Mount Rennie rape case

The gang rape occurred on 9 September 1886. Sixteen-year-old Mary Jane Hicks had been educated at the Bathurst convent school, then worked as a domestic servant at Katoomba, and at a hotel and private houses in Sydney.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13635963/1400901 The Outrage Upon A Young Girl At Moore Park: Statement made by the victim] Sydney Morning Herald 13 September 1886 p 4, at Trove While walking to a city employment registry, she was offered a lift by Charles Sweetman, the driver of a hansom cab, who instead drove her in his cab to what is now the Moore Park area, then an isolated piece of bushland in the suburb of Waterloo and called Mount Rennie. He attempted to molest her in the cab but she screamed for help. Two young men approached and took her out of the cab, purporting to save her from disgrace.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13620981 The Waterloo Outrage: Trial of the prisoners], Sydney Morning Herald 23 November 1886, p. 4, at Trove At this point, Sweetman departed with his cab.

The young men walked Hicks to a different isolated location, where they were joined by several others, some of whom began to take turns in raping her. The girl's screaming was heard by a passerby, William Stanley, who attempted to rescue her but was driven off by the gang with bricks, stones, and bottles. Stanley ran to distant Redfern police station, where he reported the crime at about 4 p.m. When the police arrived on the scene at 5 p.m., they interrupted the crime, which was still in progress, but were unable to apprehend any of the fleeing offenders.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13633442/1400883?zoomLevel=3 Terrible Outrage on a Girl] Sydney Morning Herald, 11 September 1886, at Trove Following inquiries, twelve men were identified and eventually arrested, including Charles Sweetman, the cabman. At least one reporter formed the view that Sweetman had deliberately planned to deliver a girl to the Push members, who were assembled and waiting for the purpose.

The victim, Mary Jane Hicks, testified that she had fallen into and out of consciousness during the ordeal, but gave evidence that at least eight men held her down and took turns raping her, and that many others were present, including some who had not been apprehended.

The rape caused a media frenzy of outrage and sensation in Sydney. The Sydney press focused on the brutal nature of the perpetrators. The Sydney Daily Telegraph newspaper described the crime as one "which no parallel can be found in the crimes of civilized life or in the savageries of barbarism".[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/239327023 The Crime at Mount Rennie], Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 29 November 1886, page 4. The Sydney Bulletin instead argued that Hicks was an "unfortunate", or in other words, a prostitute. It focused on her lack of virginity. Crucially, however, it ignored Hicks's claim that she had been raped at the age of fourteen by a married man.{{Cite journal |last=Gleeson |first=Kate |date=2006 |title=From centenary to the Olympics, gang rape in Sydney |url=https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/from-centenary-to-the-olympics-gang-rape-in-sydney |journal=Current Issues in Criminal Justice |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=183–201 |issn=1034-5329}} Geoffrey Partington notes that the Bulletin likened the incident to British oppression of the Irish.Partington He notes that the Bulletin accused the then-Governor of New South Wales, Lord Carrington, of "dragging from the grave the skeletons of the poor wretched ignorant boys whom he sent to the gallows in deference to the laws of a convict colony that has not even yet emerged from beneath the shadow of the gaol wall". However, in an editorial leader, The Sydney Morning Herald maintained that the youths had received a fair trial, and that capital punishment for rape had been confirmed by legislation only three years earlier. Therefore, the sentences should be carried out unless there were legitimate grounds for reprieve in any individual case.

The trial of the accused youths was conducted over six consecutive days, 22–27 November inclusive. Detailed reports were printed in the Herald and are available online.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13620981/1399425 Day 1]; [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13621094/1399441 Day 2]; [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13621220/1399455 Day 3]; [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13621320/1399469 Day 4]; [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13621503/1399485 Day 5(i)] [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28351770/1399506 Day 5(ii)] [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28351769/1399506 Day 6: Judge's summary and conclusion] William Hill, George Duffy, William Newman, Michael Donnellan, Joseph Martin, William Boyce, Hugh Miller, George Keegan, Robert Read, Thomas Oscroft, and Michael Mangan were tried for the crime.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93843356 The Mount Rennie Outrage Case] South Australian Weekly Chronicle, 4 December 1886, at Trove Justice Windeyer declared it a "most atrocious crime, a crime so horrible that every lover of his country must feel that it is a disgrace to our civilization". The first nine men were convicted and sentenced to death; the last two were acquitted. All but one were reportedly under 20 years of age.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28352691 Crimes] Sydney Morning Herald, 31 December 1886, at Trove

After a separate trial, Charles Sweetman received a 14-year prison sentence for his part, plus 50 lashes, to be handed out on two occasions.{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28352629|title=NEWS OF THE DAY.|date=21 December 1886|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=11 April 2020|location=New South Wales, Australia|page=7|via=Trove}}

A public campaign was waged, advocating that execution was too harsh for the nine condemned youths. Before the end of the year, the state's Executive Council reviewed all the sentences and commuted three to life imprisonment on the grounds of "mitigating circumstances".[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13624156 Leader, Thursday 30 December 1886], Sydney Morning Herald, 30 December 1886, at Trove

A public meeting was convened at the Sydney Town Hall on 29 December, with the purpose of petitioning the governor to exercise his power to reprieve all the condemned youths. A deputation of 150 citizens attended the governor in support of the hanging. They succeeded in having two more of the sentences commuted to life imprisonment, albeit their first three years were to be served in fetters. The remaining four—Read, Duffy, Martin, and Boyce—were to be hanged at Darlinghurst Gaol on 7 January 1887. Those who had been reprieved were all released from prison in November 1896, exactly ten years after their convictions.{{Cite news |date=27 November 1896 |title=The Mount Rennie Case |work=Argus |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9169623 |access-date=20 July 2023}}

Some two thousand people were estimated to have massed outside the prison on the day, but only those with reputable credentials were admitted to witness the executions.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66377063 The Execution of the Mount Rennie Criminals at Darlinghurst: Contributed by an eye-witness] The Hawkesbury Chronicle and Farmers' Advocate, 15 January 1887, at Trove The executioner, Robert Howard, botched the hangings when he miscalculated the drop necessary for the youths. One died instantly but the remaining three struggled for several minutes.[http://www.waverley.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/8732/Robert.pdf Robert "Nosey Bob" Howard (1832-1906)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508185247/http://www.waverley.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/8732/Robert.pdf |date=8 May 2012 }}: Local history fact sheet at Waverley Municipal Council

The trial was dramatised in a 2012 ABC docudrama, the first of a three-part series entitled Australia on Trial.[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198359/ The Mount Rennie Outrage] at IMDb Presented by historian Michael Cathcart, the script was based on official court transcripts of the trial.

Historian Brett Hinch traced the life of Mary Jane Hicks after the trial and documented that she moved to New Zealand, where she died six years later, aged 22.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book | title = What Happened When: A Chronology of Australia from 1788 | url = https://archive.org/details/whathappenedwhen00bark | url-access = limited | last = Barker | first = Anthony | publisher = Allen & Unwin | year = 2001 | page = [https://archive.org/details/whathappenedwhen00bark/page/n63 52] | isbn = 1-86508-426-3}}
• {{cite book | last = Cossins | first = Anne | title = Masculinities, Sexualities and Child Sexual Abuse | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | year = 2000 | isbn = 90-411-1355-X}}
• Gleeson, Kate. From Centenary to the Olympics, Gang Rape in Sydney.
• {{cite conference | url = http://www.samuelgriffith.org.au/papers/html/volume11/v11chap8.htm | title = The Samuel Griffith Society — Chapter Eight: Republicanism and the Repudiation of post-1788 Australia | last = Partington | first = Geoffrey | conference = Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of The Samuel Griffith Society | date = July 1999 | access-date = 4 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080923152539/http://www.samuelgriffith.org.au/papers/html/volume11/v11chap8.htm | archive-date = 23 September 2008 | url-status = dead }}
• Peers, Juliet. Accept any Woman's Word? Rape and Republicanism. The Body Beneath the Foundation Stone. Journal of Australian Studies 47 (1996) 123–146.
• {{cite book | last = Simon | first = Rita James | title = A Comparative Perspective on Major Social Problems | publisher = Lexington Books | year = 2001 | page = 18 | isbn = 0-7391-0248-6}}

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Category:1886 crimes in Australia

Category:1880s in Sydney

Category:Crime in Sydney

Category:Gang rape in Australia

Category:September 1886

Category:Child sexual abuse in Australia

Category:Rape trials

Category:New South Wales case law

Category:Violence against women in Australia

Category:Incidents of violence against girls

Category:19th-century trials