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Mortimer Durand

{{Short description|British diplomat (1850–1924)}}

{{distinguish|Henry Marion Durand}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

{{Use British English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox person

| honorific_prefix = The Right Honourable

| name = Sir Henry Mortimer Durand

| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG|KCSI|KCIE}}

| image = Portrait of Henry Mortimer Durand.jpg

| caption = Portrait, {{Circa|1904}}

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1850|2|14|df=y}}

| birth_place = Sehore, Bhopal State, British India (now Madhya Pradesh, India)

| death_date = {{death date and age|1924|6|8|1850|2|14|df=y}}

| death_place = Polden, Somerset, United Kingdom

| occupation = Diplomat

| employer = Indian Civil Service

| known_for = Delimiting the Durand Line to mark the erstwhile Afghanistan–India international border

| education = Blackheath Proprietary School

| nationality = British

| movement =

| father = Henry Marion Durand

| signature = Sir Henry Mortimer Durand Signature.svg

| spouse =

| children =

}}

Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG|KCSI|KCIE|PC|sep=,|size=100}} (14 February 1850 – 8 June 1924) was a British diplomat and member of the Indian Civil Service. He is best-known as the namesake for the Durand Line, which serves as the international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Early life and education

Born at Sehore, Bhopal, India, he was the son of Sir Henry Marion Durand, the Resident of Baroda and he was educated at Blackheath Proprietary School, and Tonbridge School.{{cite book |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |last=Riddick |first=John |year=2006 |publisher=Praeger, Westport, Connecticut |oclc=836279503 |isbn=978-0313322808 |page=258}}

Career

Durand entered the Indian Civil Service in 1873. He served as the Political Secretary in Kabul during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880); was Foreign Secretary of India from 1884 to 1894; and appointed Minister plenipotentiary at Tehran in 1894, where despite being a Persian scholar and fluently speaking the language and he made little impression either in Tehran or on his superiors in London. He left Persia in March 1900,{{Cite news |title=Court Circular |date=9 March 1900 |page=6 |issue=36085 |work=The Times}} by which time owing to the illness of his wife Ella he had withdrawn from social life and the legation was in a depressed and disorganised state. He served as British Ambassador to Spain from 1900 to 1903, and as Ambassador to the United States from 1903 to 1906.

He was appointed a CSI in 1881{{Cite book |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24944/page/976 |title=The London Gazette |date=1 March 1881 |publisher=The London Gazette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910161207/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24944/page/976 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2022}} knighted with a KCIE in 1888,{{cite book |author=Great Britain. India Office | title=The India List and India Office List for 1905 | publisher=Harrison and Sons | year=1905 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145 |page=145 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515234234/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-status=live}} and a KCSI in 1894{{Cite book |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/London/issue/26472/page/2 |title=London Gazette|date=2 January 1894 |publisher=The London Gazette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001114104/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26472/page/2 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2022}} and appointed a GCMG in 1900.{{Cite book |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/London/issue/27198/page/3497 |title=London Gazette|date=1 June 1900 |publisher=The London Gazette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515234735/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27198/page/3497 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2022}}

Durand unsuccessfully stood as a Conservative candidate for Plymouth in the January 1910 United Kingdom general election.

{{Election box begin

|title=General election January 1910: Plymouth{{cite book |title=The Liberal year book, 1907 |publisher=Harvester Press |year=1972 |isbn=0-85527-362-3 |oclc=502269489}}{{cite book |last=Craig |first=Fred W. S. |title=British parliamentary election results, 1885–1918 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1974 |isbn=0-333-16903-4 |oclc=1043610}}{{citation |title=Debrett's House of Commons |publisher=Dean |year=1867 |oclc=1042911184 |issue=1916}}

Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

|party = Liberal Party (UK)

|candidate = Charles Mallet

|votes = 8,091

|percentage = 25.8

|change = −3.2

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

|party =Liberal Party (UK)

|candidate = Aneurin Williams

|votes = 7,961

|percentage = 25.5

|change = −3.9

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

|party = Conservative Party (UK)

|candidate = Waldorf Astor

|votes = 7,650

|percentage = 24.5

|change = +3.2

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link

|party = Conservative Party (UK)

|candidate = Mortimer Durand

|votes = 7,556

|percentage = 24.2

|change = +3.9

}}

{{Election box majority

|votes = 311

|percentage = 1.0

|change = −6.7

}}

{{Election box turnout

|votes =

|percentage = 87.9

|change = +2.6

}}

{{Election box registered electors

|reg. electors = 18,085

}}

{{Election box hold with party link

|winner = Liberal Party (UK)

|swing = −3.2

}}

{{Election box hold with party link

|winner = Liberal Party (UK)

|swing = −3.9

}}

{{Election box end}}

Legacy

=Afghanistan–Pakistan border=

The Durand Line is named after Sir Mortimer and remains the international border between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan that is officially recognized by all countries apart from Afghanistan. The border is an ongoing point of contention between the two countries, as Afghanistan unilaterally disputes the legitimacy of the border.

In 1884 Durand informed Abdur Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan, the frontier between modern-day Pakistan (the successor state of British India) and Afghanistan that the garrison of Panjdeh had been slaughtered on the orders of the Russian General Komarov. The Russians wished to stop British occupation of Herat, so Durand was despatched to prevent "the strained relations which then existed between Russia and ourselves," wrote the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, and "might in itself have proved the occasion of a long miserable war." Tensions at home in British newspapers heightened the urgency of the incident, threatening war in Central Asia, which Rahman was desperate to avoid. A telephone line was kept open between Lord Granville and Count Giers in St Petersburg.{{cite book |last=Hopkirk |first=Peter |title=The Great Game : On Secret Service in High Asia |year=2016 |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-0-7195-6447-5 |oclc=970607666 |pages=430–431}}

Sir Mortimer was deputed to Kabul by the government of British India for the purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the Joint Boundary Commission between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions along the same lines as in 1873, except for the southward salient at Panjdeh. The British made it clear that any further extension towards Herat would amount to a declaration of war. Rahman showed his usual ability in diplomatic argument, his tenacity where his own views or claims were in debate, with a sure underlying insight into the real situation. A Royal Commission was established to demarcate the boundary between Afghanistan and the British-governed India. The two parties camped at Parachinar, now part of FATA Pakistan, near Khost Afghanistan. From the British side the camp was attended by Mortimer Durand and Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, the Political Agent for Khyber. The Afghans were represented by Sahibzada Abdul Latif and Governor Sardar Shireendil Khan representing Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.{{cite web |url=http://www.aaiil.org/aaiil/ra/jalsa/2003/sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed100anniversary/08sahibzadazahoorahmad_sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed.mp3 |title=Hazrat Sahibzada Abdul Latif Shaheed |author=Sahibzada Zahoor Ahmad |date=13 July 2003 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720142601/https://www.aaiil.org/aaiil/ra/jalsa/2003/sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed100anniversary/08sahibzadazahoorahmad_sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed.mp3 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2022}} The territorial exchanges were amicably agreed upon; the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed. The Durand Road in Lahore is also named after him.

=Durand Cup=

In 1888, Durand founded a football tournament in Shimla to promote the value of sports as a means to maintain health, as well as to encourage sporting competition in India. It would later be named after him.{{Cite web |url=https://durandcup.in/about/ |title=The Durand Cup – About |website=durandcup.in |access-date=16 May 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305165925/https://durandcup.in/about/ |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|first=Somesh|last=Upadhyay|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/football-in-india-the-best-old-days|title=Indian Football : Ah! Those golden days...|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=22 December 2010|access-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714163447/https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/football-in-india-the-best-old-days|archive-date=14 July 2022}}

Death

There is a misconception regarding the grave of Mortimer Durand, leading to the mistaken belief that he is buried in Pakistan. However, in reality, he died in Polden, Somerset, England, and was laid to rest there.{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/durand | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }} The grave that has been associated with him actually belongs to his father, Sir Henry Marion Durand.

Published works

From 1906, after his return to England, he devoted his time to writing.

He also published the biography of his father, General Henry Marion Durand (1812–1871), and also had ambitions as a novelist, often with his wife, Lady E. R. Durand (1852–1913), as a co-author. Some of his publications are:

  • Nadir Shah: An Historical Novel (1908)
  • The Life of Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (1913)
  • The Life of Field-Marshal Sir George White, V.C. (1915)
  • The Thirteenth Hussars in the Great War (1921)
  • An Autumn Tour in Western Persia (1902) is by his wife E. R. Durand

References

{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography

  • {{cite book |first=Gen Sir John |last=Adye |title=Indian Frontier Policy |url=https://archive.org/details/indianfrontierp01adyegoog | date=1897 | publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co. |oclc=62690257 }}
  • {{cite book | first=T.C. | last=Coen | title=The Indian Political Service | url=https://archive.org/details/indianpoliticals0000crea | url-access=registration | date=1971 | publisher=Chatto & Windus | isbn=978-0701115791 |oclc=155780 }}
  • {{cite book | first=Algernon |author-link=Algernon Durand |last=Durand | title=The Making of a Frontier Five Years' Experiences and Adventures in Gilgit, Hunsa, Nagar, Chitral and the Eastern Hindu-Kush | date=1899 |oclc=897645456 }}
  • {{cite journal | first=Charles | last=Marvin | title=The Russians at the Gate of Herat | journal=Science | date=1885 | volume=5 | issue=117 | pages=368–369 | doi=10.1126/science.ns-5.117.368 | pmid=17743871 | bibcode=1885Sci.....5..368. }}
  • {{cite book |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |last=Riddick |first=John |year=2006 |publisher=Praeger, Westport, Connecticut |oclc=836279503 |isbn=978-0313322808}}

External links

{{commons category|Henry Mortimer Durand}}

  • [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/51604 Works by H. Mortimer Durand] at Project Gutenberg

{{wikisource|Sir Mortimer Durand}}

  • The papers of Henry Marion Durand, including diaries, correspondence, memoranda, literary papers, photographs and presscuttings are held by [http://archives.soas.ac.uk/CalmView/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=PP+MS+55 SOAS Special Collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203180457/http://archives.soas.ac.uk/CalmView/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=PP+MS+55 |date=3 December 2022 }}. Digitised items from the collections may be viewed online [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/ppms55 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925013021/https://digital.soas.ac.uk/ppms55 |date=25 September 2020 }}.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durand, Mortimer}}

Category:1850 births

Category:1924 deaths

Category:Administrators in British India

Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India

Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States

Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Spain

Category:British people of the Second Anglo-Afghan War

Category:Durand Line

Category:Indian civil servants

Category:People educated at Blackheath Proprietary School

Category:People from Sehore

Category:Indian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Category:Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates