NCAPH

CAP-H is a member of the barr protein family and a regulatory subunit of the condensin complex. This complex is required for the conversion of interphase chromatin into condensed chromosomes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Cui F, Hu J, Xu Z, Tan J, Tang H | title = Overexpression of NCAPH is upregulated and predicts a poor prognosis in prostate cancer | journal = Oncology Letters | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 5768–5776 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31186803 | pmc = 6507296 | doi = 10.3892/ol.2019.10260 }} CAP-H is associated with mitotic chromosomes, except during the early phase of chromosome condensation. During interphase, the protein has a distinct punctate nucleolar localization.

File:Condensin-Schema.svg

As one of the main subunits in the highly conserved SMC condensin I complex in eukaryotes, NCAPH associates with NCAPG, NCAPD2, and the N and C termini of the SMC-4 and SMC-2 proteins. NCAPH creates a bridge between the head groups of the SMC proteins and functions as a kleisin protein.{{cite journal | vauthors = Palecek JJ, Gruber S | title = Kite Proteins: a Superfamily of SMC/Kleisin Partners Conserved Across Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes | journal = Structure | volume = 23 | issue = 12 | pages = 2183–2190 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26585514 | doi = 10.1016/j.str.2015.10.004 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hara K, Kinoshita K, Migita T, Murakami K, Shimizu K, Takeuchi K, Hirano T, Hashimoto H | display-authors = 6 | title = Structural basis of HEAT-kleisin interactions in the human condensin I subcomplex | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30858338 | pmc = 6501013 | doi = 10.15252/embr.201847183 }}

The interaction between NCAPH and the globular ATPase head binding sites of the C terminus and N terminus of the SMC heterodimer allows condensin to have dynamic properties. The C terminus end of NCAPH assumes a winged-helix conformation, which then associates with either head group of the SMC protein. At the opposite end of the kleisin protein, the N terminus associates with proximal coiled coil of the other SMC protein, and creates a helical bundle. This attribute enables the condensin complex to have open and closed conformations in order to associate with chromatin and aid in proper folding of DNA in the condensation process.{{cite journal | vauthors = Palecek JJ, Gruber S | title = Kite Proteins: a Superfamily of SMC/Kleisin Partners Conserved Across Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes | journal = Structure | volume = 23 | issue = 12 | pages = 2183–2190 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26585514 | doi = 10.1016/j.str.2015.10.004 | doi-access = free }}

Studies suggest that the sub-complex formed between NCAPH and NCAPG is critical for interactions with single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA to assist mitotic chromosome assembly in eukaryotes.

NCAPH may be used as a prognostic indicator of carcinogenesis in humans, as the abnormal over-expression of NCAPH is observed in many cancer types.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yin L, Jiang LP, Shen QS, Xiong QX, Zhuo X, Zhang LL, Yu HJ, Guo X, Luo Y, Dong J, Kong QP, Yang CP, Chen YB | display-authors = 6 | title = NCAPH plays important roles in human colon cancer | journal = Cell Death & Disease | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = e2680 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28300828 | pmc = 5386579 | doi = 10.1038/cddis.2017.88 }}

Studies show that, in prostate cancer,{{cite journal | vauthors = Cui F, Hu J, Xu Z, Tan J, Tang H | title = Overexpression of NCAPH is upregulated and predicts a poor prognosis in prostate cancer | journal = Oncology Letters | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 5768–5776 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31186803 | pmc = 6507296 | doi = 10.3892/ol.2019.10260 }} nasopharyngeal carcinoma,{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu L, Jiang Y, Zheng J, Xie G, Li J, Shi L, Fan S | title = Aberrant expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin is correlated with poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal cancer | journal = Human Pathology | volume = 44 | issue = 7 | pages = 1357–1364 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23375645 | doi = 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.10.025 }} hepatocellular carcinoma,{{cite journal | vauthors = Sun C, Huang S, Wang H, Xie R, Zhang L, Zhou Q, He X, Ju W | display-authors = 6 | title = Non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H enhances proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma | journal = Molecular Carcinogenesis | volume = 58 | issue = 12 | pages = 2266–2275 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31523845 | pmc = 6899668 | doi = 10.1002/mc.23114 }} and breast cancers,{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu H, Shi C, Wang S, Yang C, Wan X, Luo Y, Tian L, Li L | display-authors = 6 | title = Identification of NCAPH as a biomarker for prognosis of breast cancer | journal = Molecular Biology Reports | volume = 47 | issue = 10 | pages = 7831–7842 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33009967 | doi = 10.1007/s11033-020-05859-9 | s2cid = 222157669 }} NCAPH is commonly over-expressed, and may be used as a biomarker for various cancer types and a viable prognostic factor for identification and potential drug targeting.

In colon cancer, NCAPH is shown to be higher expressed in cancerous cells compared to non-cancerous epithelial cells. supplementally, when NCAPH is depleted, studies show a decrease in colon cancer cell proliferation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Xiong Q, Fan S, Duan L, Liu B, Jiang X, Chen X, Xiong C, Tao Q, Wang J, Zhang H, Chen C, Duan Y | display-authors = 6 | title = NCAPH is negatively associated with Mcl‑1 in non‑small cell lung cancer | journal = Molecular Medicine Reports | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 2916–2924 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32945371 | pmc = 7453632 | doi = 10.3892/mmr.2020.11359 }}  Studies show that high expression of NCAPH in colon cancer and non-small cell lung cancer patients had an increased survival rate than those with a lower expression of NCAPH.

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Category:Human proteins

Category:Genes mutated in mice