NEO Surveyor

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = NEO Surveyor

| names_list = Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
Near-Earth Object Camera
NEOCam

| image = NASA's NEO Surveyor in Deep Space (Artist's Concept) (PIA26388).tiff

| image_caption = Artist's concept of the NEO Surveyor spacecraft

| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = Asteroid impact avoidance, astronomy

| operator = NASA{{\}}JPL

| COSPAR_ID =

| SATCAT =

| website = https://neos.epss.ucla.edu/

| mission_duration = 12 years (planned)

| spacecraft_bus =

| manufacturer = Jet Propulsion Laboratory

| launch_mass = {{cvt|1300|kg}}

| dry_mass =

| payload_mass =

| dimensions =

| power =

| launch_date = September 2027 (planned)

| launch_rocket = Falcon 9 Block 5

| launch_site = Kennedy, LC{{nbhyph}}39A or Cape Canaveral, SLC{{nbhyph}}40

| launch_contractor = SpaceX

| entered_service =

| orbit_reference = Heliocentric orbit

| orbit_regime = Sun–Earth {{L1}}

| apsis = helion

| telescope_type =

| telescope_diameter = {{cvt|50|cm}}

| telescope_focal_length =

| telescope_wavelength = Infrared (4–5.2 and 6–10 μm)

| telescope_resolution =

| insignia =

| insignia_caption =

| insignia_size = 200px

}}

NEO Surveyor, formerly called Near-Earth Object Camera (NEOCam), then NEO Surveillance Mission, is a planned space-based infrared telescope designed to survey the Solar System for potentially hazardous asteroids.[https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/ Finding Asteroids Before They Find Us] NEOCam Home site at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Caltech

The NEO Surveyor spacecraft will survey from the Sun–Earth L₁ (inner) Lagrange point, allowing it to see objects inside Earth's orbit, and its mid-infrared detectors sensitive to thermal emission will detect asteroids independently of their reflected sunlight.{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Marcia|url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasas-new-neo-mission-will-substantially-reduce-time-to-find-hazardous-asteroids/|title=NASA's New NEO Mission Will Substantially Reduce Time to Find Hazardous Asteroids|work=Space Policy Online|date=19 January 2020|access-date=9 June 2020}}{{cite web|url=http://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/Orbit|title=NEOCam - Orbit|publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930214140/https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/Orbit|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}{{cite journal|title=NEOCam: The Near-Earth Object Camera|journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society|first=Amy K.|last=Mainzer |volume=38|issue=3|page=568|date=September 2006|bibcode=2006DPS....38.4509M}} The NEO Surveyor mission will be a successor to the NEOWISE mission, and the two missions have the same principal investigator, Amy Mainzer at the University of Arizona.{{cite web |url=https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Mainzer/|title=Amy Mainzer: NEOWISE Principal Investigator|publisher=NASA / JPL|date=25 August 2003|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615182237/https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Mainzer/ |archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}

Since first proposed in 2006, the concept repeatedly competed unsuccessfully for NASA funding against science missions unrelated to planetary defense, despite an unfunded 2005 US Congressional directive to NASA.{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-develop-mission-to-search-for-near-earth-asteroids/|title=NASA to develop mission to search for near-Earth asteroids|publisher=SpaceNews|date=23 September 2019|access-date=10 July 2020}}[https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-announces-new-mission-to-search-for-asteroids/ NASA Announces New Mission To Search for Asteroids] Marcia Smith, Space Policy Online 23 September 2019 In 2019, the Planetary Defense Coordination Office decided to fund this mission outside NASA's science budget due to its national security implications.[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/millions-of-small-asteroids-that-could-threaten-our-world-remain-uncatalogued/ Millions of Small Asteroids That Could Threaten Our World Remain Uncatalogued] Lee Billings, Scientific American 1 January 2016[https://www.science.org/content/article/updated-nasa-taps-missions-tiny-metal-world-and-jupiter-trojans Updated: NASA taps missions to tiny metal world and Jupiter Trojans] Paul Voosen, Science. 4 January 2017 On 11 June 2021, NASA authorized the NEO Surveyor mission to proceed to the preliminary design phase.{{cite web|last=Talbert|first=Tricia|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-approves-asteroid-hunting-space-telescope-to-continue-development|title=NASA Approves Asteroid Hunting Space Telescope to Continue Development|publisher=NASA|date=11 June 2021|access-date=11 June 2021}} {{PD-notice}} The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will lead development of the mission.

As of December 2022, NEO Surveyor is expected to be launched no later than June 2028.{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-confirms-neo-surveyor-for-2028-launch/ |title=NASA confirms NEO Surveyor for 2028 launch |work=SpaceNews |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}} As of February 2025, it will be launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 from Florida in September 2027.{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Tiernan |title=NASA Awards Planetary Defense Space Telescope Launch Services Contract - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-planetary-defense-space-telescope-launch-services-contract/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=nasa.gov |language=en-US}}

History

In 2005, the U.S. Congress mandated NASA to achieve by the year 2020 specific levels of search completeness for discovering, cataloging, and characterizing dangerous asteroids larger than {{cvt|140|m}} (Act of 2005, H.R. 1022; 109th),[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/hr1022/text/rh H.R. 1022 (109th): George E. Brown, Jr. Near-Earth Object Survey Act - Original text] Tracking the United States Congress Accessed: 31 October 2018 {{PD-notice}} but it never appropriated specific funds for this effort.[https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinanderton/2018/10/31/asteroid-news-time-is-running-out-infographic/#2e65ae9c2d7c 290 Asteroid News: Time Is Running Out] Kevin Anderton, Forbes 31 October 2018 NASA did not prioritize this unfunded mandate, and directed the NEOCam project to compete against science missions for general funds unrelated to planetary defense and disaster mitigation planning.[https://spacenews.com/op-ed-a-space-based-survey-not-luck-must-be-our-plan-against-hazardous-asteroids/ A space-based survey, not luck, must be our plan against hazardous asteroids] Richard P. Binzel, Donald K. Yeomans and Timothy D. Swindle. SpaceNews 12 October 2018

Proposals for NEOCam were submitted to NASA's Discovery Program in 2006, 2010, 2015, 2016 and 2017, but each time were not selected for launch.{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/neocam-mission-not-fully-funded-nasa-2017-1|title=City-killing asteroids will inevitably strike Earth — but NASA isn't launching this mission to hunt them down |publisher=Business Insider|last=Mosher|first=Dave|date=13 January 2017|access-date=31 October 2018}} The mission concept nonetheless received technology development funding in 2010 to design and test new infrared detectors optimized for asteroid and comet detection and sizing.{{cite web|url=https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/mission|title=NEOCam - Mission|publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075900/https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/mission|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nasa.gov/news/index.cfml?ID=1034|title=NASA Announces Three New Mission Candidates |work=Discovery News|publisher=NASA|date=5 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614124600/http://discovery.nasa.gov/news/index.cfml?ID=1034|archive-date=14 June 2013}} {{PD-notice}} The project received additional funding for further technological development in September 2015 (US$3 million),{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/09/07/nasa-official-says-new-mission-selections-on-track-despite-insight-woes/|title=NASA official says new mission selections on track despite InSight woes|publisher=Spaceflight Now|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=7 September 2016|access-date=8 September 2016}}{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/02/24/nasa-receives-proposals-for-new-planetary-science-mission/|title=NASA receives proposals for new planetary science mission |publisher=Spaceflight Now|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=24 February 2014|access-date=25 February 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20141201-selecting-the-next-creative-discovery-mission.html|title=Selecting the Next Creative Idea for Exploring the Solar System|publisher=The Planetary Society|last=Kane|first=Van|date=2 December 2014|access-date=10 February 2015}} and in January 2017.{{cite news|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/updated-nasa-taps-missions-tiny-metal-world-and-jupiter-trojans|title=Updated: NASA taps missions to tiny metal world and Jupiter Trojans|publisher=Science (journal)|first=Paul|last=Voosen|date=4 January 2017|access-date=4 January 2017}}

Following calls to fully fund the mission outside NASA's Planetary Science Division or directly from Congress itself,[https://www.space.com/40239-near-earth-asteroid-detection-space-telescope.html About 17,000 Big Near-Earth Asteroids Remain Undetected: How NASA Could Spot Them]. Mike Wall, SPACE.com 10 April 2018[https://qz.com/1659566/nasa-nixes-hunt-for-deadly-asteroids/ NASA won't launch a mission to hunt deadly asteroids] Tim Fernholz, Quartz 5 July 2019 NASA's associate administrator for science announced on 23 September 2019 that instead of competing for funding, NEOCam will be implemented under the name NEO Surveillance Mission with budget from NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office, within the Planetary Science Division. The near-miss of asteroid 2019 OK, which slipped past extant detection methods in July 2019, has been suggested to have helped prompt this decision.[https://www.universetoday.com/143527/this-summers-asteroid-near-miss-helped-greenlight-nasas-neocam-mission-to-search-the-skies-for-killer-spacerocks/ This Summer's Asteroid Near-Miss Helped Greenlight NASA's NEOCam Mission to Search the Skies for Killer Spacerocks] Evan Gough, Universe Today 25 September 2019[https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-telescope-near-earth-objects/ NASA will develop a $600 million telescope to detect near-Earth objects] Chrissy Sexton, Earth.com 27 September 2019

For funding and management purposes, the NEO Surveillance Mission is officially a new project, but it is the same space telescope, the same team, and the mission's goals remain unchanged.[https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-build-telescope-detecting-asteroids-threaten-earth NASA to build telescope for detecting asteroids that threaten Earth] Paul Voosen, Science Magazine 23 September 2019 Quote: [...] the mission is the same, says Mark Sykes, CEO of the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, and a member of NEOCam's science team. "There is no independent or new spacecraft or operational design here. This mission is NEOCam".

On February 11, 2025 the mission passed its critical design review, moving the project towards construction and testing.{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=NASA’s NEO Surveyor Successfully Completes Critical Design Review – Near-Earth Object Surveyor |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/neosurveyor/2025/02/11/nasas-neo-surveyor-successfully-completes-critical-design-review/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}

Objectives

File:NEO Surveyor spacecraft scheme.jpg

The main objective of the mission is to discover most of the potentially hazardous asteroids larger than {{cvt|140|m}} over the course of its mission and characterize their orbits. Its field of view and its sensitivity will be wide and deep enough to allow the mission to discover about 200,000 to 300,000 new NEOs with sizes as small as {{cvt|10|m}} in diameter.{{Cite journal |last=NEO Surveyor Mission Team |date=19 Oct 2023 |title=The Near-Earth Object Surveyor Mission |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=4 |issue=12 |page=224 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ad0468 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2310.12918|bibcode=2023PSJ.....4..224M }}{{cite web|url=http://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/Instrument|title=NEOCam - Instrument|publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930214139/https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/Instrument|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}} Secondary science goals include detection and characterization of approximately one million asteroids in the asteroid belt and thousands of comets, as well as identification of potential NEO targets for human and robotic exploration.{{cite web|url=http://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/science|title=NEOCam - Science|publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518044840/https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/science|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}{{cite conference|title=NEOCam: The Near-Earth Object Camera|conference=48th Meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences. 16–21 October 2016. Pasadena, California|first=Amy K.|last=Mainzer|date=October 2016|bibcode=2016DPS....4832701M}}

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) leads the development of the mission. The total cost of the mission is estimated to be between US$500 million and US$600 million. The mission has a development cost baseline of $1.2 billion.{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=NASA’s NEO Surveyor Successfully Passes Key Milestone – Near-Earth Object Surveyor |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/neosurveyor/2022/12/06/nasas-neo-surveyor-successfully-passes-key-milestone/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}

On the NEO Surveyor website the following mission requirements are stated:{{Cite web |title=Mission Requirements |url=https://neos.epss.ucla.edu/index.php/2024/05/13/mission-requirements/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321010233/https://neos.epss.ucla.edu/index.php/2024/05/13/mission-requirements/ |archive-date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=neos.epss.ucla.edu}}

Find {{frac|2|3}} of Asteroids Larger than 140 Meters in Diameter
Assess the Overall Threat Posed by Potential Earth Impactors
Assess the Impact Threat Posed by Comets
Determine Orbits and Physical Characteristics of Specific Discovered Objects

Spacecraft

The NEO Surveyor spacecraft will have a total mass of no more than {{cvt|1300|kg}}, allowing it to launch on a vehicle like a Falcon 9 Block 5 to the Sun–Earth L₁ Lagrange point. The mission should reach the 90% congressional goal within 10 years, with an anticipated mission lifetime of 12 years.[https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/neo-surveilance-mission.htm NEO Surveillance Mission] ''Gunter's Space Page' Accessed on 28 September 2019

Telescope and camera

File:NEO Surveyor's Telescope Optical Bench Under Construction at JPL (PIA26387).tiff

File:NEO Surveyor's Mirrors Undergo Inspection at JPL (PIA26386).tiff

Asteroids are dark, with albedos of at most 30% and as low as 5%. An optical telescope looks for the light they reflect and can therefore only see them when looking away from the Sun at the sunlit side of the asteroids, and not when looking towards the Sun at the unlit backside of the object. In addition, opposition surge makes asteroids even brighter when the Earth is close to the axis of sunlight, and the sky on Earth is much brighter in daytime. The combined effect is equivalent to the comparison of a Full moon at night to a New Moon in daytime, and the light of the Sun-lit asteroids has been called "full asteroid" similar to a "full moon". A telescope operating at thermal infrared wavelengths instead detects their surfaces that have been warmed by the Sun and is almost equally sensitive to their lit and unlit sides, but needs to operate in space to achieve good sensitivity over a wide field of view.[https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/whyinfrared NEOCam - Why Infrared?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129080826/https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/page/whyinfrared |date=29 November 2020 }} NASA Accessed on 30 September 2019 {{PD-notice}}

The NEO Surveillance Mission will employ a {{cvt|50|cm}} infrared telescope operating wide-field cameras at two thermal infrared wavelength channels for a total wavelength range between 4 μm and 10 μm. The camera will have two channels: NC1 has a wavelength range of 4–5.2 μm and NC2 spans 6–10 μm. NC1 is intended to detect background stars for astrometric registration and calibration, as well as the measurement of effective temperatures. NC2 is optimized to maximize sensitivity to typical NEO thermal emission at 200-300 K. Its field of view is 11.56 square degrees.{{cite conference |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/sbag/meetings/sbag2/presentations/Mainzer_SBAG2009_NEOCam.pdf|title=NEOCam: The Near-Earth Object Camera|conference=2nd Small Bodies Assessment Group Meeting 18–19 November 2009 Boulder, Colorado|first=Amy K.|last=Mainzer|date=18 November 2009|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624000020/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/sbag/meetings/sbag2/presentations/Mainzer_SBAG2009_NEOCam.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=dead}} It will use a version of the Astronomical Wide Area Infrared Imager (HAWAII) mercury–cadmium–telluride detector modified by Teledyne Imaging Sensors for optimal sensitivity in the NC1 and NC2 bands.{{cite web|url=http://www.teledyne-si.com/learn-more-neocam.html|title=Near Earth Object Camera (NEOCam)|publisher=Teledyne Scientific & Imaging|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928021627/http://www.teledyne-si.com/learn-more-neocam.html|archive-date=28 September 2015}} The mission prototype detector was successfully tested in April 2013.{{cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/neocam20130415.html|title=NASA-Funded Asteroid Tracking Sensor Passes Key Test|publisher=NASA|date=15 April 2015|access-date=12 November 2015}} {{PD-notice}}[https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10709/1070907/A-monolithic-2k-x-2k-LWIR-HgCdTe-detector-array-for/10.1117/12.2313521.short?SSO=1 A monolithic 2k × 2k LWIR HgCdTe detector array for passively cooled space missions] Meghan Dorn; Craig McMurtry; Judith Pipher; William Forrest; Mario Cabrera; Andre Wong; A. K. Mainzer; Donald Lee; Jianmei Pan. Proceedings, Volume 10709, High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VIII; 1070907 (2018) {{doi|10.1117/12.2313521}} The detector array is 2,048 × 2,048 pixels and will produce 82 gigabits of data per day. For good infrared performance without the use of cryogenic fluid refrigeration, the detector will be passively cooled to {{cvt|30|K}} using techniques proven by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Unlike its predecessor NEOWISE, it will therefore not suffer from a performance degradation due to running out of coolant (its mission duration will however still be limited, as the orbital station keeping needed to maintain its position at Sun–Earth L₁ uses propellant; also, cosmic radiation will slowly degrade the detectors over time).

Operations

The NEO Surveyor spacecraft will operate in a halo orbit around the Sun–Earth L₁, and employ a sunshade. This orbit will allow fast data downlink speeds to Earth, allowing full-frame images to be downloaded from the telescope.{{cite journal|last1=Mainzer|first1=A.|last2=Grav|first2=T.|last3=Bauer|first3=J.|last4=Conrow |first4=T.|last5=Cutri|first5=R. M.|last6=Dailey|first6=J.|last7=Fowler|first7=J.|last8=Giorgini|first8=J.|last9=Jerrett|first9=T.|last10=Masiero|first10=J.|last11=Spahr|first11=T.|last12=Statler|first12=T. |last13=Wright|first13=E. L.|display-authors=1|title=Survey Simulations of a New Near-Earth Asteroid Detection System|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=149|issue=5|page=17|date=May 2015|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/149/5/172|bibcode=2015AJ....149..172M|arxiv=1501.01063|s2cid=2366920}}

One advantage over NEOWISE is the wide field of regard. NEO Surveyor will be able to point anywhere from 45-120° in longitudinal distance from the sun and stopping at ±40° ecliptic latitude. The survey will be optimized to detect potentially hazardous objects and be performed continuously during the baseline mission (5 years). The survey will be halted each day for 2.25 hours to downlink the data. It will also be halted for calibration, station-keeping and momentum management maneuvers. NEO Surveyor will also be able to conduct targeted follow-up (TFO) to obtain more information for an object of special interest.

It is planned that moving object tracklets are delivered to the Minor Planet Center 2 to 3 times a day, on average 72 hours after their discovery. Additionally deep co-added images are published every 12 months. These deep co-added images most likely will like those of WISE be used by astronomers to study stars, brown dwarfs, and distant galaxies. It was also proposed that NEO Surveyor will include a transient alerting infrastructure,{{Cite journal |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=J. Davy |last2=Metchev |first2=Stanimir A. |last3=Hillenbrand |first3=Lynne A. |last4=Hankins |first4=Matthew |last5=Jencson |first5=Jacob E. |last6=Marsh |first6=Kenneth A. |last7=Kasliwal |first7=Mansi M. |last8=De |first8=Kishalay |last9=Marocco |first9=Federico |last10=Marley |first10=Mark S. |last11=Cushing |first11=Michael C. |last12=Cutri |first12=Roc M. |last13=Wright |first13=Edward L. |last14=Mainzer |first14=Amanda K. |date=2019-05-01 |title=Opportunities in Time-domain Stellar Astrophysics with the NASA Near-Earth Object Camera (NEOCam) |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019BAAS...51c.108K |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=108|bibcode=2019BAAS...51c.108K }} but none are planned to this date (October 2023).

In the first 30 days after the launch the in-orbit checkouts will be performed. After arriving at L₁ NEO Surveyor team will conduct a 6-month survey verification. In the nominal survey the telescope is expected to detect two-thirds of asteroids with a diameter larger than 140 meters in the first 5 years. The nominal mission will last for at least 12 years. After the survey end, the telescope will be decommissioned and put into a heliocentric orbit.{{Cite web |title=Mission Orbit and Timeline |url=https://neos.epss.ucla.edu/index.php/2024/05/13/mission-orbit-and-timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313114536/https://neos.epss.ucla.edu/index.php/2024/05/13/mission-orbit-and-timeline/ |archive-date=2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=neos.epss.ucla.edu}}

{{multiple image

| align = center

| direction = horizontal

| width = 300px

| header = Animation of NEO Surveyor

| image1 = Animation of NEO Surveyor around Earth.gif

| caption1 = Around the Earth

| image2 = Animation of NEO Surveyor around Sun - Frame rotating with Earth.gif

| caption2 = Around the Sun - Frame rotating with Earth - Top view

| image3 = Animation of NEO Surveyor around Sun - Frame rotating with Earth - Viewed from Sun.gif

| caption3 = Around the Sun - Frame rotating with Earth - Viewed from the Sun

| footer = {{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Magenta| NEO Surveyor }}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|L₁ point}}

}}

Images

{{Multiple image

| align = center

| total_width = 1100

| image1 = Potentially Hazardous Asteroids 2013.png

| caption1 = Plot of orbits of known potentially hazardous asteroids (size over {{cvt|140|m}} and passing within {{cvt|7.6|e6km}} of Earth's orbit) as of early 2013.(alternate image)

| image2 = NEA by survey.svg

| caption2 = Annually discovered NEAs by survey since 1995

| image3 = NEA 1 km or more.svg

| caption3 = Large NEAs (at least 1 km in diameter) discovered each year

}}

References

External links

{{Commons}}old archived websites:

[https://web.archive.org/web/20210622180042/http://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/ NEOCam website] by Caltech
[https://web.archive.org/web/20240531152432/https://neos.arizona.edu/ official website] by the University of Arizona

other official websites: