Multiplex polymerase chain reaction

{{Short description|Use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify several different DNA}}

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex PCR) refers to the use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify several different DNA sequences simultaneously (as if performing many separate PCR reactions all together in one reaction). This process amplifies DNA in samples using multiple primers and a temperature-mediated DNA polymerase in a thermal cycler. The primer design for all primers pairs has to be optimized so that all primer pairs can work at the same annealing temperature during PCR.

Multiplex-PCR was first described in 1988 as a method to detect deletions in the dystrophin gene.{{cite journal| journal=Nucleic Acids Research |title=Deletion screening of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus via multiplex DNA amplification |vauthors=Chamberlain JS, Gibbs RA, Ranier JE, Nguyen PN, Caskey CT |year=1988 |volume=16 |issue=23 |pages=11141–11156 |pmc=339001 |pmid=3205741 |doi=10.1093/nar/16.23.11141}} It has also been used with the steroid sulfatase gene.{{cite journal |title=Screening for steroid sulfatase (STS) gene deletions by multiplex DNA amplification |journal=Human Genetics |vauthors=Ballabio A, Ranier JE, Chamberlain JS, Zollo M, Caskey CT |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=571–573 |year=1990 |pmid=2338343 |doi=10.1007/BF00210812|hdl=2027.42/47626 |s2cid=18579745 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47626/1/439_2004_Article_BF00210812.pdf |hdl-access=free }} In 2008, multiplex-PCR was used for analysis of microsatellites and SNPs.{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayden MJ, Nguyen TM, Waterman A, Chalmers KJ |title=Multiplex-ready PCR: a new method for multiplexed SSR and SNP genotyping |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=9 |pages=80 |year=2008 |pmid=18282271 |pmc=2275739 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-9-80 |doi-access=free }} In 2020, RT-PCR multiplex assays were designed that combined multiple gene targets from the Center for Diseases and Control in a single reaction to increase molecular testing accessibility and throughput for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. {{cite journal|year=2020|last1=Perchetti|first1=GA| last2=Nalla|first2=AK| last3=Huang|first3=ML|last4=Jerome|first4=KR|last5=Greninger|first5=AL|author4-link=Keith R. Jerome|author5-link=Alexander L. Greninger|title=Multiplexing primer/probe sets for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR|journal=Journal of Clinical Virology|volume=129|pages=104499|doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104499|pmid=32535397|pmc=7278635|doi-access=free}}

Multiplex-PCR consists of multiple primer sets within a single PCR mixture to produce amplicons of varying sizes that are specific to different DNA sequences. By targeting multiple sequences at once, additional information may be gained from a single test run that otherwise would require several times the reagents and more time to perform. Annealing temperatures for each of the primer sets must be optimized to work correctly within a single reaction, and amplicon sizes, i.e., their base pair length, should be different enough to form distinct bands when visualized by gel electrophoresis. Alternatively, if amplicon sizes overlap, the different amplicons may be differentiated and visualised using primers that have been dyed with different colour fluorescent dyes. Commercial multiplexing kits for PCR are available and used by many forensic laboratories to amplify degraded DNA samples.