Mugham

File:Nizami Ganjavi, Khamsa, Khosrow and Shirin, 70tn of the XVI century, SPL, Dorn 341. f. 70 b. (cropped, musicians detail).jpg

In the course of its long history, the people of Azerbaijan have retained their ancient musical tradition. Mugham belongs to the system of modal music and may have derived from Persian musical tradition. {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The Uighurs in Xinjiang (新疆) call this musical development muqam, the Uzbeks and Tajiks call it maqom (or shasmaqom), while Arabs call it maqam and Persians dastgah.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

File:Üzeyir Hacıbəyov6.gif merged traditional Azerbaijani music styles with Western styles early in the 20th century.]]

The meta-ethnicity and intricate complexity of this music also becomes apparent in the fact that terms such as mugham, maqam, or dastgah, omnipresent in oriental music, can mean one thing in the Turkish tradition, while the same term in the music of Uzbekistan takes on quite another meaning, and yet another in the classical Arabic tradition. So, in one culture mugham may be related to a strictly fixed melodic type, while in another it is only the cadences, the melody endings that are associated with it. In a third culture it may only correspond to a specific type of tone scales.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Uzeyir Hajibeyov asserted that the mugham tradition disintegrated around the end of the fourteenth century during the Mongol rule. Afterward, each ethnic group in the area reconstructed its own system from the remnants.{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |date=2011-08-18 |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}

In the 16–17th centuries the art of mugham was passing through the development process as a professional music of the palace. In this period a dastgah form starts to develop in the structure and forms of mugham. New colors and shades as well as tasnifs developed in mugham performance. The masters of mugham of Azerbaijan sang gazals written in aruz genre by Fuzuli, Habibi and Khatai. The music events were held in most regions of today's Azerbaijan in the 19th century and mugham was performed at these events. In the 19th century famous French writer Alexandre Dumas who attended the ceremony in Shamakhy, wrote in his works about his trip saying he was greatly impressed by mugham that sounded there.[http://www.mugamradio.az/about-mugam/mugam-history/ History of mugam and stages of development] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213002536/http://www.mugamradio.az/about-mugam/mugam-history |date=2010-02-13 }} Such events held in Azerbaijan were attended by khanendes from Karabakh, Baku and Tabriz which in turn caused the blending of singing traditions of different regions.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In the early decades of the 20th century, a member of native intelligentsia, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, the author of the first national opera Leyli and Majnun, also formulated the theoretical basis of Azerbaijani mugham in his work The Principles of Azerbaijan Folk Music.Uzeyir Hajibeyov, The Principles of Azerbaijan Folk Music. Translated by G. Bairamov. Baku, Yazichi, 1985 Famous Azerbaijani composer Gara Garayev and Fikrat Amirov also made a great contribution to the development of the art of mugham through creating the mugham symphony.{{cite web|title=Mugham on Silk Road Project|url=http://www.silkroadproject.org/MusicArtists/Instruments/Mugham/tabid/319/Default.aspx|access-date=2 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714072009/http://www.silkroadproject.org/MusicArtists/Instruments/Mugham/tabid/319/Default.aspx|archive-date=14 July 2011}}

Hajibaba Huseynov was credited as a key figure in the popularization of mugham, and developing talented mugham khanandas such as Alim Qasimov, Aghakhan Abdullayev and Gadir Rustamov.{{cite news|title=Alim Qasımovun səsində problem yaranıb: "Almaniyada dəqiq diaqnoz qoydular"|url=http://www.azadliq.org/content/article/24509443.html|newspaper=Azadlıq Radiosu|date=14 November 2012 |access-date=10 August 2014|language=az|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113454/http://www.azadliq.org/content/article/24509443.html|url-status=live}} As of 1985, Agdam Mugham School functions in Azerbaijan, which produced the "Karabakh Nightingales" mugham ensemble.{{cite web|last1=Shirinov|first1=Elnur|title="Qarabağ bülbülləri"nin yaradıcısı kimdir|url=http://www.anl.az/down/medeniyyet2008/may/medeniyyet2008_may_579.htm|access-date=14 November 2014|language=az|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129143521/http://www.anl.az/down/medeniyyet2008/may/medeniyyet2008_may_579.htm|url-status=live}}

Azerbaijan also has a great tradition of composers and musicians of western classical music. Uzeyir Hajibeyov with his Leyli and Majnun created the genre of mugham-opera. Fikret Amirov (1922–1984) was the first composer of symphonic mughams, namely Shur, Kurd Ovshari, and Gulistan Bayati Shiraz. Azerbaijani composers created a plethora of compositions that fused mugham and traditional European genres. Among those, for example, Vasif Adigozal's mugham oratorio Karabakh Shikastasi.Inna Naroditskaya, Song from the Land of Fire: Continuity and Change in Azerbaijani Mugham, New York: Routledge, 2003. Such works are obviously very different from traditional mugham formations but in fact incorporate many mugham idioms. On the level of musicians, there remains a strict separation between classical and "traditional" music in terms of training. Even if the musicians are educated at the same conservatorium they stick to one camp.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 2005, International Center of Mugham created under the decree of Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev. In August of same year, on the territory of the Baku Boulevard, Ilham Aliyev with his spouse, the Goodwill Ambassador of UNESCO Mehriban Aliyeva and UNESCO Director General Koichiro Matsuura, laid the first stone at the base of the complex.[http://www.all-pages.com/city_photo/3/7/9/276/ Международный центр Мугама] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616235152/http://all-pages.com/city_photo/3/7/9/276 |date=2018-06-16 }} {{in lang|ru}}{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D44910%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=The Director-General hails the importance of living traditions at the Mugham Festival in Baku, Azerbaijan |access-date=2021-05-12 |archive-date=2009-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111193812/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D44910%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=live }} Opening of the complex took place on December 27, 2008.[http://www.day.az/news/culture/142089.html Ильхам Алиев принял участие в открытии Международного центра мугама – Фотосессия] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208062141/http://day.az/news/culture/142089.html |date=2009-02-08 }} {{in lang|ru}}[https://archive.today/20130910025558/http://mirtv.ru/content/view/50888/42/ Международный центр мугама открыт в Баку] {{in lang|ru}} The total area of center is 7500 meters squared, which also includes concert saloon of 350 people, recording studio, rooms for rehearsals. In the foyer, visitors can find busts of famous mugham performers, also a rich collection of musical instruments.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

File:Pht-Vugar Ibadov eurovision (2).jpg performs mugham in Eurovision Song Contest. ]]

In recent years, Azerbaijan folk music existed within the scope of folk art. The vocal-instrumental forms of folklore contain the elements of polyphony. The peculiarity of folk music clarifies itself firstly with the development of a modal system. It contains seven main modes – Rast, Shur, Segah (are especially common), Shushtar, Bayaty-Shiraz, Chahargah, Humayun and three collateral kinds – shahnaz, sarendj, chargah in some other form.[http://www.iatp.az/alpub/sanubar.htm Мугам является уникальным памятником] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421044506/http://www.iatp.az/alpub/sanubar.htm |date=2010-04-21 }}{{in lang|ru}}[http://www.belcanto.ru/azerb.html Азербайджанская музыка] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121100935/http://belcanto.ru/azerb.html |date=2010-11-21 }}{{in lang|ru}} Before, it was considered that each of the modes has its special vivid emotional meaning. Every mode represents a strongly organized scale, possessing a firm tonic prop (maye), and each step of the mode has its melodic function.[http://www.observatory-guam.org/content.php?page=3 Intangible Heritage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620225626/http://www.observatory-guam.org/content.php?page=3 |date=2008-06-20 }}{{Cite web |url=http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/latin_articles/latin_text/latin_91/eng_91/91_industrial.html |title=Traditional Azerbaijani Music with a Beat |access-date=2010-02-14 |archive-date=2011-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928201641/http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/latin_articles/latin_text/latin_91/eng_91/91_industrial.html |url-status=live }}

File:Jabbar Qaryaqady, Qurban Pirimov and Qılman Salahov.ogv performs "Heyrati" mugham (with Gurban Pirimov on tar and Gylman Salahov on kamancheh).]]

Zarbi mugham includes nine modes – Heyrati, Arazbari, Samayi-Shams, Mansuriyya, Mani, Ovshari, Heydari, Karabakh Shikastasi and Kasma Shikastasi.{{cite web|title=Muğamlar|url=http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_296_az.html|website=www.azerbaijans.com|access-date=15 June 2014|language=az|archive-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617085132/http://azerbaijans.com/content_296_az.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=AŞIQ SƏNƏTİ VƏ ZƏRBİ MUĞAMLAR|url=http://www.azyb.net/cgi-bin/jurn/main.cgi?id=516|website=www.azyb.net|access-date=15 June 2014|language=az|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133103/http://www.azyb.net/cgi-bin/jurn/main.cgi?id=516|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=dead}}

File:Azeri 7.jpg, daf, kamancha).]]

Part of the confusion arises from the fact that the term itself can have two different, if related meanings. The famous Azerbaijani composer Gara Garayev has the following explanation: "The expression mugham is used in two senses in the folk music of Azerbaijan. On the one hand the word mugham describes the same thing as the term lad [Russian for key, mode, scale]. An analysis of Azerbaijani songs, dances and other folk-music forms show that they are always constructed according to one [of these] modes. On the other hand the term mugham refers to an individual, multi-movement form. This form combines elements of a suite and a rhapsody, is symphonic in nature, and has its own set of structural rules. In particular one should observe that the suite-rhapsody-mugham is constructed according to one particular mode-mugham and is subject to all of the particular requirements of this mode." (Sovetskaya Muzyka 1949:3). Azerbaijani conservatory throughout the 20th century produced significant scholars and scholarship. Among them, Rena Mamedova explored the philosophical content of mugham, as an Azerbaijani "formula of creative thinking".Rena Mamedova, Rol' maye. Baku: Akademiia Nauk Azerbaijana, 1985. Elkhan Babayev wrote extensively on rhythmic aspect of mugham performance.Elkhan Babayev, Ritmika Azerbaijdzhanskogo dastgah. Baku: Ishig, 1990. The native scholars continued and expanded Hajibeyov's analysis of mugham.Ramiz Zohrabov, Teoreticheskie problemy Azerbaidzhanskogo mughama. Baku: Shur, 1992; Shakhla Mammadova, Tematizmn mugham. Baku: Shur, 1997.

Mugham describes a specific type of musical composition and performance, which is hard to grasp with western concepts of music in another respect: for one, mugham composition is improvisational in nature. At the same time it follows exact rules. Furthermore, in the case of a suite-rhapsody-mugham the concept of improvisation is not really an accurate one, since the artistic imagination of the performers is based on a strict foundation of principles determined by the respective mode. The performance of mughams does therefore not present an amorphous and spontaneous, impulsive improvisation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

With respect to the concept of improvisation, mugham music is often put in relation to jazz, a comparison that is accurate to a certain point only. Although mugham does allow for a wide margin of interpretation, an equation with jazz is oversimplified, since it fails to account for the different kinds of improvisation for different mugham modes. The performance of a certain mugham may last for hours. (For the uninitiated listener it is close to impossible to know whether a musician is actually improvising or playing a prearranged composition.) Furthermore, as Garayev stresses, mugham music has a symphonic character.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The songs are often based on the medieval and modern poetry of Azerbaijan, and although love is a common topic in these poems, to the uninitiated ear many of the intricacies and allusions are lost. For one, the poems do not primarily deal with worldly love but with the mystical love for god. Yet, strictly speaking, this is still secular music/poetry, as opposed to, say, Sufism.[http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/zerkalo/zerkalo_mart2009/73150.htm МУГАМ – БЕССМЕРТНАЯ ДУХОВНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131301/http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/zerkalo/zerkalo_mart2009/73150.htm |date=2011-07-06 }}{{in lang|ru}} Nevertheless, mugham composition is designed very similarly to Sufism in that it seeks to achieve ascension from a lower level of awareness to a transcendental union with god. It is a spiritual search for god.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

{{main|Jazz mugham}}

The famous Azerbaijani jazz musician Vagif Mustafazadeh, who died in 1979, is credited with fusing jazz with mugham. Jazz mugham is jazz based on the modal forms or scales of mughams, just as a mugham symphonies are symphonies based on mughams. Ordinary jazz is marked by metered rhythm. But mugham jazz does not follow a metered system. Both rhythm and scales are improvised.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8503897.stm Azerbaijan mugham music makes revival]{{Cite web |url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_vmustafazade.html |title=Vagif Mustafazade: Fusing Jazz with Mugam |access-date=2010-02-14 |archive-date=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413214226/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/54_folder/54_articles/54_vmustafazade.html |url-status=live }}

In recent years, interest to jazz mugham has seen rise in many western countries, particularly in the United States, Austria and Japan. In 1995, Jeff Buckley performed "What Will You Say" as a duet with Alim Qasimov at the Festival de la Musique Sacrée (Festival of Sacred Music) in France.{{cite web|title=ALİM QASIMOV'LU BİR DÜGÜN|url=http://www.canbaskent.net/deneme/22.html|website=www.canbaskent.net|access-date=22 August 2014|language=tr|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120327/http://www.canbaskent.net/deneme/22.html|url-status=live}}

File:Eurovision Song Contest 2012, semi-final allocation draw (2).jpg]]

In 2003, UNESCO has acknowledged the authenticity, richness and cultural significance of mugham both national and global culture, and in 2003 announced it as a "Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00039 |title=The Azerbaijani Mugham |access-date=2009-11-28 |archive-date=2017-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510075211/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00039 |url-status=live }}

Considered to be the classical music of Azerbaijan, the mugham is a traditional musical form characterized by a large degree of improvisation and draws upon popular stories and local melodies. The recent evolution of the cultural industry has threatened the improvisational nature and the ear-to-ear transmission of this art form. During his official visit to the country in August 2005, the Director-General of UNESCO, in the company of President Ilham Aliyev and several Goodwill Ambassadors, attended a foundation stone-laying ceremony of a Mugham Centre. In 2004, Mehriban Aliyeva, the First Lady of Azerbaijan, was named as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for the oral and musical traditions.[http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID=2440&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Azerbaijani Mugham] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024042201/http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2440%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=2008-10-24 }}

Since 2009, International World of Mugham Festival is held with the participations of famous artists from all over the world.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The massive popularity of mugham resulted in a powerful impact on worldwide society.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Many of mugham khanandas were known as country-loving, powerful, respectful characters, and mugham was popularly associated with sign of pain and hope during First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[http://www.izvestia.ru/azerbaijan/article3119002/ Мугам – Божий дар и великое достояние] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312073547/http://www.izvestia.ru/azerbaijan/article3119002/ |date=2009-03-12 }} {{in lang|ru}}[http://nashvek.media-az.com/377/face.html Мугам – зеркало души азербайджанской] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122070157/http://nashvek.media-az.com/377/face.html |date=2008-11-22 }} {{in lang|ru}}

Mugham has lived and sounded in Azerbaijan in all periods, independently of political, public and economic situations, and reserved its place in Azerbaijani culture. The mugham masters play a tremendous role in the transition of mugham from generation to generation.{{Cite web |url=http://en.trend.az/news/official/chronicle/1578294.html |title=Mugam, a national heritage of Azerbaijan, is a pearl of the world music art: Mehriban Aliyeva |access-date=2010-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217042921/http://en.trend.az/news/official/chronicle/1578294.html |archive-date=2009-12-17 |url-status=dead }}

• Malakkhanim Ayyubova
• Shovkat Alakbarova
• Konul Khasiyeva
• Sara Gadimova
• Gandab Guliyeva
• Sakina Ismayilova
• Tukezban Ismayilova
• Yaver Kelenterli
• Farghana Qasimova
• Nazakat Mammadova
• Rubaba Muradova
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• Jahan Talyshinskaya
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• Zuzu Zakaria

• Aghakhan Abdullayev
• Abulfat Aliyev
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• Shakili Alasgar
• Janali Akbarov
• Gulu Asgarov
• Arif Babayev
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• Jabbar Garyagdyoglu
• Talat Gasimov
• Zahid Guliyev
• Hajibaba Huseynov
• Mansum Ibrahimov
• Kechachioghlu Muhammed
• Sabir Mirzayev
• Alibaba Mammadov
• Sakhavat Mammadov
• Yagub Mammadov
• Zabit Nabizadeh
• Alim Qasimov
• Islam Rzayev
• Gadir Rustamov
• Khan Shushinski
• Musa Shushinski
• Seyid Shushinski

• Elnur Ahmadov
• Firuz Aliyev
• Habil Aliyev
• Firuz Aliyev
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• Sahib Pashazade
• Kamil Jalilov
• Mansur Mansurov
• Mazahir Mammadov
• Bahram Mansurov
• Gurban Pirimov
• Sadigjan

• Franghiz Ali-Zadeh
• Vagif Mustafazadeh
• Aziza Mustafazadeh
• Music of Azerbaijan
• Culture of Azerbaijan
• History of Azerbaijan
• International Mugham Center of Azerbaijan
• Mugham triads

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081024042201/http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2440%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html UNESCO proclaimes Mugham of Azerbaijan a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]
• [http://www.mugham.net/ Mugham Society of America]
• [http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai114_folder/114_articles/114_azerbaijani_mugham.html Declared Masterpiece of Oral World Heritage by UNESCO]
• [http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/music/read_genres/genres_mugham.html azer.com on Mugham]
• [https://archive.today/20130209122915/http://www.worldviewmagazine.com/issues/article.cfm?id=107&issue=25 Louis Werner about Mugham]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704141401/http://musbook.musigi-dunya.az/musbook/content_en.html e-book "Principles of Azerbaijani Folk Music"]

{{Mugham}}

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