Mother (video game)

{{multiple image

| footer = Screenshots from battle sequences in Mother (left) and Dragon Quest III (right). The battle system of Mother, including its interface and first-person perspective, drew inspiration from the Dragon Quest series.

| align = right

| image1 = Mother battle screenshot.png

| width1 = 204

| image2 = Dragon warrior 3 battle screen.gif

| width2 = 200

}}

Mother is a single-player, role-playing video game set in a "slightly offbeat", late 20th-century United States as interpreted by Japanese author Shigesato Itoi. Throughout the game, the player fights hippies, undead zombies, animate objects and vehicles, extraterrestrial life, robots and mind-controlled humans and animals. The world is composed mainly of towns, deserts, swamps, forests, and caves the player must venture through. The game deliberately avoids traits of its Japanese role-playing game contemporaries: it does not strictly adhere to the fantasy or science fiction genres, despite numerous instances of each occurring within the game. The player fights in warehouses and laboratories instead of in standard dungeons, and rather than trekking from to each town on foot, the player is able to take trains to travel from area to area. Instead of swords, assault weapons, and magic, the player uses baseball bats, toy guns, frying pans, knives, and inherent psychic abilities. The game's main protagonists, Ninten, Lloyd, and Ana, are roughly 11–12 years of age.{{cite book |title=Mother Encyclopedia|date=1989 |publisher=Shogakukan |isbn=4-09-104114-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/mother-encyclopedia/Mother%20Encyclopedia.pdf}} Lloyd and the game's fourth party member, Teddy, lack inherent psychic powers, unlike Ninten and Ana. The player can press a button to have Ninten "check" or "talk" with nearby people, animals, and objects. The game shares similarities with its sequel, EarthBound: there is a game save option through using a phone to call Ninten's father, an option to store items with one of Ninten's twin sisters at home, and an automated teller machine for banking money (ATM). The members of Ninten's party are all visible on the overworld screen at once, and are analogous to EarthBound{{'s}} party members in style and function. Differing from the Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest series, Mother{{'s}} world map does not keep locations separate, instead connecting all areas in one game world.{{cite web |title=Mother |url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/mother/ |website=Hardcore Gaming 101 |date=January 8, 2011 |access-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303133544/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/mother/ |url-status=live }} The landscape's structures are portrayed with an oblique projection, requested by Itoi at a programmer's suggestion.{{cite journal | title = | journal = ファミコン必勝本 | publisher = Takarajimasha| date = May 19, 1989 | pages = | language = ja}}

Like the Dragon Quest series, Mother uses a random encounter combat system. The player explores the overworld from a top-down perspective and occasionally enters a first-person perspective battle sequence where the player chooses attack options from a series of menus. On their turn, the player selects between options to fight, guard, check enemy attributes, run away, use items, or use offensive, defensive, or healing psychic powers. The player can also set the battle on autopilot with the "auto" option. Upon being assigned a command, the party members attack in an order determined by a random number generator and the character's speed status. Critical hits register with the series' signature "SMAAAASH!!" text and sound. If the enemy or character's HP reaches 0, the battle is won and the opponent becomes unconscious; if a character or separate enemy becomes unconscious, it can only be reversed by using PSI on that character or enemy. If every character becomes unconscious, the game transitions to a blank screen, where it asks the player if they want to continue; an affirmative response brings Ninten, conscious, back to the last save point, with half the money on his person at the time of his defeat. Upon winning the battle, the player may receive experience points, new psychic powers, and other points to improve their overall status. Enough experience points will increase the character's level, which somewhat determines the increase of the character's physical and psychic points. There is also a chance an item can be obtained after an enemy is defeated. Once the battle is won, Ninten's father deposits money into an account, which can be withdrawn from an ATM. In towns, players can purchase weapons, items, and food from fast food restaurants and department stores. Weapons and equipment, such as pendants, medallions, and bracelets, can be equipped to increase a character's strength and defense. Items can be used for a multitude of purposes, such as healing, clearing obstacles, and unlocking doors. Towns also contain useful facilities such as hospitals, where players can be healed for a fee; in one town, it is half of whatever cash the player has on hand at that moment.

{{Redirect-distinguish|Ninten|Nintendo}}

In the early 1900s, a young married couple mysteriously vanish from their rural American town. Two years later, the husband, George, inexplicably returns and begins an odd study in complete seclusion. His wife, Maria, is never heard from again. In 1988,{{efn|Changed to an ambiguous point in the 1980s in later releases.}} the home of a young boy named Ninten{{efn|Ninten originally went unnamed, being referenced to with standard pronouns such as "Boku" (ぼく), the Japanese form of "Me", but was officially designated as Ninten later on.{{cite video game|title=Super Smash Bros. Brawl|developer=Sora Ltd., Game Arts|publisher=Nintendo|date=January 31, 2008|platform=Wii|version= | level= |language= |isolang= |quote= }}{{cite web|last=Mandelin|first=Clyde|title=Ninten isn't Exactly Ninten|website=EarthBound Central|url=https://earthboundcentral.com/2011/03/ninten-isnt-exactly-ninten/|date=March 16, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=June 30, 2024|archive-date=April 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416234710/https://earthboundcentral.com/2011/03/ninten-isnt-exactly-ninten/}}}} is attacked by a poltergeist. After Ninten fends it off, his father tells him that his great grandfather studied psychic powers, and asks him to investigate crises occurring across America. Starting off by resolving some in his hometown of Podunk,{{efn|Podunk in later translations.}} Ninten warps to the land of Magicant, where its monarch, Queen Mary, asks Ninten to collect the eight melodies of a song that appears in her dreams to play them for her. Ninten returns to Earth and befriends Lloyd,{{efn|Also called Roid or Loid in other translations.}} a child prodigy who is bullied at Twinkle Elementary School.{{efn|Twinkle Elementary School in later versions.}} The two travel to the town of Snowman to deliver a lost hat to Ana,{{efn|Alternately Anna.}} a young girl with psychic powers. Ana tells Ninten she saw him in a vision, and joins the party in hopes of finding her missing mother.

File:Mother overworld screenshot.pngFinding the parts of Queen Mary's song, Ninten is harassed at a live house in the town of Ellay by a gang leader named Teddy. Surrendering after a fistfight, Teddy joins Ninten's party to avenge the death of his parents, who were killed by wild animals on Mt. Itoi; Teddy forces Lloyd to stay behind. In a cabin at the mountain's base, Ana pulls Ninten aside and asks him to stay with her forever. The two dance and profess their mutual love for each other. A giant robot{{efn|An upgraded version of a robot the group faced earlier in the game.}} then attacks the group, with Lloyd arriving in a tank to destroy the robot; the robot is defeated, but it's already too late; Ninten and Ana are burnt, and Teddy is critically wounded; allowing Lloyd to rejoin the party. They take a boat out on a nearby lake, and a whirlpool pulls them into an underwater laboratory. In it, they find a robot named EVE, who claims to have been built by George to protect Ninten. When the laboratory floods and they are sucked back out into the lake, they leave for the mountain's peak. After an even stronger robot shows up and attacks them, EVE self-destructs to destroy it, leaving behind the 7th melody of Queen Mary's song. When the party makes it to the top of the mountain, they are greeted to George's tombstone, his soul providing the 8th melody. The party is then warped to Magicant, where Ninten plays the complete song to Queen Mary on an ocarina. Upon recalling the song, she tells Ninten the story of an alien named Giygas{{efn|Called Giegue in-game due to the official release being an English prototype with no updates to the script being made.}} that she had raised and had loved as her own child. Revealing that she is George's wife, Maria, Queen Mary vanishes; Magicant, actually a mirage created by her consciousness, vanishes with her.{{efn|In later translations, Ninten first visits a grave at the top of Holy Loly Mountain, where George's spirit conjures a black crystal and speaks to Ninten through it, teaching him the final melody.}}

The party is warped back to Mt. Itoi. The large rocks that had blocked the entrance to the mountain's peak are now cleared by Maria's consciousness. There, the party encounters the mother ship that the fully-grown Giygas is on. The alien expresses his gratitude to Ninten's family for Maria having raising him, but explains that George had stolen information about his species' PSI abilities that could have been used to betray them, proceeding to accuse Ninten of interfering with their plans. Giygas offers to save Ninten alone if he boards the mother ship. The party then begins to sing Maria's lullaby while Giygas tries to quiet them through his attacks. They persist and finish the song, causing Giygas to be emotionally overwhelmed at the memory of Maria's motherly love. Giygas swears they will meet again and flies off in the mother ship; an epilogue showing what happened to all of the characters post-journey and a follow-up credits sequence. The player's name also appears in these credits, thanking them for playing. In the Japanese version, the party simply faces the screen as the credits roll behind them.{{efn|Later releases feature an extended ending, where human prisoners found earlier on Holy Loly Mountain are set free, including Ana's mother; Teddy recovers from his injuries and becomes a singer; Lloyd is treated like a hero among his classmates; and Ana is shown receiving a letter from Ninten. Ninten goes to bed as the cast of characters appear at the bottom of the screen before the credits. Afterward, Ninten's father tries to call his son to tell him of a new crisis occurring.}} The epilogue shown in the American version of the game was intended to be in the Japanese version as well but was not included due to time constraints. It would later be reimplemented in MOTHER 1+2.

{{Multiple image

| direction = horizontal

| total_width = 250

| image1 = Shigeru Miyamoto 2015 (cropped).jpg | width1 = 409 | height1 = 499

| image2 = Shigesato-Itoi-Meguro-September20-2015.jpg | width2 = 724 | height2 = 725

| footer = Producer Shigeru Miyamoto approved the Mother project based on his confidence in Itoi.

}}

Mother was developed by Ape and published by Nintendo. In 1987, copywriter Shigesato Itoi became interested in role-playing games after a colleague of his introduced him to the Dragon Quest series. While playing Dragon Quest II on his Famicom, Itoi conceived of a role-playing game set in contemporary times, as he did not have much knowledge of medieval times (which the Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest series were based on) and found the former setting to be more interesting. Having no prior experience in the gaming industry, Itoi hoped a company would produce his idea for him; after he publicly defended video games on a late-night talk show, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi became interested in his work and ordered project manager Yoshio Sakamoto to invite Itoi to work on advertising for Nakayama Miho no Tokimeki High School for the Famicom Disk System.{{cite web|url=https://www.1101.com/nintendo/miitomo2016/2016-06-30.html|website=1101.com|title=Miitomoのポテンシャル！坂本賀勇×糸井重里|trans-title=The Potential of Miitomo! Kayo Sakamoto & Shigesato Itoi|date=June 30, 2016|access-date=January 4, 2025|archive-date=July 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716114205/https://www.1101.com/nintendo/miitomo2016/2016-06-30.html|url-status=live}}[https://yomuka.wordpress.com/2016/06/30/shigesato-itoi-reveals-mothers-original-title-while-reminiscing-with-miitomos-producer/ Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519061837/https://yomuka.wordpress.com/2016/06/30/shigesato-itoi-reveals-mothers-original-title-while-reminiscing-with-miitomos-producer/ |date=May 19, 2023 }}.

While there, Itoi set up a meeting and pitched his idea, then titled "ESP1", to the company's Shigeru Miyamoto. He thought the setting would be unique for its incongruence with role-playing genre norms, as daily life lacked the pretense for magic powers and they could not simply give the child characters firearms as weapons. Itoi's project proposal suggested how the natural limitations could be circumvented. While Miyamoto liked Itoi's ideas, he reacted to the proposal with indifference, as opposed to the praise Itoi was expecting.{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/01/random-miyamoto-made-shigesato-itoi-cry-after-mother-pitch|title=Random: Miyamoto Made Shigesato Itoi Cry After 'Mother' Pitch|website=Nintendo Life|first=Ollie|last=Reynolds|date=January 8, 2024|access-date=January 4, 2025|archive-date=January 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127123644/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/01/random-miyamoto-made-shigesato-itoi-cry-after-mother-pitch|url-status=live}} He was not sure whether Itoi "could pull it off", and explained that video game concepts needed people who signed on to "make" the product, rather than in the advertising industry where concept proposals preceded the staffing process. Miyamoto stressed the amount of personal work the project would require, and asked Itoi if he could start over and "make it simpler". Itoi was overcome with "powerlessness", though he kept his composure; he would later cry from helplessness on his bullet train ride home. Itoi pondered how to make his game something that would impress people;{{Cite interview |last=Miyamoto |first=Shigeru |last2=Itoi |first2=Shigesato |date=December 1997 |title=BIG2の友椅対談! |trans-title=A Friendly Discussion Between the "Big 2" |magazine=The 64Dream |page=91 |publisher=Mainichi Communications |issue=15 |subject-link1=Shigeru Miyamoto |subject-link2=Shigesato Itoi|lang=ja}} afterwards, he would receive a phone call from Miyamoto, stating that he had found a development team for the project.

Miyamoto was also hesitant to work with Itoi at a time when companies were pushing major celebrity product endorsements, as Itoi's involvement would be for such a game. When the two met next, Miyamoto brought the documentation from a text adventure game and told Itoi that he would have to write similar documentation himself. Miyamoto said that he knew from his own experience that the game would only be as good as the effort Itoi invested, and that he knew Itoi could not invest the appropriate time with his full-time job. Itoi restated his interest and reduced his workload, so Miyamoto assembled a development team. Upon assessing for compatibility, they began production in Ichikawa, Chiba, a month after the game was green-lit by Nintendo. Itoi had said earlier that he wanted his work environment to feel like an extracurricular club consisting of volunteers and working out of an apartment, which Miyamoto tried to accommodate. Itoi wrote the game's script and commuted from Tokyo, a process he found "exhausting", but at the same time wanted "more and more". Even with asking Itoi to prioritize the development process, Miyamoto received criticism of acquiescing to a celebrity and of hiring a copywriter not up for the task. Miyamoto said that his decision to pursue the project was based on his confidence in Itoi. The game's development team was skeptical of Itoi, as they assumed he would have little participation and that the game would be a vanity project similar to other celebrity-endorsed games; Itoi surprised them by deeply involving himself with the game and forged an intimate relationship with them.{{cite web|url=https://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/english/180109|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226011955/https://news.denfaminicogamer.jp/english/180109|title=Keiichi Tanaka explores the history behind Nintendo's now-legendary "MOTHER"—a tapestry woven from the words of Shigesato Itoi and the ingenuity of Satoru Iwata.|date=January 9, 2018|access-date=January 4, 2025|archive-date=February 26, 2018|url-status=live|website=電ファミニコゲーマー|first=Keiichi|last=Tanaka}}

Itoi's basis for the project was to create a game he would want to play himself, and imagined what he would do if he made a game. Itoi drew upon various works for inspiration, some of them by Steven Spielberg, as he wanted to create a game as if it were made by Spielberg. Poltergeist inspired the game's opening sequence, and the concept of contacting extraterrestrials with music and the importance of Devils Tower in Close Encounters of the Third Kind influenced the game's final act. Itoi felt the game needed an element of mystery, so the world of Magicant was established to make the game a modern-day fantasy; Itoi later noted the similarities of Magicant with concepts in The Talisman, though he stated it was unintentional.{{cite web|url=https://www.timeextension.com/news/2023/02/shigesato-itoi-talks-about-stephen-kings-influence-on-mother|title= Shigesato Itoi Talks About Stephen King's Influence On 'Mother'|first=Jack|last=Yarwood|date=February 27, 2023|access-date=January 3, 2025|website=Time Extension|archive-date=March 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041710/https://www.timeextension.com/news/2023/02/shigesato-itoi-talks-about-stephen-kings-influence-on-mother|url-status=live}} The game's title, Mother, was settled upon late in development by Itoi and was drawn from various influences, including the word "mothership"@johntv – [https://twitter.com/johntv/status/1132552371790213121/photo/1 "I always assumed 'MOTHER' (Japanese title for the Earthbound series) came from 'Mother Earth', but according to Shigesato Itoi in a 1989 interview with Famitsu, the primary influence was the word 'mothership'".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425013817/https://twitter.com/johntv/status/1132552371790213121/photo/1 |date=April 25, 2022 }} – via Twitter and the song of the same name by John Lennon, which moved him to tears and inspired him to create a game to move its players in the same manner.{{Citation |title=M1+2 Event (subtitled) | date=7 June 2007 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKpaKlatg5M |access-date=2023-08-25 |language=en}} It was also inspired by his own life, in which his mother was absent in his childhood due to his parents' divorce; he had forbidden himself from thinking of her, and "finally found the opportunity to shout that word I had forbade myself from saying: 'mother.'"{{cite web|url=https://www.thegamer.com/why-is-mother-called-that-shigesato-itoi-answers/|title=Mother Director Finally Reveals Where The Name Came From|first=Rhiannon|last=Bevan|date=February 23, 2024|access-date=January 4, 2025|archive-date=February 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229054648/https://www.thegamer.com/why-is-mother-called-that-shigesato-itoi-answers/|website=TheGamer|url-status=live}} Mother{{'}}s logo design was inspired by 2001: A Space Odyssey and the Elvis Costello record Blood & Chocolate;{{cite web|url = https://www.1101.com/n/s/mother_project/takata_masaharu/2022-07-30.html|title = Hobonichi Interview with Masaharu Takada|date = 25 July 2024|access-date = 24 July 2024|archive-date = December 11, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231211103659/https://www.1101.com/n/s/mother_project/takata_masaharu/2022-07-30.html|url-status = live}} the design of the planet representing the letter O was drawn to appear as an unrecognizable version of the familiar planet Earth.

Development for Mother took two full years, with the initial concept of the game remaining unchanged from Itoi's initial pitch. The company Ape assisted with the game's latter stages of development. Ape was founded in response to concerns from Yamauchi about the state of the gaming industry as a whole; he believed it would stagnate in its direction unless new talent was brought in to rejuvenate it. He approached Itoi with the idea of a company meant to foster such talent, and Ape was founded in March 1989, with Itoi serving as its director. The name and logo of the company were inspired by 2001: A Space Odyssey. Mother was released in Japan on July 27, 1989, for the Famicom (known as the Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan).

{{main|Music of the Mother series#Mother/EarthBound Beginnings}}

The game's soundtrack was composed by Keiichi Suzuki and Hirokazu Tanaka. Tanaka was a video game composer working for Nintendo who had previously composed for games such as Super Mario Land and Metroid, while Suzuki was a composer and musician for bands of many different genres.{{cite web|url=http://www.keiichisuzuki.com/profile/ |title=Keiichi Suzuki – Profile|last=Suzuki|first=Keichi|publisher=keiichisuzuki.com|access-date=October 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113190820/http://keiichisuzuki.com/profile/ |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |url-status=live}} Tanaka joined Mother{{'}}s team under orders from his superiors{{cite web|url=http://earthboundcentral.com/2009/03/quick-history-of-the-mother-series/|first=Clyde|last=Mandelin|title=Quick History of the MOTHER Series|date=March 11, 2009|access-date=December 17, 2024|archive-date=March 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312055242/http://earthboundcentral.com/2009/03/quick-history-of-the-mother-series/|url-status=dead|website=EarthBound Central}} and originally did not understand what Shigesato Itoi wanted from his score; over the course of the project, he came to comprehend Itoi's vision, and a relationship of trust was built between them.{{cite journal | title = Interview with Shigesato Itoi | journal = Weekly Famitsu | publisher = Enterbrain, Inc. | date = March 31, 1989 | pages = 165 | language = ja}} Suzuki was personally hired by Itoi, as he had confidence in him from other projects they had worked on together beforehand; Suzuki had enjoyed playing games on the Famicom beforehand, but had never thought of composing a title himself. While Tanaka programmed Mother{{'}}s music and sound effects, Suzuki wrote the game's soundtrack;{{cite web|url=https://mother4ever.net/musicart-mother/|title=Musicians & Artists of MOTHER|first= |last=|archive-date=March 12, 2024|date=February 2, 2020|access-date=December 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312163701/https://mother4ever.net/musicart-mother/|url-status=dead|website=Mother Forever}} Itoi asked Suzuki to base his compositions off pop music and to write the game's songs with real lyrics, something rare in Famicom games at that time.{{cite web|url=https://shmuplations.com/ksuzuki/|title=Keiichi Suzuki - 1997 Composer Interview|first=|last=|date=|access-date=December 17, 2024|archive-date=April 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420104616/https://shmuplations.com/ksuzuki/|website=Shmuplations|url-status=live}} Suzuki considered the game's American atmosphere to be easy to write for, and found it fun to circumvent the Famicom's audio restrictions to produce sounds that had not been attempted before.

Suzuki and Tanaka primarily composed Mother{{'}}s soundtrack in Suzuki's house, which Tanaka would come to from Nintendo's headquarters in Kyoto; Suzuki would play his track on a piano, which Tanaka converted into data by hand on a computer that he brought from his hotel every day. The team's approach to writing Mother{{'}}s music was "…to establish the rules that governed the audio for this world. There were considerations in terms of how time and space were related, how characters were associated with one another, and how the concepts of good and evil were represented". Itoi was particularly excited about using music to expand and deepen the game's world. The Famicom was only able to play three notes at a time, which Suzuki and Tanaka noted greatly limited what they were able to produce, as they could not create some of the sounds they wanted.{{cite journal | title = Interview with Keiichi Suzuki | journal = Weekly Famitsu | publisher = Enterbrain, Inc. | date = October 28, 1994 | pages = 12 | language = ja}} Suzuki also worked with French musician Louis Philippe on a song titled "Flying Man", named after bird-like residents in Magicant who can serve as temporary party members, which ultimately went unused; the song would later appear in EarthBound in several forms.{{cite web|url=http://boldstate.com/2010/07/02/video-games-are-beautiful-flying-man-mother-ost/|title=Video Games are Beautiful: Flying Man (MOTHER OST)|first=Chas|last=Guidry|website=Boldstate|date=July 2, 2010|access-date=December 17, 2024|archive-date=July 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716200333/http://boldstate.com/2010/07/02/video-games-are-beautiful-flying-man-mother-ost/|url-status=dead}}

{{Listen

|filename =MotherSoundtrackEightMelodies.mp3

|title = "Eight Melodies"

|description = A 32-second sample of the track, highlighting the album's vocal style and tone.

}}

An eleven-track album of songs based on the game's soundtrack was recorded in Tokyo, London, and Bath and released by CBS/Sony Records on CD and cassette on August 21, 1989. The album was produced at Crescent Studios in England by Tanaka, Suzuki, and Itoi while Mother was still being programmed; Suzuki and Tanaka worked with Philippe, Japanese violinist Takeshi "Neko" Saito and English composers David Bedford and Michael Nyman during the making of the album. Several artists recorded vocal renditions of many of the game's songs, including London singer Catherine Warwick, Jeb Million from the band Blazer Blazer, and child tenors Jeremy Holland-Smith and Jeremy Budd from St. Paul's Cathedral Choir. Budd and Holland-Smith's performance of the "Eight Melodies" track would be used extensively in promotional material for the game. Additionally, "Flying Man" appears in the album. The album was written and recorded in English by Linda Hennrick under Itoi's direction with the intention of being released internationally; this would not transpire until 2015.{{cite web|last1=DelVillano|first1=Ron|title=Interview: Aaron Hamel on Bringing the Mother Original Arranged Soundtrack to the West|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/03/interview_aaron_hamel_on_bringing_the_mother_original_arranged_soundtrack_to_the_west|publisher=Nintendo Life|date=2015-03-28|accessdate=2024-02-07|archive-date=2024-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207013835/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/03/interview_aaron_hamel_on_bringing_the_mother_original_arranged_soundtrack_to_the_west|url-status=live}} The album was likened by RPGFan reviewer Patrick Gann to compositions by the Beatles and for children's television shows. He found the lyrics "cheesy and trite" but appreciated the "simple statements" in "Eight Melodies" and the "quirky and wonderful" "Magicant". Only the last song on the album is in chiptune. Gann ultimately recommended the 2003 remastered release over this version. The game's soundtrack contains several tracks later used in subsequent series games.

{{multiple image

| footer = Screenshots from Mother (left) and Earth Bound (right). The cross present in the church is absent in the localization, with the church now being referred to as a château.

| align = right

| image1 = Mother church screenshot.png

| width1 = 200

| image2 = Earth Bound château screenshot.png

| width2 = 200

}}

An English localization began for Mother in 1990 and was completed in September of that year.{{cite web|url=http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/200407-earthbound2.shtml|title=Spotlight: EarthBound|first=Jonathan|last=Wirth|website=lostlevels.org|access-date=June 17, 2024|archive-date=January 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103183740/http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/200407-earthbound2.shtml|url-status=live}} The localization was headed by Phil Sandhop, who had previously worked on the English version of Final Fantasy. In accordance with Nintendo of America's content policies, all religious iconography, blood, breast nipples, cigarettes,{{efn|As stipulated by a Californian law regarding content policies in video games at the time.{{cite web|url=http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/earth-02.shtml|title=Spotlight: EarthBound|first=Jonathan|last=Wirth|website=lostlevels.org|access-date=June 17, 2024|archive-date=January 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103183833/http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/earth-02.shtml|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/how-documentaries-are-helping-preserve-gaming-culture-were-at-risk-of-losing|title=How Documentaries Are Helping Preserve Gaming Culture We're at Risk of Losing|first=Mathew|last=Olsen|date=May 15, 2020|access-date=January 12, 2025|archive-date=July 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706185008/https://www.vg247.com/how-documentaries-are-helping-preserve-gaming-culture-were-at-risk-of-losing|url-status=live|work=VG247 |publisher=Gamer Network}}}} and references to violence and alcohol were removed. Additionally, NPCs similar to Peanuts characters were altered to avoid potential legal prosecution.{{cite web|url=http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/earth-03.shtml|title=Spotlight: EarthBound|first=Jonathan|last=Wirth|website=lostlevels.org|access-date=June 17, 2024|archive-date=January 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103183836/http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/earth-03.shtml|url-status=live}} Several features and enhancements were added to the original, including a run button, several in-game options, and an expanded ending.{{cite web|url=http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/earth-01.shtml|title=Spotlight: EarthBound|first=Jonathan|last=Wirth|website=lostlevels.org|access-date=June 17, 2024|archive-date=January 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103183906/http://www.lostlevels.org/200407/earth-01.shtml|url-status=live}} Holiday-based town names were renamed to appeal more to mature audiences, while some maps and graphics were redesigned for difficulty or aesthetic purposes. These changes were implemented by Sandhop, who rewrote the game's script himself, and it was then sent to Nintendo Co., Ltd., where it was approved by Shigesato Itoi, Shigeru Miyamoto, and Mother{{'}}s development team before being programmed and sent back to Nintendo of America for further testing.{{cite web|url=https://mother4ever.net/development-ebb/|title=EarthBound Beginnings Development|website=Mother Forever|first= |last= |date=February 2, 2020|access-date=July 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316170629/https://mother4ever.net/development-ebb/|archive-date=March 16, 2024|url-status=dead}} Phil Sandhop also coined Mother{{'}}s English title as Earth Bound for the game to appeal to American audiences;{{cite web|url=https://gamerant.com/mother-to-earth-earthbound-details-in-documentary/|title=Mother To Earth: 6 Things We Learned About EarthBound From The Documentary|first=Tristan|last=Jurkovich|website=gamerant.com|date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=June 18, 2024|archive-date=August 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816030253/https://gamerant.com/mother-to-earth-earthbound-details-in-documentary/|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Trademark Status & Document Retrieval (TSDR) |url=https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=74089113&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |website=tsdr.uspto.gov |access-date=June 18, 2024 |archive-date=June 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617230055/https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=74089113&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |url-status=live}} Nintendo of America trademarked a separate title, Space Bound, as a potential title for the game's sequel.{{cite web |title=Trademark Status & Document Retrieval (TSDR) |url=https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=74088664&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |website=tsdr.uspto.gov |access-date=June 17, 2024 |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616230205/https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=74088664&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |url-status=live}}

Plans finalized for Earth Bound included an English release of the Mother album soundtrack, along with an 80-page instruction manual styled after a diary belonging to George, which would end on a ripped page after taking the player halfway through the game. Earth Bound was advertised and scheduled for a fall 1991 release, but was delayed and subsequently shelved.{{cite magazine|title=Nintendo Has Fun in 1991: Earth Bound|magazine=Nintendo Power|volume=18|page=89|date=December 1990}} Earth Bound{{'}}s cancellation has since been attributed to Nintendo of America's marketing division deeming the game unprofitable, due to the lack of market interest in the RPG genre, the cost of Earth Bound{{'}}s added cartridge size and supplementary materials making it difficult to promote and manufacture, and the game's planned release being late into the NES's life cycle in light of the impending US release of the Super NES.{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/52563/earthbotched-a-history-of-nintendo |access-date=June 17, 2024 |title=EarthBotched: A History of Nintendo vs. Starmen |last1=Linde |first1=Aaron |date=May 6, 2008 |work=Shacknews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305031940/http://www.shacknews.com/article/52563/earthbotched-a-history-of-nintendo |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/the-man-who-wrote-earthbound-1188669175 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |title=The Man Who Wrote Earthbound |last1=Schreier |first1=Jason |date=March 24, 2016 |work=Kotaku |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416224353/https://kotaku.com/the-man-who-wrote-earthbound-1188669175 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |url-status=live}} In 1994, efforts were renewed to release Earth Bound in the United States and in Canada, but were shuttered due to the endeavor's perceived costs. According to Phil Sandhop in an interview with LostLevels.org, "the Mother project and localizing it really opened up a few eyes at Nintendo. They began working closer with Nintendo of America and the other subsidiaries to produce artwork for games that would be appropriately received anywhere in the world and not need localization". The name Earth Bound would later be carried over as the English title of Mother 2, EarthBound, with minor changes.

File:Earth Bound prototype cartridge.gif in 1994 to be evaluated for a Canadian release. It is notable for being the first game made by Nintendo to be made publicly available through dumping.]]

In 1998, a completed prototype cartridge of Earth Bound was found by a fan translation group named Neo Demiforce (or just Demiforce), who had been working on a preliminary English translation of Mother before the prototype was discovered.{{cite web|url=https://starmen.net/vote/vote.php?id=14768|title=Origin of EarthBound Zero: The Interview|first= |last= |website=starmen.net|access-date=July 6, 2024|archive-date=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105020124/https://starmen.net/vote/vote.php?id=14768|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://lostlevels.org/200407/200407-earthbound.shtml|title=Spotlight: EarthBound|first=Jonathan|last=Wirth|website=lostlevels.org|access-date=July 6, 2024|archive-date=January 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103183643/http://lostlevels.org/200407/200407-earthbound.shtml|url-status=live}} It had been sold earlier that year for $125 to an unknown buyer named "Kenny Brooks" by a game collector named Greg Mariotti, who had discovered the prototype several years earlier at a game retailer.{{cite web|url=https://starmen.net/vote/vote.php?id=14357|title=The Legacy Behind The Game

|first= |last= |website=starmen.net|access-date=July 6, 2024|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118022923/https://starmen.net/vote/vote.php?id=14357|url-status=live}} Interested in acquiring the cartridge to publicly dump its ROM for preservation purposes, Steve Demeter, the head of Demiforce, "bullied" Mariotti to disclose Brooks' email address; Mariotti ultimately severed ties with Demiforce. A Mother fan named "EBounding" in contact with Brooks soon gave the information to Demiforce, desiring to play the game himself.{{cite web|url=https://earthboundcentral.com/2009/09/earthbound-zero-prototype-info/|title=EarthBound Zero Prototype Info

|first=Clyde |last=Mandelin |website=EarthBound Central |date=September 7, 2009 |access-date=July 6, 2024|archive-date=March 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328224959/https://earthboundcentral.com/2009/09/earthbound-zero-prototype-info/|url-status=dead}} Demiforce then entered into negotiations with Brooks, and as part of them, the EarthBound fan community would donate $400 for Demiforce to temporarily obtain the cartridge from Brooks in order to dump its ROM. To distinguish the prototype from EarthBound, Mother{{'}}s translated sequel, the prototype's title screen was altered to display the name "EarthBound Zero", a tribute by Demeter to Street Fighter Alpha (Street Fighter Zero in Japan).

On April 27, 1998, EarthBound Zero was released to the public, along with an original back-up of Earth Bound{{'}}s code. In order for Earth Bound to work on one of the most proficient NES emulators at the time, NESticle, a single byte of code in the ROM was modified; however, this led to a checksum being triggered at various points in the game, which would indefinitely lock the game on an anti-piracy screen. Another byte was modified to disable the screens entirely, and it was publicly distributed once again. Skepticism about the cartridge's authenticity soon arose from dubious members of the EarthBound fan community, initially positing alternative theories as to how the cartridge surfaced; they later came to regard the prototype as real, mainly due to Phil Sandhop confirming the cartridge's likely authenticity and the changes in Earth Bound being present in Mother 1+2. The prototype was later sold by Brooks for $1000 to a collector named Andrew DeRouin, who gave it to a friend that kept it for fourteen years; DeRouin would reacquire the cartridge from the friend for free. The cartridge, dubbed the "TK-69" prototype, was dumped once again in 2020, as Demiforce's original back-up had gone missing since its initial release.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/earthboundtk69|title=earthboundtk69 |first=Stephen |last=Gangrich |via=archive.org |access-date=July 6, 2024 |date=July 25, 2023}} Since the discovery of the "TK-69" cartridge, multiple prototype cartridges have surfaced outside of Nintendo, with one confirmed prototype residing within the headquarters of Nintendo of America.{{cite web|url=https://mother4ever.net/prototypes-ebb/|title=EarthBound Beginnings Prototypes |first=Kody |last=NOKOLO |website=Mother Forever |date=April 25, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2024|archive-date=March 30, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330234706/https://mother4ever.net/prototypes-ebb/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://gamehistory.org/ep-21-mother-to-earth-documentary-with-bones/|title=EP. 21: MOTHER TO EARTH DOCUMENTARY WITH BONES |first=Robin |last=Kunimune |website=Video Game History Foundation |date=March 3, 2021 |access-date=July 17, 2024|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528041746/https://gamehistory.org/ep-21-mother-to-earth-documentary-with-bones/|url-status=live}}

Mother was the sixth best-selling game of 1989 in Japan,{{cite magazine |title=グーム売上ベスト10 |trans-title=Best 10 Game Sales |magazine=Family Computer Magazine |date=February 23, 1990 |page=133 |url=https://archive.org/details/famimaga-1990-feb-23/page/133 |lang=ja}} where it sold about 400,000 copies.{{cite book |last1=Baumann |first1=Ken |title=EarthBound: Boss Fight Books #1 |date=2014 |publisher=Boss Fight Books |isbn=978-1-940535-00-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvuEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19}}{{cite book |last1=Consalvo |first1=Mia |title=Atari to Zelda: Japan's Videogames in Global Contexts |date=April 8, 2016 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-03439-5 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH3TCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}} For Mother{{'}}s release, it was backed by an advertising campaign highlighting Itoi's involvement as a celebrity, including a promotional video where he urged potential players to not rush through the game.{{Citation |title=MOTHER Preview / Itoi Presentation | date=7 June 2007 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEqWf9CQjWI |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en}} It also revolved around a live-action television commercial, where child actors portraying Ninten, Ana, and Lloyd destroy a giant robot with psychic attacks before setting off for Mt. Itoi. Additionally, the advertisement featured two taglines: "No crying until the end" and "Guaranteed masterpiece",{{Citation |title=MOTHER Commercial (subtitled) | date=7 June 2007 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQUN7QAnMp0 |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en}} which were invented by copywriter Hiroshi Ichikura. Merchandise based on the game and its commercial was produced, along with the Mother Encyclopedia, a guidebook which contained expanded information about the game's world and characters. In addition, multiple guidebooks for Mother were released by different companies, as well as a novelization for the game penned by Saori Kumi.{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/03/you-can-now-read-the-official-mother-novels-in-english|title=You Can Now Read The Official Mother Novels In English|first=Liam|last=Doolan|website=Nintendo Life|date=March 7, 2022|access-date=January 7, 2025|archive-date=June 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611130857/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/03/you-can-now-read-the-official-mother-novels-in-english|url-status=live}} The game itself was packaged with a fold-out manual that included paper clay models of the game's characters and enemies, as well as a full-color map of the game's overworld, inspired by flyers from the Dragon Quest series.{{cite web|url=https://earthboundcentral.com/2009/02/1989-mother-1-flier/|website=EarthBound Central|first=Clyde|last=Mandelin|title=1989 MOTHER 1 Flier|date=February 19, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=January 8, 2025|archive-date=November 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116180701/https://earthboundcentral.com/2009/02/1989-mother-1-flier/}}

{{Video game reviews

| title =

| Fam = 31/40

| IGN = 6.5/10{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/07/24/earthbound-beginnings-review |title=EarthBound Beginnings Review |website=IGN |last=Petty |first=Jared |date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818174244/https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/07/24/earthbound-beginnings-review |url-status=live }}

| GI = 9/10{{cite magazine |url=https://mother4ever.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ebz2.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519164522/https://mother4ever.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ebz2.jpg |url-status=live |archive-date=2024-05-19 |title= Classic Reviews: EarthBound Zero|magazine=Game Informer }}

| NLife = {{rating|8|10}}{{Cite web|last=Latshaw|first=Tim|date=2022-02-13|title=EarthBound Beginnings Review|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nes/earthbound-beginnings|access-date=2024-06-30|website=Nintendo Life|language=en-GB|archive-date=2024-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528200208/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nes/earthbound-beginnings|url-status=live}}

| NWR = 7.5/10{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/40645/earthbound-beginnings-wii-u-review |title= EarthBound Beginnings (Wii U) Review |publisher=Nintendo World Report |access-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-date= 2015-10-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151006060259/https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/40645/earthbound-beginnings-wii-u-review |url-status= live}}

| RPGFan = 75/100{{Cite web|last=Hagues|first=Alana|date=2022-02-13|title=EarthBound Beginnings |url=https://www.rpgfan.com/review/earthbound-beginnings/|access-date=2024-06-30|website= RPGFan|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020154530/https://www.rpgfan.com/review/earthbound-beginnings/|url-status=live}}

}}

Mother received a "Silver Hall of Fame" score of 31/40 from Japanese magazine Famitsu.

Reviewers noted the game's similarities with the Dragon Quest series and its simultaneous "parody" of the genre's tropes. They thought the game's sequel, EarthBound, to be very similar and a better implementation of Mother{{'s}} gameplay ideas. Critics also disliked the game's high difficulty level and balance issues.

Jeremy Parish of USgamer described the game as a mild-mannered parody ("between satire and pastiche") of the role-playing game genre, specifically the Dragon Quest series. He noted that Mother, like many Japanese role-playing games, emulated the Dragon Quest style: the windowed interface, first-person perspective in combat, and graphics, but differed in its contemporary setting and non-fantasy story. Parish commented that Atlus's 1987 Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei was similarly set in the modern day, though it devolved into science fiction and fantasy in ways Mother did not. He added that the game has "a sense of wonder and magic realism ... in the context of childhood imagination", as Ninten can feel more like someone "pretending" to be a Dragon Quest-style hero than a hero in his own right.{{efn|Parish added that later games such as Costume Quest and South Park: The Stick of Truth picked up on this theme.|name=|group=}} Parish said this makes the player wonder which game events are real and which are Ninten's imagination. Parish cited Itoi's interest in entering the games industry to make a "satirical" role-playing game as proof of the genre's swift five-year rise to widespread popularity in Japan.

Cassandra Ramos of RPGamer praised the game's graphics and music, and considered it among the console's best, with "rich, ... nicely detailed" visuals, Peanuts-style characters, and "simple but effective" audio. In contrast, she found the battle sequences aesthetically "pretty bland" and, otherwise, the game's "least interesting" aspect. Overall, she found Mother "surprisingly complex ... for its time", and considered its story superior to (but less "wacky" than) its sequel. She especially recommended the game for EarthBound fans.

Parish credited Itoi for the game's vision and compared his ability and literary interests with American author Garrison Keillor. Parish felt that Itoi's pedigree as a writer and copywriter was well suited for the space-limited, 8-bit role-playing game medium, which privileged Mother ahead of other games written by non-writers. USgamer{{'s}} Parish noted how the game's non-player characters would "contemplate the profound and trivial" instead of reciting the active plot. He added that the game's lack of an official North American release has bolstered the reputation and revere of its immediate sequel.

While Parish said Mother{{'s}} script was "as sharp as EarthBound{{'s}}", he felt that the original's game mechanics did not meet the same level of quality. Mother lacked the "rolling HP counter" and non-random encounters for which later entries in the series were known. Parish also found the game's balance to be uneven, as the statistical character attributes and level of difficulty scaled incorrectly with the game's progression. Rose Colored Gaming, a company that made custom reproductions of the NES cartridge, noted that the Japanese release's was more challenging than the unreleased English localization. RPGamer{{'s}} Ramos similarly found balance issues, with a high number of battles, difficult enemies, reliance on grinding, and some oversized levels. Parish wrote earlier for 1UP.com that in comparison to EarthBound, Mother is "worse in just about every way", a clone where its sequel was "a satirical deconstruction of RPGs". He wrote that the game's historical significance is not for its actual game but for the interest it generated in video game emulation and the preservation of unreleased games.

Starmen.net hosted a Mother 25th Anniversary Fanfest in 2014 with a livestream of the game and plans for a remixed soundtrack. Later that year, fans released a 25th Anniversary Edition ROM hack that updated the game's graphics, script, and gameplay balance.

A fan-made documentary titled Mother to Earth, developed by film group 54&O Productions, was funded by Kickstarter in 2016 and was released on October 19, 2019. The documentary originated as a single interview with Mother{{'}}s localization producer, Phil Sandhop, as part of a scrapped retrospective project; director Joshua Bone-Christian approached producer Christian Deitering about producing a documentary off the interview, as Sandhop was answering numerous questions asked by the EarthBound fanbase at the time. The documentary focuses on the road to Mother's localization and eventual release as EarthBound Beginnings in North America, and includes interviews with key people behind the process, as well as notable figures within the gaming community.{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2016/04/campaign_seeks_to_spin_the_tale_behind_earthbound_beginnings |title=Campaign Seeks to Spin the Tale Behind EarthBound Beginnings |first=Tim |last=Latshaw |website=Nintendo Life |date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=October 20, 2016 |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020172735/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2016/04/campaign_seeks_to_spin_the_tale_behind_earthbound_beginnings |url-status=live }} The team behind Mother to Earth were encouraged by other filmmakers during the documentary's production to heighten the drama in certain areas; the team resisted, as they felt that it the project's content would make it worth watching. Mother to Earth was released on Vimeo on August 31, 2020,{{cite web|website=Vimeo|url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/mothertoearth|title=Mother To Earth: The Untold Story Of Earth Bound|date=August 31, 2024|access-date=January 12, 2025|archive-date=July 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717150441/https://vimeo.com/ondemand/mothertoearth|url-status=live}} and was released theatrically on January 22, 2021.{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/03/mother-to-earth-when-an-nes-prototype-lands-on-ebay-and-inspires-a-documentary/|work=Ars Technica |publisher=Condé Nast Digital|title=Mother to Earth: When an NES prototype lands on eBay and inspires a documentary|first=Nathan|last=Mattise|date=March 14, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2025|archive-date=March 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315032941/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/03/mother-to-earth-when-an-nes-prototype-lands-on-ebay-and-inspires-a-documentary/|url-status=live}} The documentary was also released on DVD and Blu-ray;{{cite web|first=Clyde|last=Mandelin|title=Mother to Earth & Mother Forever|website=EarthBound Central|url=https://earthboundcentral.com/2020/11/mother-to-earth-mother-forever/|date=November 25, 2020|access-date=January 12, 2025|archive-date=March 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328224854/https://earthboundcentral.com/2020/11/mother-to-earth-mother-forever/|url-status=dead}} additionally, merchandise and psychical media centered around the documentary is available on the project's website.

{{see also|Mother (video game series)}}

In 1994, a sequel entitled Mother 2: Gīgu no Gyakushū was developed and released in Japan for the Super Famicom{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/top/snes-games/13 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |title=EarthBound - #13 Top 100 SNES Games |last1=George |first1=Richard |work=IGN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101020023/http://www.ign.com/top/snes-games/13 |archive-date=January 1, 2014 |url-status=dead}} and was localized and released for the Super NES in 1995 as EarthBound. EarthBound was initially met with poor critical and commercial reception in the US, but has since garnered a dedicated fan community and has been critically re-evaluated as an influential cult classic. Development for the third game in the series, Mother 3, began in 1994 for the Super Famicom before shifting to the 64DD (the Nintendo 64's magneto-optical drive-based add-on) in 1996, where it was advertised as a sequel to EarthBound (titled EarthBound 64) in North America.{{Cite web |last1=Haywald |first1=Justin |title=6 Games That Came Back From the Dead |work=GameSpot |date=October 30, 2016 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/6-games-that-came-back-from-the-dead/1100-6444941/| url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/6-games-that-came-back-from-the-dead/1100-6444941/| archive-date=2021-11-11 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}} Mother 3 struggled to find a firm release date due to difficulties with its development{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/23/mother-3-pushed-back |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=MOTHER 3 PUSHED BACK |author=IGN Staff |date=March 22, 2000 |work=IGN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626222943/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/23/mother-3-pushed-back |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |url-status=live}} and was switched to the Nintendo 64's standard cartridge format in 1998 due to the 64DD's commercial failure{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/08/23/earthbound-64-mother-3 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |title=Earthbound 64 (Mother 3) |author= |date=August 22, 2000 |work=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015913/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/08/23/earthbound-64-mother-3 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}} before being cancelled in 2000, due to further development siphoning resources from the GameCube. In 2001, development for Mother 3 was restarted for the Game Boy Advance and was officially announced in 2003;{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/original-earthbound-and-sequels-in-development-for-the-gba/1100-6025116/ |access-date=July 5, 2014 |title=Original Earthbound and sequels in development for the GBA |author=GameSpot Staff |date=April 14, 2003 |work=GameSpot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919123356/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/original-earthbound-and-sequels-in-development-for-the-gba/1100-6025116/ |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live}} a compilation cartridge titled Mother 1+2, presented only in Japanese, was released that year and retained many of the changes present in the unreleased English localization of Mother. While Mother 3 was converted to 2D graphics, its premise and scenario remained intact from its Nintendo 64 incarnation; it released to critical and commercial acclaim in Japan in 2006. It did not receive a North American release by Nintendo,{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3154276 |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=Vapor Trails: The Games that Never Were |last1=Cowan |first1=Danny |date=February 7, 2007 |work=1UP.com |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426100703/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3154276 |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}} despite much demand; in 2008, a fan translation spearheaded by Clyde Mandelin was released and was met with praise by fans and critics alike.{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/features/posthumous-cult-favorites-games-endure?pager.offset=1 |access-date=June 28, 2014 |title=Posthumous Cult Gaming |page=2 |last1=Mackey |first1=Bob |date=March 2010 |work=1UP.com |publisher=Ziff Davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043032/http://www.1up.com/features/posthumous-cult-favorites-games-endure?pager.offset=1 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}} Shigesato Itoi since stated that he had no plans to create a fourth series entry, effectively ending the franchise.{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/oh-jeez-mother-4-looks-amazing-and-its-out-next-year-1167578825 |access-date=June 28, 2014 |work=Kotaku |title=Oh Jeez, The Fan-Made Mother 4 Looks Amazing, And It's Out Next Year |last=Schreier |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Schreier|date=August 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822061058/http://kotaku.com/oh-jeez-mother-4-looks-amazing-and-its-out-next-year-1167578825 |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}

Since its release, Mother, alongside its sequels, EarthBound and Mother 3, have been consistently lobbied for official commercial re-releases by fans, critics, and journalists of the gaming industry alike. In 1999, a fan petition was hosted by Starmen.net to release Mother for the Game Boy Color, which went largely unacknowledged by Nintendo.{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/10/no-edits-junk-test/ |access-date=June 28, 2014 |work=Ars Technica |publisher=Condé Nast Digital |title=Mama's boys: the epic story of the Mother 3 fan translation |last=Caron |first=Frank |date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305014049/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/10/no-edits-junk-test/ |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=live}} An English release of Mother 1+2 was also petitioned by Starmen.net, though it did not occur, possibly as a result of the site ending their campaign too early. Despite Nintendo Power readers ranking Mother the fourth-highest most desired game for the Wii Virtual Console (with EarthBound as the most desired) in 2008,{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2008/05/rpg_titles_dominate_nintendo_powers_most_wanted_list|title=RPG Titles Dominate Nintendo Power's Most Wanted List|last=McFerran|first=Damien|website=Nintendo Life|date=May 1, 2008|access-date=July 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528175558/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2008/05/rpg_titles_dominate_nintendo_powers_most_wanted_list|archive-date=May 28, 2022|url-status=live }} a release ultimately did not materialize. Inspired by the success of EarthBound{{'}}s Virtual Console release{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/nintendos-reggie-talks-metroid-amiibo-and-of-course-1713347550|title=Nintendo's Reggie Talks Metroid, Amiibo, And (Of Course) Mother 3|first=Stephen|last=Totilo|website=Kotaku|date=June 23, 2015|access-date=July 23, 2024|archive-date=June 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623161358/https://kotaku.com/nintendos-reggie-talks-metroid-amiibo-and-of-course-1713347550|url-status=live }} and to commemorate the 20th anniversary of EarthBound{{'}}s release in the US, Nintendo would rerelease Mother on the Wii U's Virtual Console service in Japan on June 14, 2015, and internationally the same day as EarthBound Beginnings.{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/06/14/earthbound-beginnings-brings-mother-to-wii-u|title=EarthBound Beginnings Brings Mother to Wii U|website=IGN|date=June 14, 2015|access-date=January 11, 2025|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308232951/https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/06/14/earthbound-beginnings-brings-mother-to-wii-u|first=Alex|last=Osborn|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/06/the_first_mother_game_is_finally_coming_to_the_west_as_earthbound_beginnings|date=June 14, 2015|website=Nintendo Life|first=Damien|last=McFerran|title=The First Mother Game Is Finally Coming To The West As EarthBound Beginnings|archive-date=|archive-url=|access-date=January 11, 2024}}{{Citation |title=Nintendo eShop - Earthbound Beginnings: A Message from Mr. Itoi |date=Jun 14, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxjOnl_Xkjo |access-date=July 21, 2024 |language=en }} While the Japanese Virtual Console release of Mother retained many of the changes enacted from the Mother port in Mother 1+2,{{cite web|url=https://earthboundcentral.com/2015/06/japanese-wii-u-mother-has-changes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117200525/https://earthboundcentral.com/2015/06/japanese-wii-u-mother-has-changes/|website=EarthBound Central|title=Japanese Wii U MOTHER Has Changes|first=Clyde|last=Mandelin|url-status=live|date=June 17, 2015|access-date=January 12, 2025|archive-date=January 17, 2022}} the international Virtual Console release utilized the same ROM as the unreleased NES localization of Mother, Earth Bound, with no inherent modifications. Like its successor, EarthBound, EarthBound Beginnings became one of the best selling titles for the service, particularly in North America and Europe; it ranked slightly less in Japan, behind the digital version of Splatoon.{{cite web|url=https://earthboundcentral.com/2015/06/earthbound-beginnings-rules-multiple-wii-u-sales-charts/|title=EarthBound Beginnings Rules Multiple Wii U Sales Charts|last=Mandelin|first=Clyde|website=EarthBound Central|date=June 23, 2015|access-date=July 21, 2024|archive-date=December 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225093245/https://earthboundcentral.com/2015/06/earthbound-beginnings-rules-multiple-wii-u-sales-charts/|url-status=dead}} EarthBound Beginnings and EarthBound were both released for the Nintendo Classics service in North America on February 9, 2022, and internationally the following day.{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/02/earthbound-and-earthbound-beginnings-out-now-on-nintendo-switch-online|title=EarthBound And EarthBound Beginnings Out Now On Nintendo Switch Online|first=Damien|last=McFerran|website=NintendoLife|date=February 9, 2022|access-date=July 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210012210/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/02/earthbound-and-earthbound-beginnings-out-now-on-nintendo-switch-online|archive-date=February 10, 2022|url-status=live}}

The Mother series has featured several recurring elements from the first game, including Giygas, the main antagonist of Mother,{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/features/spacebound-aliens-shape-earthbound-story.html |access-date=November 16, 2014 |work=1UP.com |publisher=Ziff Davis |title=Spacebound: How Aliens Shape the EarthBound Story |last1=Oxford |first1=Nadia |last2=Oxford |first2=David |date=February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119175836/http://www.1up.com/features/spacebound-aliens-shape-earthbound-story.html |archive-date=January 19, 2015 |url-status=live}} and music tracks, such as "Snowman", "Pollyanna (I Believe in You)", and "Humoresque of a Little Dog". Elements from Mother have also been featured in the Super Smash Bros. series; remixed music from Mother appeared in the Onett and New Pork City stages in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Brawl,{{cite web|url=http://www.smashbros.com/en_us/music/music24_list.html|title=Official Site - Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001030241/http://www.smashbros.com/en_us/music/music24_list.html|archive-date=October 1, 2011}} and the Franklin Badge (an item that lets you deflect lightning attacks) appears as an item{{cite web|url=http://www.smashbros.com/en_us/items/item08.html|title=Official Site - Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001012922/http://www.smashbros.com/en_us/items/item08.html|archive-date=October 1, 2011}} and as a trophy{{cite web|url=http://www.smashbros.com:80/en_us/gamemode/various/various36_list.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129050534/http://www.smashbros.com:80/en_us/gamemode/various/various36_list.html|title=Official Site - Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2011}} in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Ninten also appears as a collectible sticker in the same game.{{cite web|url=http://www.smashbros.com/en_us/gamemode/various/various37_list.html |title=Official Site - Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101032553/http://www.smashbros.com/en_us/gamemode/various/various37_list.html |archive-date=November 1, 2012}} In the Magicant stage in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, clips from Mother play in the background.{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/super-smash-bros-3ds-the-kotaku-review-1642082933 |access-date=November 15, 2014 |work=Kotaku |publisher=Gawker Media |title=Super Smash Bros. 3DS: The Kotaku Review |last=Schreier |first=Jason |date=October 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104143513/http://kotaku.com/super-smash-bros-3ds-the-kotaku-review-1642082933 |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |url-status=live}} In addition, the company Hobonichi, founded by Mother creator Shigesato Itoi, has been producing merchandise based on the Mother series since 2020, with plushes,{{cite web|url=https://www.thegamer.com/mother-earthbound-beginnings-35th-anniversary-plushes-2025/|title=Four New Mother Plushes Have Been Revealed To Celebrate The Series Turning 35|first=Josh|last=Coulson|website=TheGamer|date=July 30, 2024|access-date=January 12, 2025|archive-date=July 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731013922/https://www.thegamer.com/mother-earthbound-beginnings-35th-anniversary-plushes-2025/|url-status=live}} badges, and other merchandise having made available based on the first Mother game.{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/08/shigesato_itois_company_reveals_new_mother_themed_merch|title=Shigesato Itoi's Company Reveals New Mother Themed Merch|first=Liam|last=Doolan|website=Nintendo Life|date=August 17, 2020|access-date=January 12, 2025|archive-date=March 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324215721/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/08/shigesato_itois_company_reveals_new_mother_themed_merch|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://mother4ever.net/hobonichi-mother-merchandise-1/|title=Hobonichi MOTHER Project Merchandise|website=Mother Forever|archive-date=March 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316171926/https://mother4ever.net/hobonichi-mother-merchandise-1/|url-status=live|date=October 30, 2020|access-date=January 12, 2025}} In 2022, Nintendo released a Mother notebook based on the Eight Melodies from the game for the My Nintendo service, along with a luggage tag based on the Phase Distorter from EarthBound;{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/12/earthbound-beginnings-notebook-finally-available-in-north-america|title=EarthBound Beginnings Notebook Finally Available In North America|first=Thomas|last=Whitehead|website=Nintendo Life|access-date=January 12, 2025|date=December 22, 2022|archive-date=December 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229173159/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/12/earthbound-beginnings-notebook-finally-available-in-north-america|url-status=live}} after the Japan-only release of Mother 3 for the Nintendo Classics service, icons for the service based on Mother were released by Nintendo on February 21, 2024, for a limited time.{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/02/nintendo-releases-new-earthbound-beginnings-switch-online-icons|date=February 21, 2024|first=Liam|last=Doolan|title=Nintendo Releases New EarthBound Beginnings Switch Online Icons|website=Nintendo Life|access-date=January 12, 2024|archive-date=February 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222044244/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2024/02/nintendo-releases-new-earthbound-beginnings-switch-online-icons|url-status=live}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|25em|refs=

{{cite web |url=http://www.1101.com/nintendo/nin13/nin13_2.htm |access-date=August 30, 2014 |title=『ＭＯＴＨＥＲ ３』の開発が中止になったことについての |trans-title=About the development of "MOTHER 3" has been canceled |last1=Itoi |first1=Shigesato |author-link=Shigesato Itoi |date=August 22, 2000 |work=1101.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018163212/http://www.1101.com/nintendo/nin13/nin13_2.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |url-status=live }} [http://yomuka.wordpress.com/2013/08/18/earthbound-64-cancellation-interview-itoi-miyamoto-iwata/ Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104213921/http://yomuka.wordpress.com/2013/08/18/earthbound-64-cancellation-interview-itoi-miyamoto-iwata/ |date=November 4, 2017 }}, [http://starmen.net/eb64/itoi/page1.htm translated introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111095008/http://starmen.net/eb64/itoi/page1.htm |date=November 11, 2017 }}.

{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8067071&publicUserId=5655917 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121006200455/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8067071&publicUserId=5655917 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 6, 2012 |access-date=October 11, 2014 |work=1UP.com |publisher=Ziff Davis |title=Hall of Fame: Earthbound Zero |last=Parish |first=Jeremy |date=April 22, 2007}}

{{cite web|url=http://earthboundcentral.com/2014/11/rom-hack-mother-25th-anniversary-addition/ |access-date=November 8, 2014 |title=ROM Hack: MOTHER 25th Anniversary Addition |last1=Mandelin |first1=Clyde |author-link=Clyde Mandelin |date=November 6, 2014 |work=EarthBound Central |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109211529/http://earthboundcentral.com/2014/11/rom-hack-mother-25th-anniversary-addition |archive-date=November 9, 2014 |url-status=live}}

{{cite magazine |url=http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=196 |access-date=October 11, 2014 |title=MOTHER |language=ja |magazine=Famitsu |publisher=Kadokawa Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060610/http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=196 |archive-date=October 16, 2014 |url-status=live}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2014/07/mother_25th_anniversary_fanfest_teleports_in_this_5th_july |access-date=October 11, 2014 |title=Mother 25th Anniversary Fanfest Teleports in this 5th July |last1=Latshaw |first1=Tim |date=July 1, 2014 |work=NintendoLife |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016131210/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2014/07/mother_25th_anniversary_fanfest_teleports_in_this_5th_july |archive-date=October 16, 2014 |url-status=live}}

{{cite news|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/games/nes/mother |access-date=October 11, 2014 |title=Mother (NES) News, Reviews, Trailer & Screenshots |work=Nintendo Life |date=December 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007093025/http://www.nintendolife.com/games/nes/mother |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=live |last1=Life |first1=Nintendo }}

{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/1/4482434/earthbound-zero-localized-and-housed-in-this-pretty-fan-made-nes-cart |access-date=October 11, 2014 |title=Earthbound Zero localized and housed in this pretty fan-made NES cart |last=Corriea |first=Alexa Ray |date=July 1, 2013 |work=Polygon |publisher=Vox Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060256/http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/1/4482434/earthbound-zero-localized-and-housed-in-this-pretty-fan-made-nes-cart |archive-date=October 16, 2014 |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.rpgamer.com/games/mother/mother1_2/reviews/mother1_2rdrev1.html |access-date=October 11, 2014 |title=Mother 1+2 (Mother 1) |last1=Ramos |first1=Cassandra |work=RPGamer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019040828/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/mother/mother1_2/reviews/mother1_2rdrev1.html |archive-date=October 19, 2014 |url-status=dead}}

{{cite web|url=http://rpgfan.com/soundtracks/mother/index.html |access-date=October 11, 2014 |title=Mother |last1=Gann |first1=Patrick |work=RPGFan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005227/http://rpgfan.com/soundtracks/mother/index.html |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |url-status=live}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.usgamer.net/articles/daily-classic-25-years-ago-mother-skewered-japanese-rpgs-by-satirizing-america |access-date=October 11, 2014 |title=Daily Classic: 25 Years Ago, Mother (aka EarthBound Zero) Skewered JRPGs, and America |last1=Parish |first1=Jeremy |date=August 21, 2014 |work=USgamer |publisher=Gamer Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020113610/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/daily-classic-25-years-ago-mother-skewered-japanese-rpgs-by-satirizing-america |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |url-status=live}}

}}

• {{official website|http://www.nintendo.co.jp/n08/a2uj/mother/}} {{in lang|ja}}
• [https://www.nintendo.com/jp/famicom/software/mother/index.html Mother] on the Famicom 40th Anniversary page {{in lang|ja}}

{{EarthBound series}}

{{Portal bar|Japan|Video games|border=yes}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:1989 video games

Category:Game Boy Advance games

Category:Mother (video game series)

Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games

Category:Nintendo Classics games

Category:Pax Softnica games

Category:Role-playing games introduced in 1989

Category:Role-playing video games

Category:Video games about psychic powers

Category:Video games developed in Japan

Category:Video games produced by Shigeru Miyamoto

Category:Video games scored by Hirokazu Tanaka

Category:Video games scored by Keiichi Suzuki

Category:Video games set in North America

Category:Video games set in the United States

Category:Virtual Console games

Category:Virtual Console games for Wii U

Category:Single-player video games

Category:Ape Inc. games

Category:Video games set in the 1900s

Category:Video games set in 1988