Morewood massacre

File:Morewoodworker.jpg

In the late 1800s, Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania was a major center for the coal, coke, and steel industries. Coke, a fuel derived from coal, was essential for iron smelting, which in turn supported the booming steel industry. Industrialists like Henry Clay Frick capitalized on this demand,{{cite web | title=History of Coke | website=Indiana University of Pennsylvania | date=1900-01-01 | url=https://www.iup.edu/library/departments/archives/coal/mining-history/history-of-coke.html | access-date=2024-11-12}} establishing extensive coke works and utilizing a large labor force, often composed of Eastern European immigrants who worked under harsh conditions. Labor unions grew in response to these working conditions, and strikes were common as miners sought fairer wages and safer workplaces. The rising demand for coke during this period attracted immigrants, particularly from Eastern Europe, to the region, providing industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and Frick with a steady supply of labor for the mines and coke ovens. However, the dangerous working conditions and low wages led to unionization and labor strikes as workers sought better wages and safer conditions.{{cite web | title=A Borough in Westmoreland County | website=Official Web Site of Mount Pleasant, PA | url=http://www.mtpleasantboro.com/history.html | access-date=2024-11-12}}

By the 1880s, unionization in Pennsylvania's mining communities had become increasingly militant, with organized laborers confronting corporations backed by private security forces who were hired to counter union efforts. In Southwestern Pennsylvania's coke region, strikes were common; between 1881 and 1886, miners organized around 800 strikes to maintain or improve their wages.

File:Workers attack Frick coal mine 1891.png

In 1890, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) submitted demands to the coke operators that included an eight-hour workday, wage increases, restrictions on house rent, and the right to union-only employment. However, a downturn in the coke industry in 1890 led to the temporary closure of about 20% of Frick's operations. By early 1891, when production resumed, miners found that they were to be paid based on a sliding wage scale tied to coke prices, a change that many felt was unjust. Tensions mounted as operators hired replacement workers and evicted striking miners and their families from company housing. The Morewood strike began on February 10, 1891, when miners in the region, supported by the UMWA, stopped work in protest of pay and working conditions. Tensions rose as workers and their families were evicted from company-owned housing, and Frick, known for his tough stance against unions, resisted their demands. By March, unrest had intensified, and on March 30, a group of about a thousand strikers, some accompanied by a brass band, marched on the Morewood company town.{{cite web | title=Morewood Massacre of 1891 | website=Clio | date=2008-10-19 | url=https://theclio.com/entry/148319 | access-date=2024-11-12}}

File:Morewood 2024.jpg

In March 1891, violence erupted as striking miners, some facing eviction and economic hardship, began targeting company facilities and replacement workers. On March 30, a group of approximately 1,000 miners marched to the Morewood Works, where local law enforcement, led by Captain Loar, confronted them. When the crowd reached the Morewood Works gates, Loar and 12 deputies fired into the crowd, killing nine miners and wounding others, most of whom were recent immigrants from Eastern Europe. Loar and his deputies were later acquitted, underscoring the legal challenges faced by labor activists at the time.{{cite web|url=https://www.Patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com|title=Massacre at Morewood Mine & Coke Works, Morewood, East Huntingdon Twp., Westmoreland Co., PA, USA|date=2008-10-19|access-date=2016-05-26}}{{cite book|title=Official Documents, Comprising the Department and Other Reports Made to the Governor, Senate and House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, Volume 4|date=1892|publisher=State of Pennsylvania|page=D - 8}}

A Pennsylvania state historical marker describing the Morewood event was erected in 2000 on Route 981 (Morewood Road) near the Route 119 overpass.{{Cite web| title=Historical Markers - Morewood Massacre [Bituminous Coal] | url=http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2CB | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602044116/http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2CB | archive-date=2011-06-02}}

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|Morewood Massacre historical marker Pennsylvania No. 2.jpg|Marker commemorating the Morewood massacre

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• Homestead strike of 1892
• Johnstown Flood of 1889
• Mammoth Mine disaster – January 27, 1891 gas explosion at Frick's coal mine in Mount Pleasant
• Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States

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• Simonich, Milan. [http://old.post-gazette.com/neigh_westmoreland/20000924markers6.asp 118 killed in 1891 Frick massacre and mine explosion to get markers.] Pittsburgh Post Gazette. 24 September 2000.
• Pulay, Emoke. [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Shots_Fired_at_Morewood.html?id=-OCxYgEACAAJ The Shots Fired at Morewood.] Mt. Pleasant Area Heritage Preservation Committee (Pa.). 1996. 140 pages.

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Category:1891 labor disputes and strikes

Category:1891 in Pennsylvania

Category:Miners' labor disputes in the United States

Category:Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America

Category:Labor disputes in Pennsylvania

Category:Anti-union violence in the United States