NDUFA5

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA5 gene.{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: NDUFA5 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4698}} The NDUFA5 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.{{cite book|last1=Pratt|first1=Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W.|title=Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780470547847|chapter = 18 | pages=581–620|edition=4th}}

Structure

The NDUFA5 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 7 and it spans 64,655 base pairs. The gene produces a 13.5 kDa protein composed of 116 amino acids.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = Oct 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}{{cite web | url = https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/Q16718 | work = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = NDUFA5 - NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 }} NDUFA5 is a subunit of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centers and the NADH binding site. It has been noted that the N-terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an alpha helix spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane with a C-terminal hydrophilic domain interacting with globular subunits of Complex I. The highly conserved two-domain structure suggests that this feature is critical for the protein function and that the hydrophobic domain acts as an anchor for the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane. NDUFA5 is one of about 31 hydrophobic subunits that form the transmembrane region of Complex I. The protein localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the 7 component-containing, water-soluble iron-sulfur protein (IP) fraction of complex I, although its specific role is unknown. It is assumed to undergo post-translational removal of the initiator methionine and N-acetylation of the next amino acid. The predicted secondary structure is primarily alpha helix, but the carboxy-terminal half of the protein has high potential to adopt a coiled-coil form. The amino-terminal part contains a putative beta sheet rich in hydrophobic amino acids that may serve as mitochondrial import signal. Related pseudogenes have also been identified on four other chromosomes.{{cite journal |vauthors=Emahazion T, Beskow A, Gyllensten U, Brookes AJ | title = Intron based radiation hybrid mapping of 15 complex I genes of the human electron transport chain | journal = Cytogenet Cell Genet | volume = 82 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 115–9 |date=Nov 1998 | pmid = 9763677 | doi =10.1159/000015082 | s2cid = 46818955 }}

Function

The human NDUFA5 gene codes for the B13 subunit of complex I of the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. The NDUFA5 protein localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane and it is thought to aid in this transfer of electrons. Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH₂. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH₂). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix. The high degree of conservation of NDUFA5 extending to plants and fungi indicates its functional significance in the enzyme complex.{{cite journal |vauthors=Russell MW, du Manoir S, Collins FS, Brody LC | title = Cloning of the human NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B13: localization to chromosome 7q32 and identification of a pseudogene on 11p15 | journal = Mamm Genome | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–1 |date=Mar 1997 | pmid = 9021153 | doi =10.1007/s003359900350 | hdl = 2027.42/42136 | s2cid = 27527138 | url =https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42136/1/335-8-1-60_8n1p60.pdf | hdl-access = free }}

Clinical significance

NDUFA5, ATP5A1 and ATP5A1 all show consistently reduced expression in brains of autism patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired ATP synthesis can result in oxidative stress, which may play a role in the development of autism.{{Cite journal

| pmid = 23088660

| year = 2013

| last1 = Anitha

| first1 = A

| title = Downregulation of the expression of mitochondrial electron transport complex genes in autism brains

| journal = Brain Pathology

| volume = 23

| issue = 3

| pages = 294–302

| last2 = Nakamura

| first2 = K

| last3 = Thanseem

| first3 = I

| last4 = Matsuzaki

| first4 = H

| last5 = Miyachi

| first5 = T

| last6 = Tsujii

| first6 = M

| last7 = Iwata

| first7 = Y

| last8 = Suzuki

| first8 = K

| last9 = Sugiyama

| first9 = T

| last10 = Mori

| first10 = N

| doi = 10.1111/bpa.12002

| s2cid = 19761737

| pmc = 8029398

}}{{Cite journal

| pmid = 20825370

| year = 2011

| last1 = Marui

| first1 = T

| title = The NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1 alpha subcomplex 5 (NDUFA5) gene variants are associated with autism

| journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

| volume = 123

| issue = 2

| pages = 118–24

| last2 = Funatogawa

| first2 = I

| last3 = Koishi

| first3 = S

| last4 = Yamamoto

| first4 = K

| last5 = Matsumoto

| first5 = H

| last6 = Hashimoto

| first6 = O

| last7 = Jinde

| first7 = S

| last8 = Nishida

| first8 = H

| last9 = Sugiyama

| first9 = T

| last10 = Kasai

| first10 = K

| last11 = Watanabe

| first11 = K

| last12 = Kano

| first12 = Y

| last13 = Kato

| first13 = N

| doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01600.x

| s2cid = 38218652

}}

Interactions

NDUFA5 has many protein-protein interactions, such as ubiquitin C and with members of the NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex, including NDUFB1, NDUFB9 and NDUFB10.

NDUFA5

Structure

Function

Clinical significance

Interactions

References

Further reading