N-Nitrosamides
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|style="width:55%"|Basic structure with blue emphasized |style="width:45%"|N-Nitrosamide derivates with |
File:N-Nitrosamides General Formula V.1.svg N-Nitrosamides |File:N-Nitrosocarbamates General Formula V.1.svg N-Nitrosocarbamates File:N-Nitrosoureas General Formula V.1.svg N-Nitrosoureas File:N-Nitrosoguanidine General Formula V.1.svg N-Nitrosoguanidine |
| colspan="2"| R1-R3 are hydrogen atoms or organic residues |
Nitrosamides are chemical compounds that contain the chemical structure R1C(=X)N(–R2)–N=O, that is, a nitroso group bonded to the nitrogen of an amide or similar functional group.Hans Marquardt, Siegfried G. Schäfer (Hrsg.): Lehrbuch der Toxikologie. 2. Auflage, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart, 2004, {{ISBN|3-8047-1777-2}}, S. 747. Specific classes include the N-nitrosamides, N-nitrosoureas, N-nitrosoguanidines, and N-nitrosocarbamates. Nitrosamides are usually chemically reactive, metabolically unstable, and often carcinogenic; however, in contrast to the N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosamides are not generally contaminants found in food.
Use
Various chloroethylnitrosoureas (such as N, N'-bis (2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea, BCNU) have obtained a medical use in the field of malignant tumors.Hans Marquardt, Siegfried G. Schäfer (Hrsg.): Lehrbuch der Toxikologie. 2. Auflage, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart, 2004, {{ISBN|3-8047-1777-2}}, S. 752–753. It is hypothesized that the efficacy against cancer cells is based on the alkylability of guanine cytosine centers in the sequences of the genetic material, especially the oncogenes.
Synthesis
N-Nitrosamides can be prepared starting from N-monosubstituted carboxamides and the nitrosyl cation (which results from the nitrous cation in the presence of strong acids from the nitrous acid), here exemplified for N-methylacetamide (1).Adalbert Wollrab: Organische Chemie. Eine Einführung für Lehramts- und Nebenfachstudenten. 4. Auflage, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-642-45144-7}}, S. 898.Heinz G. O. Becker, Rainer Beckert, Werner Berger, Günter Domschke, Egon Fanghänel, Mechthild Fischer, Frithjof Gentz, Karl Gewald, Reiner Gluch, Wolf D. Habicher, Hans-Joachim Knölker, Roland Mayer, Peter Meth, Klaus Müller, Dietrich Pavel, Hermann Schmidt, Karl Schollberg, Klaus Schwetlick, Erika Seiler, Günter Zeppenfeld: Organikum. 24. Auflage, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA, Weinheim 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-527-33968-6}}, S. 648. The carboxamide reacts in a nucleophilic attack at the nitrosyl cation. After the elimination of a proton, an N-nitrosamide (2) is formed from the resulting cation:
Toxicity
The genotoxic effect of the N-nitroso compounds can be attributed to the formation of reactive electrophilic species in the metabolism.Hans Marquardt, Siegfried G. Schäfer (Hrsg.): Lehrbuch der Toxikologie. 2. Auflage, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart, 2004, {{ISBN|3-8047-1777-2}}, S. 753–758. The spontaneous decomposition of N-nitroso-ureas in the aqueous medium of the metabolism, here for example of 1-methylnitrosourea (3), produces diazonium or carbenium ions, respectively. The decomposition occurs into isocyanic acid and methyldiazohydroxide. The rearrangement to the diazonium ion and the subsequent elimination of nitrogen results in a carbenium ion (4), which can alkylate nucleophilic intersections of the DNA.
File:Zerfall von N-Nitrosoharnstoffen zu alkylierenden Intermediaten MV5.svg
In the organism, the decomposition of N-nitroso ureas with a higher degree of substitution can proceed. An alternative possible formation of diazonium and carbenium ions is through the enzymatic reaction of nitrosamines.
Typical accompanying symptoms during the medical cancer treatment via N-nitroso ureas are the impairment of bone marrow (damage of the stem cell compartment), lymphatic tissue and the gastrointestinal tract.
References
External links
- {{cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrosamide|title=nitrosamide|website=Wiktionary|accessdate=2017-08-28}}
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