Mosque of the Bois de Vincennes

{{Infobox religious building

| name = Mosque of the Bois de Vincennes

| native_name = {{langx|fr|Mosquée du Bois de Vincennes}}

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| image = La mosquée du Jardin Colonial -Nogent-sur-Marne.jpg

| image_upright = 1.4

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| caption = Bilingual postcard picturing the former mosque with soldiers, 1916

| religious_affiliation = Islam {{small|(former)}}

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| organisational_status = Mosque {{small|(1916–1926)}}

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| consecration_year = {{dts|1916|04|13|dmf=y}}

| functional_status = Destroyed

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| location = Bois de Vincennes, Paris

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| country = France

| map_type = France Paris

| map_size = 250

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| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in greater Paris

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| coordinates = {{coords|48.8283|N|2.4331|E|region:FR-PA_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}

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| architect = M. Péni

| architecture_type = {{nowrap|Mosque architecture}}

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| year_completed = 1916

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| date_demolished = 1926

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The Mosque of the Bois de Vincennes ({{langx|fr|Mosquée du Bois de Vincennes}}), also known as the Mosque of the Colonial Garden Hospital or Nogent Mosque was a former Islamic mosque, located in the grounds of the Bois de Vincennes, in grater Paris, France. It was the first mosque built on the French mainland since the Umayyad invasion of Gaul in the 8th century.{{cite web |title=Le religieux musulman et l'armée française (1914-1920) |website=Etudes Coloniales |author=Renard, Michel |lang=fr |url=http://etudescoloniales.canalblog.com/archives/2014/08/23/30279901.html |date=23 August 2014 |access-date= }}

The mosque was constructed in early 1916 on the grounds of the Bois de Vincennes, as a counterpropaganda project and to serve some of the Muslim soldiers who came to France during World War I.{{cite journal |journal=African Arts |date=Winter 2019 |title=Battles for Hearts and Minds: The Nogent Mosque During World War I |author=Shanahan, Maureen G. |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=18–33 |url=https://direct.mit.edu/afar/article/52/4/18/55141/Battles-for-Hearts-and-Minds-The-Nogent-Mosque |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |doi=10.1162/afar_a_00500 }} The mosque was destroyed just four years later, in 1920.

Background

Mosques have long existed on French ground overseas, not least in Algeria which became legally part of the French territory when converted into three departments in 1848. In 1897, a mosque was also established in a private home in Réunion.{{cite web |website=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/01/04/a-la-reunion-la-crise-a-mayotte-interroge-le-vivre-ensemble_6480598_823448.html |title=A La Réunion, le vivre-ensemble à l’épreuve de la crise de Mayotte |date={{date|2025-1-4}} |author=Nathalie Guibert & Jérôme Talpin}}

In 1899, a trial garden was created at the eastern end of the Bois de Vincennes to experiment with plants from the French colonial empire. Several pavilions were built there on the occasion of the colonial exhibition in May-October 1907.

During World War I, the Colonial Garden was repurposed as a hospital in late 1914. Between 1914 and May 1919, the hospital in the former Colonial Garden cared for nearly 5,000 wounded soldiers, mostly North African and Muslim. At that time, the Colonial Garden / war hospital was on the territory of the Nogent-sur-Marne municipality, from which it took its name ({{langx|fr|Hôpital du jardin colonial de Nogent-sur-Marne}}). These grounds were later transferred on 18 April 1929 to the 12th arrondissement of Paris together with the rest of the Bois de Vincennes.

History of the mosque building

The decision to build a mosque on the hospital's grounds was made in reaction to German war propaganda that attempted to turn Muslims from the British and French colonies against their colonial rulers. The German Empire was allied with the Ottoman Empire, which claimed global leadership of Islam through its Custody of Mecca and Medina and Caliphate. This strategy was the brainchild of German Orientalist Max von Oppenheim who had published a "memorandum on bringing revolution to the Islamic lands of our enemies" ({{langx|de|Denkschrift betreffend die Revolutionierung der islamischen Gebiete unserer Feinde}}) in October 1914. Von Oppenheim, whose nickname Abu Jihad was posthumously popularized by Wolfgang G. Schwanitz,{{cite book |title=The Passion of Max von Oppenheim: Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East from Wilhelm II to Hitler |author=Gossman, Lionel |date=2013 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |page=xix |doi=10.11647/obp.0030 |isbn=9781909254206 |s2cid=162906048 |doi-access=free }} was given charge of a newly created Intelligence Bureau for the East which sponsored the prisoner-of-war camp named "Half Moon" ({{lang|de|Halbmondlager}}) in Zossen-Wünsdorf near Berlin.

As its name suggests, the Halbmondlager was specifically intended for Muslim soldiers from British and French colonies and included a monumental mosque, the first ever built in Germany, completed in July 1915.{{cite web |website=The Telegraph |location=London |author=Waters, Florence |date=10 August 2014 |title=Germany's Grand WWI Jihad Experiment |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/11022199/Germanys-Grand-WW1-Jihad-Experiment.html |access-date= }} The German authorities distributed stories about the inappropriate treatment of Islam in the French military, illustrated with images of the Halbmondlager mosque.

In turn, the war imperative to demonstrate that France was friendly to Islam, against the German claims, broke the prior taboo against an Islamic place of worship (other than in cemeteries) on the French mainland. Diplomat {{ill|Pierre de Margerie|fr}}, then director of political affairs at the French Foreign Ministry, promoted the initiative to build the mosque and orchestrated the wide distribution of a picture of it by French agents in the Muslim world, even before the building had been completed.

= Designs =

The wooden mosque was swiftly erected on designs by the Colonial Garden's architect M. Péni and inaugurated on 14 April 1916 by Gaston Doumergue, then Minister of the Colonies.{{cite web|website=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/filiu/2021/06/06/a-la-recherche-de-la-premiere-mosquee-de-france/ |date=6 June 2021 |author=Filiu, Jean-Pierre |title=A la recherche de la première mosquée de France |lang=fr }} Dedication prayers were read by two imams, Bou-Mezrag El-Mokrani of Chlef (a descendant of Cheikh Mokrani) and Katranji Sid Abderrahman of Algiers.

Following the end of the war, the mosque was disaffected in 1919 and demolished in 1926,{{cite web|website=Bibliothèque Nationale de France |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb447898170 |title=La mosquée de l'hôpital du jardin colonial de Nogent-sur-Marne durant la Première Guerre mondiale |year=1920 |lang=fr }} around the time when the Grand Mosque of Paris was inaugurated.

Monuments

A number of commemorative monuments were erected nearby during the interwar period and dedicated to the memory of fallen soldiers from various French colonies, most of them non-Muslims.{{cite web |website=Le Parisien |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/sortir-region-parisienne/voyagez-dans-le-temps-au-jardin-d-agronomie-tropicale-du-bois-de-vincennes-27-07-2020-8359443.php |author=Nèves, Corinne |date=27 July 2020 |title=Voyagez dans le temps au Jardin d'agronomie tropicale du Bois de Vincennes |lang=fr }}{{cite web |website=Mappemonde |url=http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/120lieu1/ |title=Le jardin tropical de Paris |author=Didelon-Loiseau, Clarisse |date=April 2017 |lang=fr }} The former Colonial Garden is now known as the {{ill|Jardin d'agronomie tropicale de Paris|fr}}. Some of the pavilions and monuments have been renovated in the 2010s.{{cite web |website=Le Journal du Dimanche |title=Paris: le jardin d'agronomie tropicale dans le bois de Vincennes sort de sa torpeur |date=25 April 2021 |author=Kleiber, Marie-Anne |url=https://www.lejdd.fr/JDD-Paris/paris-le-jardin-dagronomie-tropicale-dans-le-bois-de-vincennes-sort-de-sa-torpeur-4040801 |lang=fr }} A commemorative stone stele and explanatory panel perpetuate the memory of the former mosque on the site.