Munichi language
{{Short description|Extinct language of Peru}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Munichi
| altname = Muniche, Balsapuertiño
| states = Peru
| region = Loreto
| extinct = late 1990s, with the death of Victoria Huancho Icahuate
| familycolor = American
| iso3 = myr
| glotto = muni1258
| glottorefname = Muniche
| map = Muniche language.png
| mapcaption = Location of Munichi
| fam1 = Macro-Arawakan ?
Ticuna-Yuri ?
| dialects = see below
| speakers2 = "several" semispeakers (2009)
}}
Munichi is an extinct language which was spoken in the village of Munichis, about 10 miles (16 km) west of Yurimaguas, Loreto Region, Peru. In 1988, there were two mother-tongue speakers, but they had not met since the 1970s. The last known fluent speaker, Victoria Huancho Icahuate, died in the late 1990s. As of 2009 there were several semi-speakers who retained significant lexical, and partial grammatical, knowledge of the language (Michael et al. 2013).
It is also called Balsapuertiño, named after the village of Balsapuerto in the department of Loreto, Peru.
Word order in Munichi is VSO.Gibson, Michael Luke. 1996. El Munichi: Un idioma que se extingue. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 42.) Pucallpa: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 103pp.Michael Gibson. 1988. The Muniche Language: with partial reference to verb morphology. (MA thesis, University of Reading).
Other varieties
Unattested "Munichi stock" varieties listed by Loukotka (1968):{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}
- Tabaloso - spoken in Loreto department in the village of Tabalosa on the Mayo River
- Chasutino (Cascoasoa) - once spoken in the village of Chasuta on the Huallaga River; now only Quechua is spoken.
- Huatama (Otanavi) - once spoken in the villages of San José de Sisa and Otanahui in the same region; now only Quechua is spoken.
- Lama (Lamista) - extinct language once spoken on the Moyobamba River. The last survivors now speak only Quechua or Spanish.
- Suchichi (Suriche) - extinct language once spoken in the village of Tarapoto in the same region
- Zapaso - extinct language from the same region, once spoken on the Saposoa River
- Nindaso - once spoken on the Huallaga River north of the Zapaso tribe
- Nomona - once spoken on the left bank of the Saposoa River
Varieties listed by Mason (1950):{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |author-link=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}
- Muniche
- Muchimo
- Otanabe
- Churitana
Classification
The language is considered an isolate (Michael et al. 2013), but the pronominal suffixes bear a close resemblance to those reconstructed for proto-Arawakan (Gibson 1996:18-19), and some lexical items are similar to ones in Arawakan languages (Jolkesky 2016:310–317).Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. [https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/21671 Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122152416/https://www.repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/21671 |date=2022-01-22 }}. Doutorado em Linguística. Universidade de Brasília. Although Jolkesky (id.) argues that the language belongs to a putative Macro-Arawakan stock, evidence has yet to be provided for placing it either in a sister branch to the Arawakan language family or in a branch within this language family. There is substantial borrowing from the local variety of Quechua, and to a lesser extent from Spanish and Cahuapanan languages (Michael et al. 2013).
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Cholon-Hibito, Kechua, and Mochika language families due to contact.{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}
Phonology
Munichi has six vowels: /a, e, i, ɨ, o, u/.{{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon|title=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories|website=linguistics.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-08-12}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants ! colspan="2" | |
| rowspan="2" |Stop
!voiceless |p |t | | |c |k |ʔ |
|---|
| voiced
| |d | | | |g | |
| colspan="2" |Affricate
| |t͡s |t͡ʃ |ʈʂ | | | |
| colspan="2" |Fricative
| |s |ʃ |ʂ |ç | |h |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|m |n | | |ɲ | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
| |l | | |j |w | |
| colspan="2" |Flap
| |ɾ | | | | | |
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Munichi.
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Munichi | |
| one | wuítsa |
| two | utspa |
| three | uchuma |
| head | óke |
| ear | épue |
| tooth | dé |
| fire | chúshe |
| stone | sögte |
| sun | xowá |
| moon | spáltsi |
| maize | sáa |
| dog | xíno |
| boat | niasúta |
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Munichi word list}}
- Gibson, Michael L. 1996. El Munichi: Un idioma que se extingue. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 42. Pucallpa: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103103756/http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/html/pubs/show_work.asp?id=596 Available here].
- Jolkesky, M. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Brasilia: UnB. PhD Dissertation. [https://www.academia.edu/27105400/ Available here].
- Michael, Lev, Stephanie Farmer, Greg Finley, Christine Beier, and Karina Sullón Acosta. 2013. A sketch of Muniche segmental and prosodic phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics 79(3):307-347.
- Michael, L.; Beier, Ch.; Acosta, K. S.; Farmer, S.; Finley, G.; Roswell, M. (2009). Dekyunáwa: Un diccionario de nuestro idioma muniche. (Manuscript).
{{Languages of Peru}}
{{South American languages}}{{Arawakan languages}}
Category:Extinct languages of South America
Category:Language isolates of South America
Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas