Multi-crew pilot licence

The MPL is specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It was created in 2006 to provide an alternative means for ab-initio students to become commercial air transport (airline) pilots.{{cite web |title=Multi-crew Pilot Licence Symposium |url=https://www.icao.int/meetings/mpl/Pages/default.aspx |website=www.icao.int |access-date=12 May 2023}} Requirements were first included in the 10th edition of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing), published in November 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/175/Section+K+-+MULTI-CREW+PILOT+LICENCE.pdf|title=Section K – Multi-crew pilot licence|publisher=UK Civil Aviation Authority|website=www.caa.co.uk|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113074842/https://www.caa.co.uk/docs/175/Section%20K%20-%20MULTI-CREW%20PILOT%20LICENCE.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-13|url-status=dead}}

The MPL is based on competency-based approach to training professional pilots.{{cite book |last1=Kearns |first1=Suzanne |last2=Mavin |first2=Timothy |last3=Hodge |first3=Steven |date=2015 |title=Competency-Based Education in Aviation: Exploring Alternate Training Pathways |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4724-3856-0|author1-link=Suzanne K. Kearns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAckDwAAQBAJ |access-date=12 May 2023 }} Previous training syllabi were task-based and hours-based. Calls in the 1990s for review of pilot training led to ICAO convening a Flight Crew Licensing and Training Panel (FCLTP) in 2001. This led to the MPL concept, which aims to take advantage of modern flight simulators and instructional systems design (ISD), and to provide training more appropriate to the highly automated environment of the modern flight deck.{{cite journal |last1=Broach |first1=Dana |last2=Schroeder |first2=David |last3=Gildea |first3=Kevin |title=Best Practices in Pilot Selection |date=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/2010s/media/201906.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration}}{{rp|17}}

Captain Dieter Harms, who was chairman of the management board of Lufthansa Flight Training and who has been dubbed the "father of the MPL",{{cite book |last1=Learmount |first1=David |title=Analysis: That pilot shortage – will it prove to be another mirage? |date=12 March 2015 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis-that-pilot-shortage-will-it-prove-to-be-another-mirage/115992.article |access-date=12 May 2023 |language=en}} has stated the MPL programme was not introduced to deal with a pilot shortage,{{cite journal |last1=Schroeder |first1=Chris |last2=Harms |first2=Dieter |title=MPL represents a state-of-the-art ab initio airline pilot training programme |journal=ICAO Journal |date=May 2007 |volume=62 |issue=3 |page=15 |url=https://www.icao.int/publications/journalsreports/2007/6203_en.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023}} and was not introduced to reduce training costs.{{cite web |last1=Harms |first1=Dieter |title=Frequent asked questions on multi-crew pilot licence (MPL) |url=https://www.icao.int/Meetings/AMC/NGAP/Documentation/MPL%20FAQ%20V1.4.pdf |publisher=IATA |access-date=12 May 2023 |page=4}}

According to IATA, as of March 2021, there had been 4,018 MPL graduates worldwide, of which 1,358 trained with Lufthansa and its subsidiaries.{{Cite web |title=Spreadsheet - IATA Global MPL Course Tracker |url=https://www.iata.org/contentassets/c0f61fc821dc4f62bb6441d7abedb076/mpl-courses-global-tracker.xlsx |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=IATA.org}}

In EASA states, the MPL is only issued for fixed-wing aeroplanes.{{cite web |title=EASA Part-FCL |url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/Part-FCL.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023}}{{rp|Subpart E}}{{cite web |title=Multi pilot licence for aeroplanes |url=https://www.caa.co.uk/commercial-industry/pilot-licences/aeroplanes/multi-pilot-licence-for-aeroplanes/ |website=www.caa.co.uk |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority |access-date=12 May 2023}}

MPLs are not issued by the United States or Canada. ALPA, a trade union, opposes implementation of the MPL in the United States.{{cite web |title=Multi-Crew Pilot License - ALPA |url=https://clearedtodream.org/become-an-airline-pilot/getting-started/paths-to-become-a-pilot/multi-crew-pilot-license |website=clearedtodream.org |access-date=12 May 2023 |language=en}} Foreign pilots with an MPL may fly into the United States as co-pilot on a non-US registered aircraft, but they cannot operate a US-registered aircraft for a US carrier. However, foreign MPL students can attend US flight schools for flight training.{{rp|18}}

Applicants must be at least 18 years old, hold a Class 1 medical certificate, and have completed the theoretical training for an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL).{{cite book |title=Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Personnel Licensing |date=July 2022 |publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization |isbn=978-92-9265-732-1 |edition=Fourteenth |url=https://www.bazl.admin.ch/dam/bazl/en/dokumente/Fachleute/Regulationen_und_Grundlagen/icao-annex/icao_annex_1_personnellicensing.pdf.download.pdf/icao_annex_1_personnellicensing.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023}}{{rp|2-21}}

Training must include at least 240 flying hours, including training in a flight simulator.{{rp|2-23}} The majority of flight training may be in a full-motion flight simulator, with 40 hours and 12 take-offs and landings total required in an actual airplane before flying passengers (per JAR-FCL 1.120 and 1.125(b)). 750 hours of classroom theoretical knowledge instruction is required.

The licence is typically achieved in approximately 16–18 months total time from no flight experience to flying for an airline.

The MPL training course includes a type rating for a specific jet aircraft. For this reason it can lower the total cost of training. However, MPL holders are tied to a specific airline until they reach 1,500 flight hours and are able to gain an ATPL.{{cite web |title=MPL and ATPL Programs: What are the differences? |url=https://aviationvoice.com/mpl-and-atpl-what-are-the-differences-202106041153/ |website=Aviation Voice |access-date=12 May 2023 |date=4 June 2021}}

MPL holders are only qualified to fly as co-pilot in a multi-crew aircraft. They are not able to fly solo without additional training.

The course is completed in one continuous course with an Approved Training Organisations (ATO) that has an agreement with the airline. A risk of this is that if the airline goes bankrupt or withdraws its job offer, the licence cannot be used and further training must be undertaken. In 2008, nine cadets who had completed the course with Sterling Airlines were immediately made redundant.{{cite news |last1=Morrison |first1=Murdo |title=Analysis: True believers and sceptics - a decade of MPL |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-true-believers-and-sceptics-a-decade-of-mpl/123333.article |access-date=12 May 2023 |work=Flight Global |date=24 March 2017 |language=en}} In 2014, Monarch Airlines terminated the training of six MPL cadets, however, the cadets were able to transfer their training to Easyjet.{{cite news |last1=Learmount |first1=David |title=MPL students bust transfer myth |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/mpl-students-bust-transfer-myth/114911.article |access-date=12 May 2023 |work=Flight Global |date=22 October 2014 |language=en}}{{cite news |title=The Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL) at CTC Aviation |url=https://www.aviation-training-guide.com/news-details/the-multi-crew-pilot-licence-mpl-at-ctc-aviation/130/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |work=www.aviation-training-guide.com}} In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Easyjet terminated offers of employment to cadets midway through the course.{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Nick |title=Trainee pilots left facing huge bills as Easyjet terminates offers |url=https://ukaviation.news/trainee-pilots-left-facing-huge-bills-as-easyjet-terminates-offers/ |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=UK Aviation News |date=19 October 2020}}

Until 2016, EASA MPL training was not complete until the completion of line training with a specific airline. This was not an ICAO requirement. On 6 April 2016, this restriction was removed.{{cite journal |last1=Wikander |first1=Rickard |last2=Dahlström |first2=Nicklas |title=Multi-crew Pilot License, Part II: The MPL Data - Capturing the Experience |date=May 2016 |page=173 |url=https://www.tfhs.lu.se/fileadmin/tfhs/doc/The_MPL_Part_II_The_MPL_Data_-_Capturing_the_Experience.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=Lund University School of Aviation}}

The European Cockpit Association (ECA) criticised the MPL in 2013, for over-reliance on simulator training.{{cite news |last1=Learmount |first1=David |title=European Cockpit Association slams multicrew pilot licence |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/european-cockpit-association-slams-multicrew-pilot-licence/112183.article |access-date=12 May 2023 |work=Flight Global |date=15 January 2014 |language=en}} According to ECA, the MPL course has "less flying time in the aircraft, very limited solo flight time, and less exposure to the real environment." The ECA noted that, as of 2013, no MPL trainee had yet graduated to captain, and there was limited data on the performance of MPL pilots.{{cite web |title=ECA Position Paper on Multi-Crew Pilot License |url=https://www.eurocockpit.be/positions-publications/eca-position-paper-multi-crew-pilot-license |website=www.eurocockpit.be |access-date=12 May 2023 |language=en |date=19 December 2013}}

By contrast, Rickard Wickander and Nicklas Dahlström of Lund University School of Aviation state that as of 2014 there is "no indication that the MPL should have any significant shortcomings in comparison with traditional airline pilot training... it should be difficult even for opponents of the MPL to ignore the increasingly large amount of positive feedback from host airlines that is now available."{{cite journal |last1=Wikander |first1=Rickard |last2=Dahlström |first2=Nicklas |title=The Multi Crew Pilot Licence - Revolution, Evolution or not even a Solution? |date=2014 |url=https://www.tfhs.lu.se/fileadmin/tfhs/doc/The_Multi-Crew_Pilot_License.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=Lund University School of Aviation}}

According to ECA, authorities and Approved Training Organisation (ATOs) "lack understanding of the competency based concept". Wickander & Dahlström also question whether "there really is any MPL training provider who actually fully runs their training according to the CBT [competency based training] approach. Although there are many training provides who have this as their explicitly stated ambition the conclusion of this study is that there probably is not any who fully lives up to it."

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Category:Aviation licenses and certifications

Category:Flight training