Mount Warning

{{main|Tweed Volcano}}

Wollumbin is the central volcanic remnant of an ancient shield volcano, the Tweed Volcano, which would have been about {{convert|1900|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level or just under twice the height of the current mountain.{{cite book |title=Intraplate Volcanism in Eastern Australia and New Zealand |chapter=Eastern Australia Volcanic Geology |last=Johnson |first=R. Wally |author2=Jan Knutson|author3=Stuart Ross Taylor|author4= Australian Academy of Science |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521380839 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NBOn7ecZeAC |access-date=2 June 2012}}The Caldera of the Mount Warning Shield Volcano. [brochure] New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1990. This volcano last erupted around 23 million years ago.{{Cite journal|last1=Knesel|first1=Kurt M.|last2=Cohen|first2=Benjamin E.|last3=Vasconcelos|first3=Paulo M.|last4=Thiede|first4=David S.|title=Rapid change in drift of the Australian plate records collision with Ontong Java plateau|journal=Nature|volume=454|issue=7205|pages=754–757|doi=10.1038/nature07138|pmid=18685705|year=2008|bibcode=2008Natur.454..754K |s2cid=4427792 }} As the mountain's central vent cooled it shrank, forming a depression at the top that has greatly eroded.

File:Mount Warning.jpg

File:AU Mt Warning from Tweed.jpg]]

File:Mt Warning 011.jpg and surrounding areas from the summit]]

Today the vast areas that were part of the volcano include many mountains and ranges at some distance from Mount Warning, and include the Border Ranges, Tamborine Mountain, the McPherson Range and both the Lamington Plateau and Springbrook Plateaus. The erosion caldera formed since this eruption is easily visible around the summit and forms the rim of the Tweed Valley.

During the last stages of eruption, different and more resistant forms of lava that were cooler than those flows that created the shield volcano remained to form the current peak. The whole central Mount Warning massif was also pushed up by forces that remained active after lava eruptions had stopped.

A species of frog, the Mount Wollumbin hip-pocket frog (Assa wollumbin) is endemic to the slopes of the mountain.{{Cite journal |last1=Mahony |first1=Michael J. |last2=Hines |first2=Harry B. |last3=Mahony |first3=Stephen V. |last4=Moses |first4=Bede |last5=Catalano |first5=Sarah R. |last6=Myers |first6=Steven |last7=Donnellan |first7=Stephen C. |date=2021-10-26 |title=A new hip-pocket frog from mid-eastern Australia (Anura: Myobatrachidae: Assa) |url=https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5057.4.1 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=5057 |issue=4 |pages=451–486 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5057.4.1 |pmid=34811197 |issn=1175-5334}}

Wollumbin is a place of cultural and traditional significance to the Bundjalung people and contains sacred sites, where particular ceremonies and initiation rites are performed. The summit area of the Mountain is a declared Aboriginal Place under the National Parks and Wildlife Act.{{Cite web|url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/aboriginalplaces/Wollumbin.htm|title=Wollumbin {{!}} NSW Atlas of Aboriginal Places {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|website=environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-02-25}}  

While now spelt Wollumbin, the Aboriginal word had numerous alternative spellings which are recorded in the historic record including; Walumban,{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18655161|title=GOVERNMENT GAZETTE.|date=1858-05-01|work=Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW : 1843 - 1893)|access-date=2019-02-25|pages=2}} Walumbin,{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article194039588|title=HISTORY OF TWEED VALLEY; THE WHITE SETTLERS|date=1947-11-01|work=Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949)|access-date=2019-02-25|pages=6}} and Wooloombin,{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193122989|title=Aboriginal Names|date=1946-10-19|work=Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949)|access-date=2019-02-25|pages=2}} all referring to the same place. In 1873 reference can be found to the Mountain being referred to by Aboriginal people as "Wollumbin", signifying "big fellow mountain".{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article190182896|title=OVER THE NIGHTCAP.|date=1923-11-03|work=Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949)|access-date=2019-02-25|pages=6}} The Aboriginal significance of the area is contextual and dependant on direction of observance, gender, and status of whoever is telling the story.{{Cite web|url=https://www.tweed.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Planning/Heritage/TSC08874_Aboriginal_Cultural_Heritage_Management_Plan_2018.pdf|title=Tweed Shire Council Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Plan|date=2019|website=tweed.nsw.gov.au|access-date=25 February 2019}} Several different stories exist about Wollumbin including reference to the Mountain as the Warrior Chief,{{Cite web|url=https://planetcorroboree.com.au/blogs/culture-country/wollumbin-the-warrior-chief-the-turkey|title=Wollumbin, The Warrior Chief & the Turkey|last=Corroboree|first=Planet|website=Planet Corroboree|language=en|access-date=2019-02-25}} a special place of significance for brush turkey,{{Cite web|url=https://starlore.com.au/2014/07/16/aboriginal-significance-of-mount-warningwollumbin/|title=Wollumbin, The Warrior Chief & the Turkey|last=Corroboree|first=Planet|website=Planet Corroboree|date=16 July 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-25}} and the cloud catcher.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/things-to-do/walking-tracks/wollumbin-mount-warning-summit-track|title=Wollumbin Mount Warning summit track|website=NSW National Parks|language=en|access-date=2019-02-25}} Many more stories exist that are not in the public record.

File:Mount-warning-cloudcatcher.jpg

The name Wollumbin refers to the whole of the central vent and its surrounding ring dykes.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search/extract?id=MnqwBKUluj|title=Extract - Geographical Names Board of NSW|website=gnb.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-10-27}}

The Bundjalung people observe cultural and traditional restrictions forbidding the uninitiated from climbing the mountain, and, as such, ask that others also do not attempt to climb the mountain.Aboriginal call for crackdown on climbing Mt Warning [https://www.tweeddailynews.com.au/news/aboriginal-call-for-crackdown-on-climbing-mt-warni/3120512/]. Retrieved 30 April 2017 The government National Parks and Wildlife Service advertise this request and do not encourage climbers to hike the Mt. Warning/Wollumbin Trail up the mountain, but it is not forbidden by park regulations.Park Brochure [http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/~/media/Visitor/Files/PDF/Brochures/wollumbin_mebbin_pdf.ashx Park Brochure]. Retrieved on 4 November 2015.

In 2005 the name "Mount Wollumbin" was removed from a peak nearby to Mount Warning by the Geographical Names Board. This mountain is also referred to as Mount Ivy and Mount Dum Dum and was believed to be named Mount Wollumbin in error.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search/extract?id=SXYbjzZTSX|title=Extract - Geographical Names Board of NSW|website=gnb.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-06}} In 2006 the Geographical Names Board assigned dual naming to Mount Warning, to also be known by its indigenous name of Wollumbin. The name Wollumbin refers the whole of the central vent and its surrounding ring dykes.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search/extract?id=MnqwBKUluj|title=Extract - Geographical Names Board of NSW|website=gnb.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-06}}

On 16 May 1770, Captain James Cook was the first European to record seeing "… a remarkable sharp peaked Mountain lying inland…" from a point of land he named Cape Byron. Just five hours later while sailing North, Cook was forced to change course to the East after encountering the dangerous reefs that run 3 miles to the East from Fingal Head, now named Danger Reefs (Inner, South, and Outer reefs).Australian Hydrographic Chart "AUS 813"

The next morning, Cook recorded:

{{blockquote|We now saw the breakers [reefs] again within us which we past at the distance of 1 League [5 km], they lay in the Lat de of 38°..8' [later changed to 28°..8'] & stretch off East two Leagues [10 km] from a point under which is a small Island. There situation may always be found by the peaked mountain before mentioned which bears SWBW from them this and on this account I have named Mount Warning it lies 7 or 8 Leagues [35-40 km] inland in the latitude of 28°..22" S° the land is high and hilly about it but it is conspicuous enough to be distinguished from everything else.{{cite web |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700516.html |title=James Cook's Manuscript Daily Journal for 16 May 1770}}

The point off which these shoals lay I have named Point Danger to the northward of it the land which is low trends NWBN but we soon found that it did not keep that direction long before it turned again to the northward.}}

File:Mt warning path.jpg]]

The mountain is now protected by the surrounding Wollumbin National Park, and access is regulated by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Mount Warning is part of the United Nations World Heritage-listed Gondwana Rainforests of Australia.

Over 100,000 people a year make the {{convert|8.8|km|adj=on}}, five-hour round-trip trek to the top from {{QLDcity|Breakfast Creek}}.[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/australia/new-south-wales/mt-warning-national-park#ixzz2BDTTPHe5 Introducing Mt Warning National Park] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001003/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/australia/new-south-wales/mt-warning-national-park |date=3 December 2013 }}. Lonely Planet. Retrieved on 17 December 2012.{{Cite news |last=MacKenzie |first=Bruce |date=2021-02-18 |title=Summit famous for its sunrise view may be closed permanently |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-18/wollumbin-national-park-mount-warning-closure-could-be-permanent/13167728 |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}{{Cite news |last=Forbes |first=Lauren |date=24 May 2024 |title='Heartbreaking': Tourist industry furious as Mount Warning remains closed due to Indigenous heritage concerns, 'costing industry $50 million' |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/heartbreaking-tourist-industry-furious-as-mount-warning-remains-closed-due-to-indigenous-heritage-concerns-costing-industry-50-million/news-story/7ca38b885260546c4dde85e816c36220 |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=Sky News Australia}}

An ascent of the mountain takes approximately 1½ to 3½ hours (one way) and requires a good level of fitness. There are also viewing platforms at the summit. The total journey is 8.8 km (5.5 mi).{{cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=Random House Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=142}}

In March 2020 the summit track was closed by National Parks NSW citing safety concerns, to be reviewed in May 2021.{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/wollumbin-national-park/local-alerts | title=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service}} However, in February 2021 documents obtained through Freedom Of Information revealed that the track and surrounding area has actually been secretly scheduled to be permanently closed.{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-18/wollumbin-national-park-mount-warning-closure-could-be-permanent/13167728 | title=Wollumbin National Park summit, formerly known as Mount Warning, could be closed permanently| newspaper=ABC News| date=18 February 2021}} As of August 2022 park authorities had placed a barrier on the access road several kilometres from the trailhead. This would add a forty minute uphill walk to the ascent for anyone attempting to climb the mountain; and the path on the mountain itself had deteriorated badly in places.

In late October 2022 NSW authorities did go ahead and ban public access to Wollumbin National Park, to be enforced with heavy fines. This was soon followed by a video posting showing a hiker flouting the ban.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-qY6GZ1JJ4 | title=Hiker flouts Wollumbin/Mt Warning ban in challenge to NSW government| website=YouTube}} There has been significant backlash in the community surrounding the closure. Many have argued that the track was closed primarily due to complaints from some in the Aboriginal community, not due to safety concerns and the track was in fact still usable.

In 2024, Libertarian politician John Ruddick led a petition to reopen the track which garnered over the required 10,000 signatures to trigger a debate in the New South Wales Legislative Council on 9 May 2024.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Legislative Council Hansard – 09 May 2024 – Proof |url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Hansard/Pages/HansardResult.aspx#/docid/HANSARD-1820781676-95387/HANSARD-1820781676-95387 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Parliament of New South Wales}}

On 31 October 2024, the neo-Nazi group National Socialist Network posted to X boasting of their recent hike to the summit where while wearing balaclavas they unfurled a banner advocating for white supremacy. NSW Environment Minister Penny Sharpe described the actions as "vile" and "utterly disgusting". The matter has been referred to the police by the National Parks. No one has been charged over the incident.{{Cite news |date=2024-11-05 |title=Suspected neo-Nazi rally now under NSW Police investigation, days after photos were posted online |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-11-05/nsw-wollumbin-neo-nazi-rally-mount-warning-police-penny-sharpe/104564288 |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}

{{stack|{{portal|New South Wales|Mountains}}}}

• Bundjalung National Park
• {{section link|List of mountains of Australia|New South Wales}}
• List of volcanoes in Australia

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{{Commons category|Mount Warning}}

{{Wikivoyage|Mount Warning National Park}}

• [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/368 UNESCO World Heritage Listing]
• [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0183 Mount Warning National Park]
• [http://www.mtwarning.net/mt_warning_map.html Mount Warning Map] includes driving directions.
• [http://nrgeology.blogspot.com.au/search/label/mount%20warning Northern Rivers Geology blog] Mount Warning.
• [http://www.bigvolcano.com.au/natural/wollum.htm] The Caldera of the Tweed Volcano - original source.

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Category:Tweed Volcano

Category:Mountains of New South Wales

Category:Volcanic plugs of New South Wales

Category:Northern Rivers

Category:Sacred mountains of Australia