Mycobacterium marinum
{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Mycobacterium balnei (CDC-PHIL -3111) lores.jpg
| taxon = Mycobacterium marinum
| authority = Aronson 1926 (Approved Lists 1980)
}}
Mycobacterium marinum is a slow growing fresh and saltwater mycobacterium (SGM) belonging to the genus Mycobacterium and the phylum Actinobacteria.{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387950433|title=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology | volume = 5: The Actinobacteria|date=2012|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-0-387-95043-3| veditors = Whitman W, Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, Busse HJ, Trujillo M, Ludwig W, Suzuki K, Parte A | edition = 2nd |location=New York|language=en}} It was formerly known as Mycobacterium balnei.{{r|bjps}} The strain marinum was first identified by Joseph D. Aronson in 1926 and it is observed as a pathogenic mycobacterium{{Cite journal|last=Aronson|first=Joseph D. | name-list-style = vanc |date=1926|title=Spontaneous Tuberculosis in Salt Water Fish|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30083276|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=39|issue=4|pages=315–320|doi=10.1093/infdis/39.4.315 |jstor=30083276 |issn=0022-1899|url-access=subscription}} causing tuberculosis-like infections in fish (mycobacteriosis) and skin lesions in humans.{{cite journal | last1=Hashish | first1=Emad | last2=Merwad | first2=Abdallah | last3=Elgaml | first3=Shimaa | last4=Amer | first4=Ali | last5=Kamal | first5=Huda | last6=Elsadek | first6=Ahmed | last7=Marei | first7=Ayman | last8=Sitohy | first8=Mahmoud | title=Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management; a review | journal=Veterinary Quarterly | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=38 | issue=1 | date=2018-01-01 | issn=0165-2176 | doi=10.1080/01652176.2018.1447171 | pages=35–46| doi-access=free | pmid=29493404 | pmc=6831007 }} The bacteria grows optimal at a temperature around 30 °C.
Human infection
:See aquarium granuloma
Mycobacterium marinum is an acid-fast, aerobic bacterium which can infect humans. Infection is usually associated either with swimming, preparing sea food, or with keeping or working with aquarium fish.{{r|bjps}} Infections of humans are rare due to the chlorination of water. The bacteria penetrate the skin through trauma, usually from bites, injuries from fins, and penetration from foreign objects. The infection is not transmittable from person to person.
The bacteria invade macrophages, preventing the fusion of phagosome-lysosome and replicating inside.
A rare case of human infection was detected when a three year old American child was bitten by an iguana in Costa Rica in March 2022. It is the first bite related infection as most infections develop when an open wound comes into contact with contaminated water. The case was part of the programme of a scientific congress in Copenhagen in April 2023.{{cite web | url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4032086-20230411-costa-rica-enfant-3-ans-fait-mordre-vacances-iguane-developpe-infection-rare | title=Une enfant se fait mordre par un iguane et développe une infection rare | date=11 April 2023 }}
Phylogeny
Initial phylogenetic studies using the gene 16S rDNA sequence data shows M. marinum is close to M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans.
Whole genome sequence of M. marinum (M strain) was first published in 2008{{cite journal | vauthors = Stinear TP, Seemann T, Harrison PF, Jenkin GA, Davies JK, Johnson PD, Abdellah Z, Arrowsmith C, Chillingworth T, Churcher C, Clarke K, Cronin A, Davis P, Goodhead I, Holroyd N, Jagels K, Lord A, Moule S, Mungall K, Norbertczak H, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Walker D, White B, Whitehead S, Small PL, Brosch R, Ramakrishnan L, Fischbach MA, Parkhill J, Cole ST | display-authors = 6 | title = Insights from the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium marinum on the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis | journal = Genome Research | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 729–41 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18403782 | pmc = 2336800 | doi = 10.1101/gr.075069.107 }} and later with the emergence of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), marinum type strain or patient isolates genome sequences were published.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshida M, Fukano H, Miyamoto Y, Shibayama K, Suzuki M, Hoshino Y | title = T, Obtained Using Nanopore and Illumina Sequencing Technologies | journal = Genome Announcements | volume = 6 | issue = 20 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29773624 | pmc = 5958268 | doi = 10.1128/genomeA.00397-18 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Das S, Pettersson BM, Behra PR, Mallick A, Cheramie M, Ramesh M, Shirreff L, DuCote T, Dasgupta S, Ennis DG, Kirsebom LA | display-authors = 6 | title = Extensive genomic diversity among Mycobacterium marinum strains revealed by whole genome sequencing | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 12040 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30104693 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-30152-y | pmc = 6089878 | bibcode = 2018NatSR...812040D | doi-access = free }}
References
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{{Mycobacteria}}
{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}}
{{Fish disease topics}}
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{{Authority control}}