worthless, or frustrated.{{Cite journal |last=Busch |first=Fredric N. |date=July 2009 |title=Anger and depression |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=271–278 |doi=10.1192/apt.bp.107.004937 |issn=1355-5146 |quote=Anger in people with depression often stems from narcissistic vulnerability, a sensitivity to perceived or actual loss or rejection. These angry reactions cause intrapsychic conflicts through the onset of guilt and the fear that angry feelings will disrupt relationships|doi-access=free }}
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Obsessive compulsive disorder is marked with obsessions and compulsions about something that causes life distress and dysfunction.{{Cite journal |last=Soomro |first=G. Mustafa |date=2012-01-18 |title=Obsessive compulsive disorder |journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence |volume=2012 |pages=1004 |issn=1752-8526 |pmc=3285220 |pmid=22305974 |quote=Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) involves obsessions, compulsions, or both, that are not caused by drugs or by a physical disorder, and which cause significant personal distress or social dysfunction.}} Alteration of mood and feeling discomfort such as shame, guilt or anxiety may occur caused by intrusive thoughts, fear, urge,{{Cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Rudy |last2=Rahman |first2=Hiba |last3=Dong |first3=Lisa Yue |last4=Khalaj |first4=Sara |last5=Baetz |first5=Marilyn |last6=Peters |first6=Evyn |last7=Balbuena |first7=Lloyd |date=2018 |title=Suicidality in People With Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms or Personality Traits |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=9 |pages=747 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00747 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=6339952 |pmid=30692943 |quote="Recurring thoughts of death and suicide (27) and aggression (28, 29) are common features of OCD. The most prevalent obsession was the fear of harming oneself in the DSM-IV field trials of 431 patients diagnosed with OCD (30, 31)." |doi-access=free }} and fantasy.{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=Katherine A. |date=2022 |title=Blenders, Hammers, and Knives: Postpartum Intrusive Thoughts and Unthinkable Motherhood |journal=Anthropology and Humanism |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=117–132 |doi=10.1111/anhu.12379 |issn=1548-1409 |pmc=9435669 |pmid=36061237 |quote=These thoughts can include horrific flashes of violence involving one’s baby and frequently lead to shame and fear on the mother’s part, but rarely result in real-world violence.}}
• Pathological demand avoidance
• Post traumatic stress disorder: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder which is associated with frequently being disturbed by flashback memories and being haunted by feelings of fear and horror in the past. This contributes to the alteration of mood that occurs after a traumatic event happens, such as depression, outbursts of anger, self-destructive behaviors, and feelings of shame.{{Citation |last1=Mann |first1=Sukhmanjeet Kaur |title=Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559129/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-08-03 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32644555 |last2=Marwaha |first2=Raman}}."The symptoms of PTSD include persistently re-experiencing the traumatic event, intrusive thoughts, nightmares, flashbacks, dissociation(detachment from oneself or reality), and intense negative emotional (sadness, guilt) and physiological reaction on being exposed to the traumatic reminder." & "Once people develop PTSD, the recurrent unbidden reliving of the trauma in visual images, emotional states, or nightmares produces a constant reexposure to the terror of the trauma" & "Negative alterations in mood and cognition that began or worsened after the traumatic event..."{{Cite journal |last=van der Kolk |first=B. |date=2000 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2000.2.1/bvdkolk |issn=1294-8322 |pmc=3181584 |pmid=22034447 |quote=The DSM-TV Field Trial8 demonstrated that it was not the prevalence of PTSD symptoms themselves, but depression, outbursts of anger, self-destructive behaviors, and feelings of shame, self-blame, and distrust that distinguished a treatment-seeking...}}
• Pregnancy: Women commonly experience mood swings during the pregnancy and the postpartum period. Hormone changes, stress and worry may be the reasons for changes of mood.{{Cite journal |last1=Altshuler |first1=Lori L. |last2=Hendrick |first2=Victoria |last3=Cohen |first3=Lee S. |date=2000 |title=An Update on Mood and Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v02n0604 |issn=1523-5998 |pmc=181144 |pmid=15014632 |quote=Marital discord, stressful life events, and ambivalence about the pregnancy are risk factors not only for depression during pregnancy but also for postpartum depression}}
• Premenstrual syndrome:{{Citation |last=Theisler |first=Charles |title=Premenstrual Syndrome/Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder |date=2022-05-17 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22898-286 |work=Adjuvant Medical Care |pages=288–289 |access-date=2022-09-20 |place=New York |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/b22898-286 |isbn=9781003291381|url-access=subscription }} Women experience premenstrual syndrome like physical pains, mood swings, irritability or depression{{Cite journal |last1=Kwan |first1=Irene |last2=Onwude |first2=Joseph Loze |date=2015-08-25 |title=Premenstrual syndrome |journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence |volume=2015 |pages=0806 |issn=1752-8526 |pmc=4548199 |pmid=26303988 |quote=Psychological symptoms of PMS include irritability, depression, crying/tearfulness, and anxiety. Physical symptoms of PMS include abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, and headaches.}} in a few days until 2 weeks of their period with different intensity.{{Cite journal |last1=Yonkers |first1=Kimberly Ann |last2=O'Brien |first2=P. M. Shaughn |last3=Eriksson |first3=Elias |date=2008-04-05 |title=Premenstrual syndrome |journal=Lancet |volume=371 |issue=9619 |pages=1200–1210 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60527-9 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=3118460 |pmid=18395582 |quote=The length of symptom expression varies between a few days and 2 weeks (figure 1). Symptoms often worsen substantially 6 days before, and peak at about 2 days before, menses start. " & “Such an enhanced tendency to have disphoria as a result of the effects of sex steroids on the brain might be heritable, as suggested by twin studies.56–58 Other possible risk factors for PMS are high body-mass index,59 stress,7 and traumatic events.60” “ & ”…various indices of serotonergic trans mission are reported to be aberrant in women with PMS.75,80–89” & “Another neurotransmitter that has been linked to PMS is the inhibitory aminoacid GABA. This theory gains support from an imaging study,90”}} Furthermore, 4% to 14% of women experience severe PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which can decrease life quality.{{Cite journal |last1=Firoozi |first1=Reihane |last2=Kafi |first2=Mousa |last3=Salehi |first3=Iraj |last4=Shirmohammadi |first4=Maryam |date=2012 |title=The Relationship between Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome and Psychiatric Symptoms |journal=Iranian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=36–40 |issn=2008-2215 |pmc=3395966 |pmid=23056116 |quote=Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a cluster of mild to severe physical or emotional symptoms that mainly begin during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms should disappear within 4 days of the onset of menses and be severe enough to interfere with normal and daily function. The severe form of PMS is the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which differs from PMS in respect to intensity of symptoms, predominance of mood symptoms, and the significant function impairment. (1, 2, 3). The most common symptoms are tension, irritability, hostility, depression, anxiety, mood swings, sleep changes, breast tenderness, and abdominal bloating (4).}} Despite the reason mood dysregulation in PMS is still unclear, Studies found that mood dysregulation is related with drop in progesterone concentrations, disruption of serotonergic transmission, GABAergic, stress, body-mass index, and traumatic events.
• Schizoaffective disorder: Mood swings in schizoaffective disorder are caused by mixed symptoms between schizophrenia and mood disorder.{{Citation |last1=Wy |first1=Tom Joshua P. |title=Schizoaffective Disorder |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541012/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-08-09 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31082056 |last2=Saadabadi |first2=Abdolreza}}."Because of criteria that encompass both psychotic and mood symptoms, schizoaffective disorder is easy to mistake for other mental disorders."
• Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a disorder with symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, mood dysregulation, etc.{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Krishna R. |last2=Cherian |first2=Jessica |last3=Gohil |first3=Kunj |last4=Atkinson |first4=Dylan |date=2014 |title=Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options |journal=P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=638–645 |issn=1052-1372 |pmc=4159061 |pmid=25210417 |quote=Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic mental health disorder characterized by an array of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and impaired cognitive ability.}} Mood changes may be generated from hallucinations and delusions{{Cite journal |last1=Upthegrove |first1=Rachel |last2=Marwaha |first2=Steven |last3=Birchwood |first3=Max |date=2016-07-15 |title=Depression and Schizophrenia: Cause, Consequence or Trans-diagnostic Issue? |url=https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/schbul/sbw097 |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=43 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=240–244 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbw097 |issn=0586-7614 |pmc=5605248 |pmid=27421793 |quote=...phenomenology of depression in schizophrenia, however, has not often been interrogated in phenomenological terms. Some of our recent evidence suggests self-stigma, shame, difficulty in regaining trust in ones own thoughts after recovery from delusional beliefs, and poor motivation are core features rather than other more “biological” symptoms such as early morning wakening, diurnal variation in mood or loss of appetite.14}} which cause anger,{{Cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Wenhua |last2=Ji |first2=Weidong |last3=Su |first3=Chen |last4=Yu |first4=Yunhan |last5=Yu |first5=Xiaoman |last6=Chen |first6=Liangliang |date=2021-09-01 |title=Anger Experience and Anger Expression Through Drawing in Schizophrenia: An fNIRS Study |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=12 |page=721148 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721148 |pmid=34539522 |pmc=8441178 |issn=1664-1078 |quote=Studying anger is important for schizophrenia because this disease is often associated with angry and hostile behavior (Volavka, 1999) |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Maurizio Pompili |first1=M. D. |last2=Andrea Fiorillo |first2=M. D. |date=2015-07-23 |title=Aggression and Impulsivity in Schizophrenia |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/aggression-and-impulsivity-schizophrenia |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Vol 32 No 7 |language=en |volume=32 |issue=7 |quote=Although the neurobiological aspects of aggression in patients with schizophrenia are still not well understood, impulsivity and aggression may correlate with frontal and temporal brain abnormalities.2 Psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, with subsequent suspiciousness and hostility, may result in aggressive behavior. Or, aggression may be impulsive and caused by an environmental frustrating event. Patients may be more aggressive and violent during acute episodes.3}} paranoia,{{Cite journal |last1=Pinkham |first1=Amy E. |last2=Harvey |first2=Philip D. |last3=Penn |first3=David L. |date=2016 |title=Paranoid individuals with schizophrenia show greater social cognitive bias and worse social functioning than non-paranoid individuals with schizophrenia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2015.11.002 |journal=Schizophrenia Research: Cognition |volume=3 |pages=33–38 |doi=10.1016/j.scog.2015.11.002 |pmid=27990352 |pmc=5156478 |issn=2215-0013 |quote=Paranoia is the most commonly reported delusion among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum illnesses (Bentall et al., 2009)}} and shame.{{Cite journal |last1=Keen |first1=Nadine |last2=George |first2=Darren |last3=Scragg |first3=Peter |last4=Peters |first4=Emmanuelle |date=2017-01-19 |title=The role of shame in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12125 |journal=British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=115–129 |doi=10.1111/bjc.12125 |pmid=28105670 |s2cid=1453778 |issn=0144-6657 |quote=Both the schizophrenia and depression groups exhibited higher levels of external shame, or seeing others as shaming, than the medical group|url-access=subscription }}
• Seasonal affective disorder: Seasonal affective disorder is depression which occurs during some seasons (commonly in winter), then manic or hypomanic episodes in the other season and that happens every year.Foster, P. M. (2017). The Real Guide to Teenage Depression: Handling Teen Depression A book about what matters most for teen boys and teen girls. Amerika Serikat: PatriceMFoster.com."Seasonal depression, or seasonal affective disorder, is a type of depression that affects a person every year around the same time. It is almost always observed during the winter months, particularly in places where it gets dark and ..." These fluctuating moods appear in the form of anger attacks with depression{{Cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=Dietmar |last2=Pjrek |first2=Edda |last3=Konstantinidis |first3=Anastasios |last4=Praschak-Rieder |first4=Nicole |last5=Willeit |first5=Matthäus |last6=Stastny |first6=Jürgen |last7=Kasper |first7=Siegfried |date=2005-07-08 |title=Anger attacks in seasonal affective disorder |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=215–219 |doi=10.1017/S1461145705005602 |pmid=16004620 |issn=1461-1457 |quote=SAD patients were also more likely to report a larger number of accompanying symptoms during the anger attacks, suggesting that they experience the anger attacks as particularly intense.|doi-access=free }} and occur from season to season, also known as seasonal mood swings.Basco, M. R. (2015). The Bipolar Workbook: Tools for Controlling Your Mood Swings. Amerika Serikat: Guilford Publications."Seasonal Mood Swings Sometimes mood swings occur at predictable times. Common examples are depressions that occur during the winter months and manias that occur in the spring. In this case the shifting seasons can serve as triggers for ..."
• XXYY syndrome: XXYY syndrome is a rare type of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). XXYY syndrome contributes to abnormal neurodevelopment and psychiatric diseases which can cause mood disorders.{{Cite journal |last1=Razali |first1=Nur Atikah |last2=Mohd Daud |first2=Tuti Iryani |last3=Woon |first3=Luke Sy-Cherng |last4=Mohamed Saini |first4=Suriati |last5=Muhammad |first5=Noor Azimah |last6=Sharip |first6=Shalisah |date=2023-01-11 |title=Case report: Bipolar disorder in 48,XXYY syndrome |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1080698 |pmid=36713919 |pmc=9874087 |issn=1664-0640 |quote=48,XXYY is one of the most under-studied and rare types of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). In male births, 48,XXYY incidence occurs with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 18,000–40,000 (1). The SCAs can influence the neurodevelopment of an individual and are associated with impairment in executive function, verbal skills, working memory, sustained attention, mental flexibility, and inhibition by altering the basic differentiation process of the neurons, encoding proteins, and synaptic transmission (2). |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Tartaglia |first1=Nicole |last2=Davis |first2=Shanlee |last3=Hench |first3=Alison |last4=Nimishakavi |first4=Sheela |last5=Beauregard |first5=Renee |last6=Reynolds |first6=Ann |last7=Fenton |first7=Laura |last8=Albrecht |first8=Lindsey |last9=Ross |first9=Judith |last10=Visootsak |first10=Jeannie |last11=Hansen |first11=Robin |last12=Hagerman |first12=Randi |date=2008-06-15 |title=A new look at XXYY syndrome: medical and psychological features |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A |volume=146A |issue=12 |pages=1509–1522 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.32366 |issn=1552-4833 |pmc=3056496 |pmid=18481271 |quote=Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms including hyperactivity, attention problems, impulsivity, aggression, mood instability, and “autistic-like” behaviors have also been described [Schlegel et al., 1965; Sorensen et al., 1978; Fryns et al., 1995; Hagerman, 1999].}}

It's part of human nature's mood going up and down caused by various factors.{{Citation |last1=Sekhon |first1=Sandeep |title=Mood Disorder |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-08-13 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32644337 |quote="Neurotransmitters that play an important function in mood disorders are serotonin and...." & "Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life...." |last2=Gupta |first2=Vikas}} Individual strength,{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Christopher |last2=Park |first2=Nansook |last3=Seligman |first3=Martin E. P. |date=2006 |title=Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17439760500372739 |journal=The Journal of Positive Psychology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |doi=10.1080/17439760500372739 |s2cid=143660204 |issn=1743-9760 |quote=A retrospective web-based study of 2087 adults found small but reliable associations between a history of physical illness and the character strengths of appreciation of beauty, bravery, curiosity, fairness, forgiveness, gratitude, humor, kindness, love of learning, and spirituality.|url-access=subscription }} coping skill or adaptation ability,{{Cite journal |last=Crowe |first=Marie |date=2017 |title=Recovery and mood disorders |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=561–562 |doi=10.1111/jpm.12418 |pmid=28802085 |quote=Personal recovery involves developing the skills to live well and is a very individual process that the consumer can undertake on their own, with peers and family or through disorder-specific psychotherapies. Personal recovery can be contrasted with clinical and functional recovery and refers to the process of individual psychological adaptation to the disorder rather than the reduction of psychiatric symptoms, relapse prevention and addressing functional impairment (Tse et al., 2014)|doi-access=free }} social support{{Cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Kevin Ka Shing |last2=Yip |first2=Charles Chiu Hung |last3=Tsui |first3=Jack Ka Chun |date=2023-02-27 |title=Self-Compassion Mediates the Impact of Family Support on Clinical and Personal Recovery Among People with Mental Illness |journal=Mindfulness |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=720–731 |doi=10.1007/s12671-023-02088-6 |s2cid=257243921 |issn=1868-8527 |quote=Our findings indicate that people with mental illness who receive greater support from the family are better able to have self-caring attitudes...They may also have more positive experiences and perceptions of recovery and attain greater levels of life satisfaction and enjoyment.|doi-access=free }} or another recovery model might determine whether mood swings will create disruption in life or not.{{Cite journal |last1=Concerto |first1=Carmen |last2=Rodolico |first2=Alessandro |last3=Mineo |first3=Ludovico |last4=Ciancio |first4=Alessia |last5=Marano |first5=Leonardo |last6=Romano |first6=Carla Benedicta |last7=Scavo |first7=Elisa Vita |last8=Spigarelli |first8=Riccardo |last9=Fusar-Poli |first9=Laura |last10=Furnari |first10=Rosaria |last11=Petralia |first11=Antonino |last12=Signorelli |first12=Maria Salvina |date=2023-06-16 |title=Exploring Personal Recovery in Schizophrenia: The Role of Mentalization |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=4090 |doi=10.3390/jcm12124090 |pmid=37373783 |pmc=10299717 |issn=2077-0383 |quote=It encompasses various elements, such as spirituality, empowerment, embracing the illness actively, finding hope, restoring a positive identity, creating meaning in life, combating stigma, taking charge of one’s own life, and cultivating supportive relationships [4]. PR concerns the individuals’ perceived capacity to manage mental illness, their sense of purpose, and their confidence in their ability to lead a fulfilling life, irrespective of the disorder’s severity [5] |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=O’Keeffe |first1=Donal |last2=Sheridan |first2=Ann |last3=Kelly |first3=Aine |last4=Doyle |first4=Roisin |last5=Madigan |first5=Kevin |last6=Lawlor |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Clarke |first7=Mary |date=2021-06-18 |title=A qualitative study exploring personal recovery meaning and the potential influence of clinical recovery status on this meaning 20 years after a first episode psychosis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02121-w |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=473–483 |doi=10.1007/s00127-021-02121-w |pmid=34143247 |pmc=8934321 |issn=0933-7954 |quote=For many, recovery is their preferred term to describe the continuing experience of living with, managing, or overcoming mental health difficulties [5].}}

Cognitive behavioral therapy recommends using emotional dampeners to break the self-reinforcing tendencies of either manic or depressive mood swings.{{Cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Paul |title=Overcoming Depression |publisher=Basic Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-465-01508-5 |page=63 }} Exercise, treats, seeking out small (and easily attainable) triumphs, and using vicarious distractions like reading or watching TV, are among the techniques found to be regularly used by people in breaking depressive swings.Goleman, pp. 73-4 Learning to bring oneself down from grandiose states of mind, or up from exaggerated shame states, is part of taking a proactive approach to managing one's own moods and varying sense of self-esteem.{{cite book |author=Terence Real |title=I Don't Want to Talk About It |date=1997 |publisher=Newleaf |isbn=978-0717127108 |page=279 |id={{ASIN|0717127109|country=uk}}}}

Behavioral activation is a component of CBT that can break the cycle (depression leads to inactivity, inactivity leads to depression).{{Cite journal |last1=Elfrey |first1=Mary Kate |last2=Ziegelstein |first2=Roy C. |date=2009 |title=The "inactivity trap" |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=303–305 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.001 |issn=1873-7714 |pmc=2752478 |pmid=19555788 |quote=It is the unfortunate result of the bidirectional relationship between depression and inactivity: depression leads to a reduced activity level, and depressive symptoms then become more severe. Berlin, et al.}} This may rely on individual strengths to "cold start" the reward system.{{Cite journal |last1=Mazzucchelli |first1=Trevor G. |last2=Kane |first2=Robert T. |last3=Rees |first3=Clare S. |date=2010 |title=Behavioral activation interventions for well-being: A meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Positive Psychology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1080/17439760903569154 |issn=1743-9760 |pmc=2882847 |pmid=20539837 |quote=By intentional activity, the authors meant discrete actions or practices that individuals must choose to engage in and that require some effort to enact. This might include adopting new behaviors such as an exercise program, changing one's cognitive attitudes or practices such as practicing forgiveness, or volitional activity such as pursuing personal goals.}}

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): Another manifestation of mood swing is irritability, which can lead to elation, anger or aggression.{{Cite journal |last1=Vidal-Ribas |first1=Pablo |last2=Brotman |first2=Melissa A. |last3=Valdivieso |first3=Isabel |last4=Leibenluft |first4=Ellen |last5=Stringaris |first5=Argyris |date=2016 |title=The Status of Irritability in Psychiatry: A Conceptual and Quantitative Review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=556–570 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.014 |issn=1527-5418 |pmc=4927461 |pmid=27343883 |quote=Irritability describes proneness to anger... Irritability is a mood in the sense that young people can remain in states of proneness to anger for very long times and sometimes for no apparent reason, as discussed below... irritability shares a negative valence with anxiety and depression but denotes approach and is therefore linked to elation in mania.}} DBT has a lot of coping skills that can be used for emotion dysregulation, such as mindfulness with the "wise mind"{{Cite journal |last1=Elices |first1=Matilde |last2=Soler |first2=Joaquim |last3=Feliu-Soler |first3=Albert |last4=Carmona |first4=Cristina |last5=Tiana |first5=Thais |last6=Pascual |first6=Juan C. |last7=García-Palacios |first7=Azucena |last8=Álvarez |first8=Enric |date=2017 |title=Combining emotion regulation and mindfulness skills for preventing depression relapse: a randomized-controlled study |journal=Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=13 |doi=10.1186/s40479-017-0064-6 |issn=2051-6673 |pmc=5497384 |pmid=28690851 |quote=The first session provided an overview of the training goals and an explanation of the differences between the three states of mind (i.e., emotional mind, rational mind and wise mind)...In DBT, ER skills training is oriented to encouraging behavioral activation (BA) by training patients in “opposite action” (OA) to depressive symptoms. |doi-access=free }} or emotion regulation with opposite action.{{Cite journal |last1=Frazier |first1=Savannah N. |last2=Vela |first2=Jamie |date=2014 |title=Dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of anger and aggressive behavior: A review |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.02.001 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=156–163 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2014.02.001 |issn=1359-1789 |quote="DBT was designed to treat emotional dysregulation (i.e., mood disturbance, affective liability, uncontrolled anger) and the behavioral difficulties..." & "Research has shown that there are potentially clinically significant results when using DBT to treat anger and aggression in various samples. Findings from this review suggest that treatments, even when modified show a positive impact on the reduction of anger and aggressive behaviors."|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Brett D. M. |last2=Umer |first2=Madeha |last3=Kittur |first3=Mary E. |last4=Finkelstein |first4=Ofer |last5=Xue |first5=Siqi |last6=Dimick |first6=Mikaela K. |last7=Ortiz |first7=Abigail |last8=Goldstein |first8=Benjamin I. |last9=Mulsant |first9=Benoit H. |last10=Husain |first10=Muhammad I. |date=2023-02-05 |title=A systematic review on the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy for improving mood symptoms in bipolar disorders |journal=International Journal of Bipolar Disorders |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1186/s40345-023-00288-6 |pmid=36739574 |pmc=9899872 |issn=2194-7511 |quote=While they also experienced more improvement in depressive symptoms and in their ability to control emotional states, the difference between the two groups did not reach statistical significance. |doi-access=free }}

Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) has a package of mindful emotion regulation skills (e.g., attention regulation skills, metacognitive regulation skills, etc.) that can be handy to have when mood swings happen.{{Cite journal |last1=Renna |first1=Megan E. |last2=Fresco |first2=David M. |last3=Mennin |first3=Douglas S. |date=2020 |title=Emotion Regulation Therapy and Its Potential Role in the Treatment of Chronic Stress-Related Pathology Across Disorders |journal=Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) |volume=4 |pages=2470547020905787 |doi=10.1177/2470547020905787 |issn=2470-5470 |pmc=7219947 |pmid=32440604 |quote=...first phase of treatment focusing on increasing momentary clarity of motivational responses during emotional episodes and the cultivation of mindful emotion regulation skills with the goal of promoting counteractive responding to intense emotional experiences. Skills are presented in a specific order focusing on less cognitively elaborative skills (e.g., attention regulation skills) followed by more cognitively elaborative skills (e.g., metacognitive regulation skills).}}

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy can be used to regulate life rhythm when mood swings happen frequently and disrupt the rhythm of life.{{Cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Ellen |last2=Swartz |first2=Holly A |last3=Kupfer |first3=David J |date=2000-09-15 |title=Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: managing the chaos of bipolar disorder |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322300009690 |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=593–604 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00969-0 |pmid=11018230 |s2cid=7926489 |issn=0006-3223 |quote=Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is a manual-based psychotherapy (E. Frank et al, unpublished data, 1999) focusing on 1) the link between mood and life events, 2) the importance of maintaining regular daily rhythms as elucidated by the SRM, 3) the identification and management of potential precipitants of rhythm dysregulation with special attention to interpersonal triggers, 4).|url-access=subscription }} Episodes of mood disorder often liberate people from daily routines by making a mess of sleep schedules, social interaction,{{Cite journal |last1=Boland |first1=Elaine M. |last2=Bender |first2=Rachel E. |last3=Alloy |first3=Lauren B. |last4=Conner |first4=Bradley T. |last5=Labelle |first5=Denise R. |last6=Abramson |first6=Lyn Y. |date=2012 |title=Life events and social rhythms in bipolar spectrum disorders: an examination of social rhythm sensitivity |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=139 |issue=3 |pages=264–272 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.038 |issn=1573-2517 |pmc=3368102 |pmid=22381951 |quote=Shen, Alloy, Abramson, and Sylvia provided further evidence of social rhythm irregularities in bipolar spectrum disorder (2008). In a sample of 414 undergraduates, those diagnosed with either cyclothymia or bipolar II disorder reported significantly fewer regular activities than normal controls.}}{{Cite journal |last1=Bullock |first1=Ben |last2=Judd |first2=Fiona |last3=Murray |first3=Greg |date=2011 |title=Social rhythms and vulnerability to bipolar disorder |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.006 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=135 |issue=1–3 |pages=384–388 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.006 |pmid=21708409 |issn=0165-0327 |quote=As well as being strongly associated with the clinical manifestation of BD, reduced social rhythmicity has also been demonstrated in some populations with increased risk for BD.|url-access=subscription }} or work and causing irregular circadian rhythms.{{Cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Greg |last2=Gottlieb |first2=John |last3=Swartz |first3=Holly A. |date=2021 |title=Maintaining Daily Routines to Stabilize Mood: Theory, Data, and Potential Intervention for Circadian Consequences of COVID-19 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=9–13 |doi=10.1177/0706743720957825 |issn=1497-0015 |pmc=7890582 |pmid=32909832 |quote=More than 30 years ago, it was observed that major life events associated with mood disorder (divorce, loss of job, life transitions) are not just psychologically challenging but also cause significant change to daily routines.10 Unemployment, for example, may be associated not just with challenges to self-esteem but also with less regular bed-, wake- and mealtimes. This instability of daily routines, in turn, may have circadian impact through weakened zeitgeber information.}}

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has a function to increase psychological flexibility by learning to assess present experience or be mindful, accept everything internally or externally, commit action to move toward personal recovery, etc.{{Cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Zhenggang |last2=Luo |first2=Shiga |last3=Zhang |first3=Luyao |last4=Wu |first4=Sijie |last5=Chi |first5=Iris |date=2020 |title=Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to reduce depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.040 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=260 |pages=728–737 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.040 |pmid=31563072 |s2cid=203466750 |issn=0165-0327 |quote=...To foster psychological flexibility, according to Grégoire et al. (2017), ACT relies on six interrelated and overlapping processes: acceptance (i.e., willingness to open fully to unwanted experiences such as difficult thoughts, memories, or emotions), contact with the present moment (i.e., being mindful and aware of one's experiences), self as context (i.e., maintaining perspective about oneself within one's experiences), cognitive defusion (i.e., being able to step back from unwanted experiences without getting stuck in them), committed action (i.e., engaging in actions that move toward important aspects of life), and values (i.e., staying connected to personal values or areas of life that are important).|url-access=subscription }}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|

• Bipolar Disorder
• Depression (mood)
• Dysthymia
• Euthymia
• Mood (psychology)
• Self-medication
• Splitting (psychology)

}}

{{Reflist}}

• Ronald R. Fieve, Moodswing (1989)
• Susanne P. Schad-Somers, On mood swings (1990)

{{wikiquote}}

• [http://www.overcoming.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=4814 Understanding mood swings]

{{Borderline personality disorder}}

{{Mood disorders}}

Category:Borderline personality disorder

Category:Mood disorders

Category:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders