Mopane

File:Colophospermum mopane feuilles MHNT.jpg

The mopane is found on low-lying ground from {{convert|200|m|ft}} (Mozambique) to {{convert|1200|m|ft}} (Zimbabwe). {{sfnp|Timberlake|1995|p=7}}{{Refn|Another quote gives upper limit of 1000m (–1300m).{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}}}}

Native to Southern Africa, its habitat is divided crudely into two regions: the "Angola region", i.e., Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion, which includes Southern Angola and northwestern Namibia, and the "Zambezian region", i.e. the Zambezian and mopane woodlands ecoregion extending over the lowlands of the Zambezi River and its tributaries across the countries of Zambia, Southern Malawi, other parts of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini/Swaziland and northern South Africa.

While it prefers slightly acidic deep clay soil that are {{linktext|friable}} and {{linktext|permeable}},{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} it also grows in alkaline (high lime content) soils which are shallow and not well drained.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} It also grows in alluvial soils (soil deposited by rivers).{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} Where it occurs, it is often the dominant tree species, frequently forming homogeneous stands.{{Refn|Shorrocks & Bates (2015): "The [southern African] 'tree and shrub' savannahs are characterised by the dominance of the mopane tree."; "Here [in the Zambezian region] the mopane tree is frequently the sole canopy species.."}}

Within the Zambezian region described above, the trees' height varying considerably, and larger, single-stemmed trees of {{convert|10|to|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} are found in open savannah woodlands on the (sandy) alluvial soil, forming canopy woodlands, and even reaching 18m in height for the so-called "cathedral mopane" of Zambia. The same tree is also found stunted as (multi-stemmed) shrubbery about {{convert|1|to|2|or|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in clayey soil{{Refn|Thomas & Shaw (1991), citing Wellington (1955).}} or impermeable alkaline soil. Thus water or drainage seems to be a cause factor for stunting, though other causes have been hypothesized. These stunted growths are sometimes called "mopane scrub" (for shrub). The shrubs will not transition into tall woods.

This tree will not grow well outside hot, mostly frost-free areas{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Though it can survive light frost.}} with low to moderate rainfall (as low as 100mm per year, or averaging 400–500mm per year).{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Rainfall over 800 mm will limit its growth.}}

{{multiple image

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| image1 = Colophospermum mopane - Mopane-2266 - Flickr - Ragnhild & Neil Crawford.jpg

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| image2 = Damaraland-Chèvres et mopanes.jpg

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| caption2 = A large multi-stemmed tree with sociable weaver nests, and a shrub browsed on by goats, both in Namibia

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Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with an average density range of {{convert|0.990|to|1.230|g/cm3|lb/cuft|abbr=on}} at 12% moisture.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}{{Refn|Various sources quote variuos figures. Meier's Wood Database gives "average dried weight" as 1075 kg/m³ or 67.11 lb/cu.ft., close to the lower end of the range. A different source gives 1,200 kg/m³, citing Goldsmith & Carter (1981). which is about 75 lb./cu. ft., which (after rounding down) matches the "76 (73–84) lb./cu. ft" air dry quoted elsewhere, and these are close to the high end of the range.}} and is difficult to work because of its hardness.Meier, Eric (2016) [http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ The Wood Database]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715173223/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ |date=15 July 2016 }} Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013. However it is also termite resistant making it one of the most preferred local timbers for construction,{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"|Seely [et al.](1992), p. 33 apud {{harvp|Hangula|1998|p=13}}}} and for this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as pit props. The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring also make it popular for parquet flooring. Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including aquarium bogwood ornaments, similarly as driftwood decor for terrariums or gardens, or bases for lamps or sculptures.

It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly woodwind. Suitable quality African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), traditionally used for clarinets, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.{{cite web|url=http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Woods for woodwinds |website=Prosono International |date=22 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122003424/http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |archive-date=2009-11-22 |accessdate=2010-04-23}} Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers Schwenk & Seggelke, Wurlitzer, F. Arthur Uebel and Buffet Crampon.

Mopane twigs been traditionally used as a sort of tooth brush (chewing stick to clean teeth{{Refn|Mojeremane and Lumbile (2005) apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).}}), and the leaves for folk remedy in healing the wound after ritual extraction of teeth.{{Refn|Malan & Owen-Smith (1974) apud van_Wyck&Gericke (2000) Also re-cited by Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).}} Various parts of the tree (seed, leaf, bark, root) are used in the traditional medicine of Southern African for a wide range of symptoms.{{harvp|Cheikhyoussef|Mumbengegwi|Maroyi|2023}}: Table 2. Traditional uses of Colophospermum mopane in Southern Africa

The bark to make twine or rope{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"}} and for tanning leather,{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"|Palmer and Pitman (1972) apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).}}{{Refn|Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962).}} The wood is also used to make charcoal{{Refn|Chidumayo (2000) apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).}} and for braai wood.

The tree is a major food source for the mopane worm, the caterpillar of the moth Gonimbrasia belina. The caterpillars are rich in protein and are eaten by people. The mopane worm is rich in crude fats and contains vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium and phosphorus. Another edible caterpillar is that of Gynanisa maja (speckled emperor moth; {{lang|bem|chipumi}} in Bemba{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|{{lang|beq|kawanatengo}} in Kibembe.}}) which also uses mopane as host tree.

And when infested with the "mopane fly" or "mopane psyllid" (Retroacizzia mopani {{smallcaps|syn.}} Arytaina mopani{{Refn|Spelt "Arytaina mopane".}} ) that feeds on the tree, the tree produces edible wax-like gums on its leaves called "mopane manna" which are collected and eaten by humans and monkeys.

The tree also acts as a foodplant for the wild silk moth, Gonometa rufobrunnea. Cocoons of the moth are harvested as wild silk, to make cloth.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}

The Mopane worm creates employment and serves as a source of income for the majority of rural women. Harvesters sell it in villages, towns or to the trader.{{Cite book|last=Potgieter |first=Martin J. |author-link=|title=Edible insects in Africa An introduction to finding, using and eating insects |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=Agromisa Foundation and CTA |year=2015 |url=https://www.echocommunity.org/resources/b3350fa1-e1f3-4746-8f8e-72d1370c537f |page=34 |isbn=978-90-8573-146-7 }}

The tree is also considered an important food resource for animal husbandry (goat herding), as goats can be allowed to browse on the tree's leaves (cf. fig. above). They are also browsed by cattle and by game animals such as elephants, giraffes, water buffalos and antelopes in game farms and nature reserves.{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"}}

The genus name Colophospermum is a compound from Greek {{translit|el|kolophon[ios]}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Quattrocchi lists {{translit|el|kolophonios, kolophonion, kolophonia}} as "of or from Colophon". Jackson notes Colophon producing rosin too, but additionally glosses {{translit|el|kolophon}} literally as "summit, end".}} "resin" + Latin spermum "seed". The former derives from Colophon", which was the birthplace of Homer in Ionia, famous for its rosin, and is a reference to the seed's aromatic (turpentine-smelling) component.

The species name mopane is from its common name in Bantu languages for the tree throughout most of its range. Thus the nomenclature, starting with areas in or around South Africa are: {{lang|nso|mohlanare, mopane}} in Northern Sotho/Sepedi (northern Transvaal, current Limpopo province), {{lang|tn|mophane, mopane}} in Tsuwana (western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana) but {{lang|ts|nxanatsi}} in Tsonga (eastern Transvaal). It is known as {{lang|ny|mopane, tsanya}} in Chichewa (Malawi), {{lang|loz|mopani, mupane}} in Lozi (fmr. Barotseland, western Zambia), {{lang|mhw|mupanyi}} in Thimbukushu (Namibia), {{lang|hz|omutati}} in Herero (Namibia, Botswana), {{lang|kj|omufiadi}} in Ovambo (southern Angola, northern Namibia).{{harvp|Cheikhyoussef|Mumbengegwi|Maroyi|2023}}: Table 1. Vernacular names of Colophospermum mopame

Also spelt mupani, mopani. In Afrikaans it goes by {{lang|af|mopanie}} or {{lang|af|mopaniehout}} "mopanie wood" or {{lang|af|terpentynboom}} "turpentine tree". It is called {{lang|sn|musharu}} in Shona (Sabi valley, Zimbabwe), chanate in southern Mozambique, and {{lang|umb|mutiati}} in Umbundu (Angola).

File:Colophospermum mopane 2122.jpg|Inflorescences produced during mid-summer

File:Colophospermum mopane 2120.jpg|The wind-pollinated flower

File:Colophospermum mopane MHNT.BOT.2015.2.6.jpg|Dry foliage, seed pods and two seeds (bottom right) - MHNT

File:Colophospermum mopane - Seeds.jpg|The fruit are pods containing one seed each

File:Colophospermum mopane 50D 0484.jpg|Mopane worms, locally a staple food, consuming the foliage

File:Speckled Emperor (Gynanisa maja) caterpillar on mopane twig ... (51867253398).jpg|The likewise edible {{lang|bem|chipumi}} caterpillar of the speckled emperor moth, defoliating a sprig

File:Mopane_seed_and_leaves.JPG|Winter foliage and dry seed pods in Namibia

• List of Southern African indigenous trees

{{notelist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Colophospermum mopane}}

{{Reflist|2|refs=

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{{cite encyclopedia|last=Quattrocchi |first=Umberto |author-link=|chapter=Colophospermum mopane Kirk ex J. Léonard |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology |volume=1 |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC&pg=PA587 |page=587 |isbn=9780849326752}}

{{void|{{cite encyclopedia|last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |author-link=Jun Mitsuhashi |chapter=Gonimbrasia belina |title=Edible Insects of the World |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ&q=belina |pages=2012–2013|isbn=9781315350882}}

}}

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{{Cite dictionary|last1=Lemmens|first1=R.H.M.J.|author1-link= |last2=Louppe |first2=D. |author2-link=|last3=Oteng-Amoako |first3=A.A. |author3-link= |chapter=Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) J. Léonard |title=Timbers 2 |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=PROTA |year=2012|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MpmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |page=211|isbn=9789290814955}}

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{{cite journal|last1=Mojeremane |first1=W.|author1-link=|last2=Lumbile |first2=A. U. |author2-link=|title=The characteristics and economic values of Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard in Botswana |journal=Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=8 |number=5 |date=2005 |url=}}

{{cite encyclopedia|last=Newell |first=Ben |author-link= |chapter=Mopane wood |title=Hello Tiny World: An Enchanting Journey into the World of Creating Terrariums |location= |publisher=Penguin |year=2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRzYAAAAMAAJ&q=mopane |page=16 |isbn=9780593847671}}

{{citation|last1=Oppong |first1=C.K. |author1-link= |collaboration=Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J. |title=Distribution of the eggs of the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the mopane tree|journal=African Invertebrates |volume=50 |number=1 |date=2009 |url=http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2009_50_1_430.aspx |pages=185–190}}

{{citation|last1=Oppong |first1=C.K. |author1-link= |collaboration=Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J. |title=Nymphal behaviour and lerp construction in the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) |journal=African Invertebrates |volume=51 |number=1 |date=2010 |url=http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2010_51_1_467.aspx|pages=201–205 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624011858/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2010_51_1_467.aspx |archive-date=24 June 2010 }}

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{{cite journal|last=Teshirogi |first=Koki |author-link= |title=Influence of Geomorphology on the Physiognomy of Colophospermum mopane and its Effect on Browsing in Central Namibia |journal=African Study Monographs |number=Suppl.40 |date=March 2010 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/96294/1/ASM_S_40_103.pdf |page=103}}

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}}

{{refbegin}}

{{void|

• Esterhuyse, N.; Von Breitenbach, J.; Söhnge, H. (2001). Remarkable trees of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.
• Ferwerda, J.G.(2005) [http://www.itc.nl/library/Papers_2005/phd/ferwerda.pdf Charting the quality of forage: measuring and mapping the variation of chemical components in foliage with hyperspectral remote sensing]. Wageningen, Wageningen University, 2005. ITC Dissertation 126, 166 p. {{ISBN|90-8504-209-7}}.

}}

• {{cite book|last=Hangula |first=Lazarus |author-link=Lazarus Hangula |title=Economy, Ecology, Aesthetics: A Study of Indigenous Trees Use in Former Owamboland |location= |publisher=University of Namibia, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, Social Sciences Division |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYIwAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane |page=}}

• {{cite book|last=Timberlake |first=Jonathan |author-link= |title=Colophospermum Mopane: Annotated Bibliography and Review |location=Harare, Zinbabwe |publisher=(Zimbabwe) Forestry Commission Centre |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG12AzmiYs0C&q= |page= |isbn=9780797414204}}

{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q641513|from2=Q17422991}}

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Category:Flora of South Tropical Africa

Category:Flora of Southern Africa

Category:Trees of South Africa

Category:Trees of Angola

Category:Drought-tolerant trees

Category:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

Category:Detarioideae

Category:Monotypic Fabaceae genera

Category:Plants described in 1865