Mount Lu

{{Infobox mountain

| name = Mount Lu

| photo = 庐山日出.JPG

| photo_caption =

| map = China

| map_caption = Location of Lu Mountain in China

| elevation_ft = 4,836

| location = Lushan National Park, Jiangxi, China.

| coordinates = {{Coord|29.5594|N|115.9934|E|region:CN-JX-04_type:mountain|display=inline, title}}

| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site

|child = yes

|Official_name = Lushan National Park

|ID = 778

|Year = 1996

|Criteria = Cultural: ii, iii, vi, v, vi

|Area = 30,200 ha

}}

| map_size = 280

}}

Mount Lu or Lushan{{Cite web |title=庐山风景名胜区 - 中国旅游网/Lushan Scenic Spot - China Tourism Net |url=http://www.ct.cn/h-nd-897.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.ct.cn |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005134800/http://www.ct.cn/h-nd-897.html |url-status=dead }} ({{lang-zh|s=庐山|t={{linktext|廬山}}|p=Lúshān}}, Gan: Lu-san) is a mountain situated in Jiujiang, China. It was also known as Kuanglu ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|匡廬}}}}) in ancient times. The mountain and its immediate area are officially designated as the Lushan National Park, and it is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Mount Lu is located primarily in Lushan City within Jiujiang, although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang's Lianxi District. The oval-shaped mountains are about {{convert|25|km|sp=us}} long and {{convert|10|km|sp=us}} wide, and neighbors Jiujiang and the Yangtze River to the north, Nanchang to the south, and Poyang Lake to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak ({{lang|zh|大汉阳峰}}), reaching {{convert|1474|m|sp=us}} above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-called sea of clouds that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.

Mount Lu is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty and is a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler in the mountains than elsewhere. The mountain and the surrounding region is also one of the "spiritual centers" of China, containing many Buddhist and Daoist temples in addition to landmarks of Confucianism.{{Cite web |title=Lushan National Park |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/778 |access-date=4 Apr 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003945/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/778 |url-status=dead }} Due to its striking beauty and sacred importance, Lushan National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. The overlapping Lushan Quaternary Glaciation National Geopark is a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network.

History

Mount Lu contains important sites and temples for Daoism, (Mahayana) Buddhism, Confucianism, and even Christianity.{{Cite web |last=崔 |first=晓义 |title=庐山—雄奇山水与人文历史的完美融合 |url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/chinese/mlzg/mlsh/201703/t20170330_800092429.html |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=www.chinatoday.com.cn |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820045347/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/chinese/mlzg/mlsh/201703/t20170330_800092429.html |url-status=dead }} Between AD 386 and 402 during the Jin dynasty, Huiyuan founded Pure Land Buddhism and Donglin Temple on the slopes of Mount Lu. During the Tang dynasty (618–907), Daoist temples were constructed nearby to house sacred scriptures. The White Deer Grotto Academy, founded in AD 940, was developed into a renowned center of academic research during the Song dynasty under the direction of Confucian scholar Zhu Xi. The academy was continually open until at least the 19th century. Other important medieval structures on the mountain include the grave of the famous Tang dynasty poet Tao Yuanming and imperial pavilions during the Ming dynasty.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The Song dynasty poet Su Shi famously described the difficulty of conveying the mountain's beauty in his expression, "Why can't I tell the true shape of Lushan? Because I myself am in the mountain."{{Cite book |last=Jin |first=Keyu |title=The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism |date=2023 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1 |location=New York |pages=303 |author-link=Keyu Jin}}

In later years, Kuling in Mount Lu became a summer resort for Western missionaries in China. Absalom Sydenstricker, the father of Pearl Buck, was one of the first five missionaries to acquire a property in the Kuling Estate on the mountain. The development of Kuling was instigated by the Reverend Edward Little and Dr. Edgerton H. Hart.{{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Stanley |title=The History of Lushan & Kuling |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-9916082-7-0 |edition=2nd revised |location=Phoenix, Arizona |oclc=892572743}}{{page needed|date=March 2023}} The four principal founders of China's Nurses Association and its first president, Caroline Maddock Hart, met in Kuling to form this association.{{Cite book |last1=Green |first1=Cathleen |title=Wuhu Missionaries: Dr. Edgerton Haskell Hart & Caroline Maddock Hart |last2=Crawford |first2=Stanley |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-9916082-3-2 |edition=2nd |location=Phoenix, Arizona |oclc=897465858}}{{page needed|date=March 2023}}

During the Long March, in early 1935, a battle took place in the area between the Chinese Red Army and nationalist forces, in which Hu Yaobang, later General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was seriously injured.{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Khoon Choy |title=Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese |publisher=World Scientific |year=2005 |isbn=9789812566188 |edition=Illustrated |pages=310 |language=en}}

Mount Lu was once dubbed the {{Transliteration|zh|hsiatu}} ({{Transliteration|zh|xiadu}}, "summer capital") of the Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek, China's leader at the time, would frequently spend his summers in the area. In June 1937, Zhou Enlai, then a major leader in the Chinese Communist Party, met with Chiang on the mountain to discuss a united front against the Japanese invasion. In July 1937, Chiang Kai-shek announced his intention for a full mobilization for war against Japan from Mount Lu. In 1946, following the war, the U.S. special diplomatic mission led by General George C. Marshall met with Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss the role of post-World War II China.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Mao Zedong convened three large conferences of senior party officials at Mount Lu, in 1959, 1961, and 1970. The 1959 conference became known as the Lushan Conference. The meeting saw the purge of decorated Chinese Civil War and Korean War general Peng Dehuai, who was critical of Mao's Great Leap Forward policies. The 1970 Lushan Conference took place during the Cultural Revolution, and marked the increasing antagonism between those loyal to Mao and those loyal to his chosen successor Lin Biao.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In 1980 the famous movie Romance on Lushan Mountain, which was entirely shot on Mount Lu, was released to the public and won considerable positive reception. It was considered as the most progressive film since the founding of communist China, because there was a kissing scene in the movie, which was seen as public taboo in the pre-reform-and-opening-up China. It still holds the Guinness World Record for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980 until today.{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Sangkyun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-85DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |title=Film Tourism in Asia: Evolution, Transformation, and Trajectory |last2=Reijnders |first2=Stijn |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811059094 |page=54 |access-date=2023-02-23 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223003507/https://books.google.com/books?id=F-85DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |url-status=dead }}

Attractions and features

Popular attractions on Mount Lu include the Immortal Caverns ({{lang|zh|仙人洞}}), Meilu Outhouse ({{lang|zh|美庐别墅}}), Five Old Man Peaks ({{lang|zh|五老峰}}), White Deer Cavern Academy ({{lang|zh|白鹿洞书院}}), Three Tiled Springs ({{lang|zh|三叠泉}}), Lulin Lake ({{lang|zh|芦林湖}}), Lushan Hot Springs ({{lang|zh|庐山温泉}}), Lushan Botanical Garden ({{lang|zh|植物园}}), Bamboo Temple ({{lang|zh|竹山寺}}), Guanyin Bridge ({{lang|zh|观音桥}}), Peach Blossom Garden ({{lang|zh|桃花源}}), and the Catholic Church of Mount Lu ({{lang|zh|庐山天主堂}}).{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=Mount Lu {{!}} China & Asia Cultural Travel |url=https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/mount-lu/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821161414/https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/mount-lu/ |url-status=dead }}

The Lushan Botanical Garden features tens of thousands of plant species.
Below the Five Old Men Peak is the White Deer Grotto Academy, named after the poet Li Bo ({{lang-zh|s=李渤|t=李渤}}) (not to be confused with the famous poet Li Bai), who raised white deer there. It is one of the most famous higher learning institutions in ancient China.
West is the Flower Path which provided inspiration to Bai Juyi, a famous poet who lived during the Tang dynasty.
Between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake lie the Greater and Lesser Tianchi Lakes, the Jingxiu Valley, and Lulin Lake. On the north bank of the latter is the Mount Lu Museum, which features pottery and bronzes dating from various periods of ancient China, as well as calligraphy from the Tang dynasty and paintings from the Ming and Qing dynasties.
At the centre (between three peaks), and at an altitude of over 1 kilometer above sea level, is the town of Kuling, which is linked by a mountain highway to neighboring spots in the region.
World-famous 'Lushan clouds and mist tea' ({{lang-zh|s=庐山云雾茶|t=廬山云霧茶}}) is grown on the mountain.

Gallery

{{gallery |mode=packed

|File:Lushan Mountain Celetial Cave.JPG|Mountain Immortals Cave

|File:庐山礼拜堂.jpg|Christian church

|File:芦林湖.JPG|Lake Lulin

|File:庐山东林寺大雄宝殿.JPG|Donglin temple

|File:白鹿洞书院五院之一.JPG|White Deer Grotte Academy

|File:Lofty Mt.Lu by Shen Zhou.jpg|Lofty Mount Lu by Shen Zhou, 1467

|File:Mount Lushan - fog.JPG|The small peaks of the mountain range can be climbed by visitors.

|File:庐山景区三叠泉附近山景 02.jpg|Mountain scenery near Sandie spring in Mount Lu scenic area

|File:庐山三叠泉.JPG|

|File:庐山西海风光 - panoramio (9).jpg|Mount Lu West Sea scenery

}}

Climate

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| collapsed = Y

| location = Mount Lu (elevation {{convert|1165|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present)

| Jan high C = 4.5

| Feb high C = 7.0

| Mar high C = 11.0

| Apr high C = 16.8

| May high C = 20.7

| Jun high C = 23.2

| Jul high C = 26.1

| Aug high C = 25.3

| Sep high C = 21.9

| Oct high C = 17.3

| Nov high C = 12.7

| Dec high C = 7.0

| Jan mean C = 0.6

| Feb mean C = 2.9

| Mar mean C = 6.7

| Apr mean C = 12.5

| May mean C = 16.8

| Jun mean C = 19.8

| Jul mean C = 22.5

| Aug mean C = 21.8

| Sep mean C = 18.1

| Oct mean C = 13.3

| Nov mean C = 8.5

| Dec mean C = 2.9

| Jan low C = -2.3

| Feb low C = -0.1

| Mar low C = 3.5

| Apr low C = 9.1

| May low C = 13.7

| Jun low C = 17.3

| Jul low C = 20.3

| Aug low C = 19.5

| Sep low C = 15.7

| Oct low C = 10.5

| Nov low C = 5.5

| Dec low C = -0.2

| Jan record high C = 19.4

| Jan record low C = -13.6

| Feb record high C = 20.5

| Feb record low C = -11.6

| Mar record high C = 27.7

| Mar record low C = -10.4

| Apr record high C = 26.4

| Apr record low C = -5.1

| May record high C = 28.1

| May record low C = 1.6

| Jun record high C = 29.3

| Jun record low C = 5.8

| Jul record high C = 31.8

| Jul record low C = 11.9

| Aug record high C = 31.9

| Aug record low C = 12.8

| Sep record high C = 30.2

| Sep record low C = 6.5

| Oct record high C = 28.5

| Oct record low C = -2.4

| Nov record high C = 25.1

| Nov record low C = -9.9

| Dec record high C = 18.9

| Dec record low C = -16.7

| year high C =

| year low C =

| year high F =

| year low F =

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 85.3

| Feb precipitation mm = 98.5

| Mar precipitation mm = 167.9

| Apr precipitation mm = 202.2

| May precipitation mm = 251.2

| Jun precipitation mm = 306.1

| Jul precipitation mm = 274.2

| Aug precipitation mm = 290.3

| Sep precipitation mm = 147.8

| Oct precipitation mm = 97.4

| Nov precipitation mm = 83.0

| Dec precipitation mm = 61.7

| Jan humidity = 73

| Feb humidity = 76

| Mar humidity = 77

| Apr humidity = 77

| May humidity = 79

| Jun humidity = 85

| Jul humidity = 85

| Aug humidity = 87

| Sep humidity = 84

| Oct humidity = 75

| Nov humidity = 69

| Dec humidity = 65

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 14.3

| Feb precipitation days = 13.7

| Mar precipitation days = 17.0

| Apr precipitation days = 16.7

| May precipitation days = 16.2

| Jun precipitation days = 17.4

| Jul precipitation days = 13.5

| Aug precipitation days = 15.3

| Sep precipitation days = 10.8

| Oct precipitation days = 10.4

| Nov precipitation days = 11.7

| Dec precipitation days = 11.2

| year precipitation days =

| Jan sun = 112.3

| Feb sun = 102.4

| Mar sun = 112.9

| Apr sun = 130.4

| May sun = 136.5

| Jun sun = 111.4

| Jul sun = 175.7

| Aug sun = 153.9

| Sep sun = 147.6

| Oct sun = 158.8

| Nov sun = 144.0

| Dec sun = 142.7

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 35

| Feb percentsun = 32

| Mar percentsun = 30

| Apr percentsun = 34

| May percentsun = 32

| Jun percentsun = 27

| Jul percentsun = 41

| Aug percentsun = 38

| Sep percentsun = 40

| Oct percentsun = 45

| Nov percentsun = 45

| Dec percentsun = 45

| year percentsun =

| Jan snow days = 9.3

| Feb snow days = 6.7

| Mar snow days = 3.5

| Apr snow days = 0.1

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0

| Nov snow days = 1.3

| Dec snow days = 5.2

| year snow days =

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=23 September 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =23 September 2023}} all-time extreme temperature{{cite web

|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm

|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World

|access-date= 2024-10-06

}}

| source =

}}

References

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Lushan

Category:World Heritage Sites in China

Category:Landforms of Jiangxi

Category:Tourist attractions in Jiangxi

Category:AAAAA-rated tourist attractions

Category:Sacred mountains of China