Muscle Shoals Sound Studio
{{Short description|Recording studio in Sheffield, Alabama}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Muscle Shoals Sound Studio
| nrhp_type =
| image = Muscle Shoals Sound Studio.jpg
| caption = Original studio at 3614 Jackson Highway, Sheffield
| location = 3614 Jackson Hwy., Sheffield, Alabama
| coordinates = {{coord|34|46|4|N|87|40|26|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin =
| area =
| architect =
| architecture = Early commercial
| added = June 2, 2006
| website = [https://muscleshoalssoundstudio.org muscleshoalssoundstudio.org]
| refnum = 06000437{{NRISref|2008a}}
}}
Image:Muscle Shoals Sound - New Location.jpg
Muscle Shoals Sound Studio is an American recording studio in Sheffield, Alabama, formed in 1969 by four session musicians known as The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section.{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1995/muscle-shoals-rhythm-section/|title=Alabama Music Hall of Fame: Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section|website=www.alamhof.org|access-date=2016-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211303/http://www.alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1995/muscle-shoals-rhythm-section/|archive-date=August 15, 2016|url-status=dead}} They had left nearby FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals to create their own recording facility.
They attracted noted artists from across the United States and Great Britain. Over the years, artists who recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio included Bob Dylan, The Rolling Stones, Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Etta James, Percy Sledge, Willie Nelson, Duane Allman, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Joe Cocker, Levon Helm, Paul Simon, Bob Seger, Rod Stewart, Cat Stevens, Jimmy Cliff, Cher, George Michael, and The Black Keys.
History
=Founders=
{{Main|Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section}}
The four founders of the studio, Barry Beckett, Roger Hawkins, Jimmy Johnson and David Hood, were session musicians at Rick Hall's FAME Studios; they were officially known as the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section but widely referred to as "The Swampers,"{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-muscle-shoals-rhythm-section-mn0001352027/biography |title=Artist Biography |last=Westergaard |first=Sean |date=2017 |website=AllMusic |publisher=AllMusic, RhythmOne group |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=often affectionately called "the Swampers" are widely regarded as one of the most important American recording studio "house bands" emerging in the golden age of rock and soul.}} who were recognized as having crafted the "Muscle Shoals sound" in conjunction with Hall.{{cite web |url=http://www.muscleshoalsthemovie.com/ |title=Muscle Shoals |author= |date=2012 |website=Muscle Shoals the Movie |publisher=Ear Goggles Productions Ltd. |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=At its heart is Rick Hall who founded FAME Studios. Overcoming crushing poverty and staggering tragedies, he brought black and white musicians together to create music that would last for generations while also giving birth to the unique 'Muscle Shoals sound' and the rhythm section 'The Swampers'.}}
The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section was the first group of musicians to own a studio and to eventually run their own publishing and production companies. They provided musical backing and arrangements for many recordings, including major hits by Wilson Pickett, Aretha Franklin, and the Staple Singers; a wide range of artists in popular music also recorded hit songs and complete albums at the studio. They had first worked together in 1967 and initially played sessions in New York and Nashville before doing so at FAME. Their initial successes in soul and R&B led to more mainstream rock and pop performers who began coming to record at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios, including the Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Duane Allman, Traffic, Bob Seger, Glenn Frey, Elton John, Paul Simon, Boz Scaggs, Willie Nelson, Dr. Hook, Elkie Brooks, Millie Jackson, and Julian Lennon.
=3614 Jackson Highway=
The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section partnered with producer Jerry Wexler, who provided start-up funding,{{cite web |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/Tales_From_the_Top_The_Rolling_Stones_Sticky_Fingers_1971 |title= Tales From the Top: The Rolling Stones' Sticky Fingers |last=Simons |first=Dave |date=January 30, 2009 |website=BMI |publisher=Broadcast Music, Inc. |access-date=January 17, 2017}} to found Muscle Shoals Sound Studio at 3614 Jackson Highway in Sheffield.{{cite web |url=http://www.msmusicfoundation.org/history/ |title=HISTORY - It's In The Water
|author= |date=2017 |website=MS Musicfoundation |publisher=MS Musicfoundation |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=In 1969 Rick Hall's house band, the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, left FAME and partnered with Jerry Wexler to found Muscle Shoals Sound Studio at 3614 Jackson Highway in Sheffield..}} The concrete block building, originally built around 1946, was previously a coffin showroom.{{cite web |url=http://www.songfacts.com/blog/writing/aretha_to_the_black_keys_the_muscle_shoals_story/ |title=ARETHA TO THE BLACK KEYS: THE MUSCLE SHOALS STORY |author=Carl Wiser |date=June 6, 2012 |website=Song Facts |publisher=Songfacts, LLC |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=they called Noel Webster and blocked off two weeks at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios, arriving with a truckload of Neill's gear in August.}}
Cher's sixth album was titled 3614 Jackson Highway (1969) and this became the informal name for the studio in 1969.
The first hit to the studio's credit was R. B. Greaves' "Take a Letter Maria". By December 1969, the Rolling Stones were recording at this new location for three days.{{cite web |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/Tales_From_the_Top_The_Rolling_Stones_Sticky_Fingers_1971 |title= Tales From the Top: The Rolling Stones' Sticky Fingers |last=Simons |first=Dave |date=January 30, 2009 |website=BMI |publisher=Broadcast Music, Inc. |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=Rolling Stones arrived for an impromptu three-day session in December and proceeded to put the renegade studio on the map.}}
= 1000 Alabama Avenue =
Image:Muscle Shoals Sound New Location 2.jpg
The studio at 3614 Jackson Highway closed in April 1979, relocating to a larger updated facility in Sheffield located at 1000 Alabama Avenue. This location operated until it was closed and sold in 1985 to Malaco Records, Tommy Couch's Jackson, Mississippi-based soul and blues label, which also bought the publishing rights held by the Muscle Shoals Sound. Malaco used the Sheffield studios for its own artists, including Johnnie Taylor, Bobby Bland and Little Milton, while continuing to operate its original facility in Jackson. The Rhythm Section, minus Beckett, worked with other studio musicians at Malaco Records and at other studios.{{cite web |url=http://www.alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1995/muscle-shoals-rhythm-section/ |title=Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section - 1995 Induction (Lifework Award) 2008 |author= |date=2008 |website=Alabama Music Hall of Fame |publisher=Alabama Music Hall of Fame |access-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211303/http://www.alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1995/muscle-shoals-rhythm-section/ |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }} In 2005, Couch decided to close the Malaco studio on Alabama Avenue because he was having difficulty competing with more technologically advanced studios.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/64002/historic-muscle-shoals-sound-studios-closes |title=Historic Muscle Shoals Sound Studios Closes |author= |date=February 23, 2005 |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Billboard |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=the last four years saw a sharp decline in outside projects. When computer and hard-disk recording really got cheap and better at the same time, it just knocked the socks off a lot of studios, [Muscle Shoals] included," he says. It was just a very difficult thing to compete with.}}
After the closure of the 1000 Alabama Avenue location, the building was taken over by a movie production company.{{cite web |url=http://www.songfacts.com/blog/writing/aretha_to_the_black_keys_the_muscle_shoals_story/ |title=ARETHA TO THE BLACK KEYS: THE MUSCLE SHOALS STORY |author=Carl Wiser |date=June 6, 2012 |website=Song Facts |publisher=Songfacts, LLC |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=they called Noel Webster and blocked off two weeks at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios, arriving with a truckload of Neill's gear in August.}} In 2007, this location housed Cypress Moon Productions and the Cypress Moon Studio with functioning recording equipment, which was operating as a recording studio and was open for tours.{{cite web |url=http://alabama.travel/places-to-go/cypress-moon-studio |title=Cypress Moon Studio Historic Site |author= |date=2017 |website=Sweet Home Alabama |publisher=Alabama Travel |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=Muscle Shoals Sounds moved from {{sic|it's}} original location in 1978, converting this former Naval Reserve building on the Tennessee River to a multi-studio complex. Many internationally known artists recorded gold and platinum records here. The building now houses a film production company with the historic recording studio still in use.}}
= Recent history =
Although it was no longer a working studio in 2009 and 2010, the Jackson Highway location was rented for recording some or all of two Grammy-nominated albums. Band of Horses's third CD, Infinite Arms, recorded in part at that studio, was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Alternative Album.
Ten tracks of Black Keys's sixth album, Brothers, were also recorded at 3614 Jackson Highway.{{cite web |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/mark_neill_on_the_making_of_the_black_keys_brothers |title=Mark Neill on the Making of the Black Keys' 'Brothers' |last=Simons |first=Dave |date=October 10, 2011 |website=BMI |publisher=BMI |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=truckload of period gear culled from Neill's personnel collection}} The album was nominated for a 2011 Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album. Two songs from the album, "Tighten Up" and "Black Mud", were nominated for Grammys: "Tighten Up" for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song and "Black Mud" for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Rolling Stone magazine placed the album at number-2 on its list of the Best Albums of 2010 and "Everlasting Light" at number 11 on its list of the Best Singles of 2010. The album was also featured on Spin magazine's Top 40 Albums of 2010.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
Chris Stapleton recorded his Grammy winning single, "Cold" at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in December 2018 and received the Grammy in 2022 thus making the studio one that produces Grammy winning hit records once again.
= Restoration and reopening =
The original studio building on Jackson Highway, which had become an audio visual retailer and then an appliance store until 1999, changed ownership, the subsequent owner completing some renovations and retaining the old recording equipment, allowing for tours of the property.{{cite web |url=https://www.al.com/business/index.ssf/2013/06/post_44.html |title=Foundation purchases original Muscle Shoals Sound Studios, which recorded Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan and more |last=Berry |first=Luch |date=June 20, 2013 |website=AL Business |publisher=Alabama Media Group. |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=Noel Webster, who has owned the property the last 10 to 15 years}} The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in June 2006.{{cite web |url=http://landmarkhunter.com/181805-muscle-shoals-sound-studio/ |title=Muscle Shoals Sound Studio - Also known as: 3614 Jackson Highway |author=James Baughn|display-authors=etal|date=2017 |website= Landmark Hunter |publisher=Landmark Hunter |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=Reference number06000437}}
In 2013, the documentary Muscle Shoals raised public interest in a major restoration of the studio,{{cite web |url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/12/alabamas_top_tourist_attractio.html |title=Alabama's top tourist attraction 2017: Muscle Shoals Sound Studio |author=The Associated Press |date=December 31, 2016 |website=AL.com |publisher=Alabama Media Group |access-date=January 17, 2017}} and in June that year, the owner sold the property (without the historic recording equipment) to the Muscle Shoals Music Foundation, an organization that had been formed earlier that year with the goal of establishing a music museum in the historic building.{{cite news |last=Corey |first=Russ |date=June 21, 2013 |title= Foundation purchases 3614 Jackson Highway |url=http://www.timesdaily.com/news/local/foundation-purchases-jackson-highway/article_127ef32a-da1f-11e2-a98d-10604b9f1ff4.html |newspaper=Times Daily |location=Florence, Alabama |access-date=January 17, 2017}}{{cite web |url=http://quadcitiesdaily.com.s140587.gridserver.com/?p=100700 |title=3614 Jackson Highway, the Deal Is Done |first=Lynn |last=McMillen |work=Quad-Cities Daily | date=June 20, 2013}}{{cite web |url=https://www.al.com/business/index.ssf/2013/06/post_44.html |title=Foundation Purchases Original Muscle Shoals Sound Studios, Which Recorded Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan and More |first=Lucy |last=Berry |publisher=Advance Publications |work=Birmingham News |date=June 20, 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.timesdaily.com/multimedia/historic-recording-console-arrives-at-muscle-shoals-sound-studio/video_b17a1df5-9c0f-5639-b69c-00e9029d1247.html|title=Historic recording console arrives at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio|first=Matt |last=McKean |work=timesdaily.com|access-date=March 11, 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.waaytv.com/appnews/muscle-shoals-sound-studio-restoration-on-track/article_d8f4ddf6-63cc-11e5-8854-ebd897b72ea8.html|title=Muscle Shoals Sound Studio restoration on track|first=Breken|last=Terry|work=waaytv.com|access-date=March 11, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} A large grant from Beats Electronics provided an essential $1 million. The state tourism director said that the 2013 Muscle Shoals film{{cite web |url=http://www.muscleshoalsthemovie.com/ |title=Muscle Shoals |author= |date=2012 |website=Muscle Shoals the Movie |publisher=Ear Goggles Productions Ltd. |access-date=January 17, 2017}} had significant influence. "The financial support from Beats is a direct result of their film." Additional donations were made by other groups and individuals.{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Robert |date=August 6, 2015 |title=Beats to renovate iconic Muscle Shoals Sound Studios |url=http://www.timesdaily.com/news/local/beats-to-renovate-iconic-muscle-shoals-sound-studios/article_67e4ea04-6291-56f4-aa5b-f9219531c811.html |newspaper=Times Daily |location=Florence, Alabama |access-date=January 17, 2017}}
The building closed when major restoration work began in September 2015, and reopened as a finished tourist attraction operated by the Muscle Shoals Music Foundation on January 9, 2017.{{cite news |author=Jay Reeves, The Associated Press |title=Fabled Muscle Shoals Sound Studio named top Alabama tourist attraction of 2017 |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/life/travel/fabled-muscle-shoals-sound-studio-named-top-alabama-tourist-attraction-of-2017 |newspaper=National Post |location=Toronto, Canada |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=January 17, 2017}} The interior is reminiscent of the 1970s, with relevant recording equipment and paraphernalia.{{cite web |url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/12/alabamas_top_tourist_attractio.html |title=Alabama's top tourist attraction 2017: Muscle Shoals Sound Studio |author=The Associated Press |date=December 31, 2016 |website=AL.com |publisher=Alabama Media Group |access-date=January 17, 2016 |quote=has been revamped with a 1970s feel that includes bright colors, retro chairs and a metal ashtray; the sign over the front door is once again bright blue. Vintage recording equipment fills the production booth.}}{{cite web |url=http://www.fox10tv.com/story/34220277/recording-tours-resume-at-muscle-shoals-sound-studio |title=Recording, tours resume at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio |last=Scharf |first=Lauren |date=January 9, 2017 |website=Fox 10 TV |publisher=WALA, Mobile |access-date=January 16, 2017 |quote=When we were closed down during renovations, people would just show up from all over the world.}} According to a journalist who was a recent visitor, the restored studio is impressive: "Muscle Shoals Sound's interior appears much as it did in its prime. ... Some guitars and amps. A Hammond organ, Wurlitzer electric piano and black baby grand. The control room with recording console and analog tape machine ... There are isolation booths, for vocals, percussion and such..."{{cite web |url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/12/muscle_shoals_has_got_the_swam.html |title=Muscle Shoals has (still) got The Swampers: What music legends' lives are like now |last=Wake |first=Matt |date=December 19, 2016 |website=AL.com |publisher=Alabama Media Group |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=Recording at the studio will be offered on a limited basis}}
The Alabama Tourism Department named Muscle Shoals Sound Studio as the state's top attraction in 2017, even before the Jackson Highway studio reopened. Over 62,000 people from 50 countries and every state in the U.S. have visited since it opened for tours again in 2013.
The studio is a working recording studio at night. Dan Auerbach of the Black Keys recorded a solo project in March 2017. Grammy winning producer Dave Cobb of Nashville recorded rockers Rival Sons in April 2017. Actor Kiefer Sutherland recorded with Swamper David Hood in May 2017. In 2018, Bishop Gunn released the first recording from the studio after the restoration, "Shine" from their album, Natchez. Donnie Fritts released tunes recorded at the studio on his June album, in conjunction with John Paul White and Single Lock Records.
Documentary
Filmmaker Greg Camalier premiered his documentary film Muscle Shoals at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013. It is about Muscle Shoals sound, and features Rick Hall, FAME Studios, and the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section (Swampers) who had founded the Muscle Shoals Sound Studios. The film includes interviews with Percy Sledge, Wilson Pickett, Aretha Franklin, Etta James, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Steve Winwood, Bono, Alicia Keys and many others.
Selected recordings
| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |
| Album or song
! Artist ! Date ! US Pop chart{{cite book |title=The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits |first=Joel |last=Whitburn |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=1992 |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=978-0823082803}} ! US R&B chart{{cite book |title=The Billboard Book of TOP 40 R&B and Hip Hop Hits |first=Joel |last=Whitburn |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2006 |publisher=Billboard Books}} ! Notes |
|---|
| 3614 Jackson Highway
| Cher | 1969 | | | |
| Boz Scaggs
| 1969 | | |features Duane Allman playing guitar on several cuts |
| Take a Letter, Maria
| 1969, August 19, | No. 2 | No. 10 | |
| Muscle Shoals Nitty Gritty
| (Released 1970) | | | |
| Brown Sugar
| December 2–4, 1969 (Released 1971) | No. 1 | | |
| Wild Horses
| The Rolling Stones | December 2–4, 1969 (Released 1971) | No. 28 | | |
| Starting All Over Again
| 1972, May | No. 19 | No. 4 | |
| I'll Take You There
| 1972 | No. 1 | No. 1 | |
| Kodachrome
| 1973 | No. 2 | | |
| Loves Me Like a Rock
| Paul Simon | 1973 | No. 2 | | |
| One More River to Cross
| 1973 | | | |
| Don't Your Plums Look Mellow Hanging on Your Tree
| 1974 | | |Willlams' last recordings |
| Atlantic Crossing
| 1974–1975 (released 1975) | | | "Sailing" was a number one hit in the UK Singles Chart |
| Breakaway
| 1975 | | | |
| "Katmandu"
| 1975 | No. 43 | | |
| No Reservations
| 1975 | | | |
| Flyin' High
| Blackfoot | 1976 | | | |
| "Night Moves"
| Bob Seger | 1976 | No. 8 | | |
| "Mainstreet"
|Bob Seger | 1976 | No. 24 (in 1977) | | |
| Izitso
| 1976 | No. 7 (in 1977) | | |
| "Torn Between Two Lovers"
| 1976 | No. 1 (in 1977) | | |
| Street Survivors
| 1977 | | | |
| "Old Time Rock and Roll"
| Bob Seger | 1978 | No. 28 (in 1979) | | ranked number two on the Amusement & Music Operators Association's survey of the Top 40 Jukebox Singles of All Time in 1996 |
| Skynyrd's First: The Complete Muscle Shoals Album
| 1971–1972 (Released 1978) | | | |
| "Gotta Serve Somebody"
| 1979 | No. 24 | | 1980 Grammy winner |
| Pleasure and Pain
| Dr. Hook | 1978 | No. 66 | | |
| Sharing The Night Together
| Dr. Hook | 1978 | No. 6 | | |
| When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman
| Dr. Hook | 1979 | No. 6 | | |
| Sometimes You Win
| Dr. Hook | 1979 | No. 71 | | |
| Better Love Next Time
| Dr. Hook | 1979 | No. 12 | | |
| Sexy Eyes
| Dr. Hook | 1980 | No. 5 | | |
| Take What You Find
| 1979 (released 1980) | | | |
| Valotte
| 1984 | No. 9 | | |
| "Careless Whisper"
|1983 | | |Not the hit version, this was released as a b-side on a UK special 12" and on the Japanese 12"{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesdaily.com/news/solo-version-of-careless-whisper-recorded-in-the-shoals/article_47c2fcd7-2780-5f6d-847a-828ad928f062.html|title=Solo version of 'Careless Whisper' recorded in the Shoals|author=Russ Corey|website=Timesdaily.com|access-date=February 12, 2020}} |
| Brother
| 1993 | | |Three of the album's songs reached the top twenty of the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pbECYPYlZcC&pg=PA65|title=Joel Whitburn Presents Rock Tracks 1981-2008|first=Joel|last=Whitburn|date=January 15, 2008|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=9780898201741 |via=Google Books}} |
| Brothers
| 2009 (Released 2010) | | | 2011 Grammy Award winner |
See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}
External links
- [http://keepkey.yochanan.net/cher.htm Cher 3614 Jackson Highway Home Page]
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKRqQM66AVM Jimmy Johnson and David Hood on re-acquisition of 3614 Jackson Highway]
- {{discogs label|264127}}
- [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/jimmy-johnson Jimmy Johnson Interview] at NAMM Oral History Collection (2015)
{{National Register of Historic Places}}
{{authority control}}
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Colbert County, Alabama
Category:Recording studios in the United States
Category:Museums in Colbert County, Alabama
Category:Music museums in Alabama
Category:Proposed museums in the United States
Category:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama