Login
Login

Muinane language

{{Short description|Language spoken in Colombia}}

{{distinguish|Nipode language}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Muinane

|nativename=Muìnánɨ

|states=Colombia

|region=Puerto Santander, Amazonas; between Caquetá River and Yari River in Caquetá Department

|ethnicity={{sigfig|2,110|2}} (2018)

|speakers=150

|date=2007

|ref=e25

|familycolor=American

|fam1=?Bora–Witoto

|fam2=Boran

|iso3=bmr

|glotto=muin1242

|glottorefname=Muinane

|notice=IPA

|map=Lingua muinane.png

}}

Muinane is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia.

Classification

Muinane belongs to the Boran language family, along with Bora.

Geographic distribution

Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the Department of Amazonas. There may be some speakers in Peru.

Phonology

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Muinane consonant phonemes

!

! Bilabial

! Alveolar

! Postalveolar/
Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

| {{IPA link|ɲ}}

|

|

Plosive

| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}

| {{IPA link|tʲ}} {{IPA link|dʲ}}

| {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| {{IPA link|ʔ}}

Affricate

|

|

| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}}

|

|

Fricative

| {{IPA link|ɸ}} {{IPA link|β}}

| {{IPA link|s}}

| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|j}}

| {{IPA link|x}}

|

Trill

|

| {{IPA link|r}}

| {{IPA link|rʲ}}

|

|

  • Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their geminate counterparts: {{IPA|tː}} {{IPA|tʃː}} {{IPA|tʲː}} {{IPA|kː}}.

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Muinane vowel phonemes

!

! Front

! Central

! Back

High

| {{IPA link|i}}

| {{IPA link|ɨ}}

| {{IPA link|u}}

Low

| {{IPA link|ɛ}}

| {{IPA link|a}}

| {{IPA link|o}}

=Tone=

There are two tones in Muinane: high and low.

Grammar

Word order in Muinane is generally SOV. Case marking is nominative–accusative.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Muinane:{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

:

class="wikitable"

! English !! Muinane

one

| sánótro

two

| minóke

head

| nígai

eye

| adíge

tooth

| ígaino

man

| gáife

water

| negfuáyu

fire

| köxögai

sun

| neʔegbua

maize

| bédya

jaguar

| höku

Writing System

Muinane is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:

class="wikitable"

!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA

a{{IPA|/a/}}b{{IPA|/b/}}c{{IPA|/k/}}-{{IPA|/s/}}

|ch

{{IPA|/tʃ/}}d{{IPA|/d/}}e{{IPA|/e/}}
f{{IPA|/ɸ/}}g(u){{IPA|/ɡ/}}-{{IPA|/x/}}h{{IPA|/ʔ/}}

|i

{{IPA|/i/}}ɨ{{IPA|/ɨ/}}j{{IPA|/x/}}
ll{{IPA|/dʒ/}}m{{IPA|/m/}}n{{IPA|/n/}}

|ñ

{{IPA|/ɲ/}}o{{IPA|/o/}}p{{IPA|/p/}}
qu{{IPA|/k/}}r{{IPA|/r/}}z{{IPA|/s/}}

|s

{{IPA|/ʃ/}}t{{IPA|/t/}}u{{IPA|/u/}}
|v{{IPA|/β/}}y{{IPA|/j/}}

  • Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, dy {{IPA|/dʲ/}}, ry {{IPA|/rʲ/}}. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
  • Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
  • The Muinane writing system is based on Spanish orthography. For that reason, the sound {{IPA|/k/}} is written as c before a, ɨ, o, and u and as qu before e and i. Likewise, the sound {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is written as gu before e and i, and g elsewhere.

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

  • {{Citation

|last=Aschmann

|first=Richard P.

|title=Proto-Witotoan

|year=1993

|publisher=SIL International

|location=Arlington, TX

|language=

|isbn=0-88312-189-1

}}

  • {{Citation

| last = Walton

| first = James P.

| last2 = Walton

| first2 = Janice W.

| last3 = Pakky de Buenaventure

| first3= Clementina

| title = Diccionario Bilingüe Muinane-Español/Español-Muinane

| place = Santafé de Bogotá

| publisher = Editorial Buena Semilla

| year = 1997

| url = http://www.sil.org/americas/colombia/pubs/abstract.asp?id=38009

| oclc = 468683910}}

{{Languages of Colombia}}

Category:Boran languages

Category:Languages of Colombia