NODAPL
{{Correct title|#NoDAPL|reason=hash}}
File:Protest against Dakota Access and Keystone XL Pipelines 20170126-1555.jpg
Background
{{see also|Dakota Access Pipeline|Dakota Access Pipeline protests}}
The Dakota Access Pipeline is a {{convert|1172|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} underground oil pipeline in the United States.{{Cite web|url=https://daplpipelinefacts.com|title=Dakota Access Pipeline Facts|website=Dakota Access Pipeline Facts|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-09}} It begins in the Bakken shale oil fields in northwest North Dakota and continues through South Dakota and Iowa to the oil tank farm near Patoka, Illinois.{{Cite web|url=https://daplpipelinefacts.com|title=Dakota Access Pipeline Facts|website=Dakota Access Pipeline Facts|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-10}} Together with the Energy Transfer Crude Oil Pipeline from Patoka to Nederland, Texas, it forms the Bakken system.{{Cite news|url=https://www.enbridge.com/projects-and-infrastructure/projects/bakken-pipeline-system|title=Bakken Pipeline System|access-date=2017-11-10|language=en}} The $3.78 billion project was announced to the public in June 2014, and the #NoDAPL movement began when Energy Transfer Partners announced its plans for an oil pipeline route across lands and waterways of cultural, spiritual and environmental significance to the Lakota Nation and other communities downstream.{{Cite news|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/pipeline-route-plan-first-called-for-crossing-north-of-bismarck/article_64d053e4-8a1a-5198-a1dd-498d386c933c.html|title=Pipeline route plan first called for crossing north of Bismarck|last=Service|first=Amy Dalrymple Forum News|work=Bismarck Tribune|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en}}
File:Dakota Access Pipeline protesters against Donald Trump (31619797533).jpg
The pipeline's impact on the environment has been controversial. A number of Native Americans in Iowa and the Dakotas, including the Meskwaki and several Sioux tribal nations, have opposed the pipeline under the assertion that it would threaten sacred burial grounds as well as the quality of water in the area.{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/01/us/standing-rock-sioux-sacred-land-dakota-pipeline/index.html|title=The sacred land at the center of the Dakota pipeline fight|first=Jessica |last=Ravitz |others=Video by Sara Sidner and Matthew Gannon|work=CNN|access-date=2017-11-09}} A protest at the pipeline site in North Dakota near the Standing Rock Indian Reservation drew international attention shortly after the announcement of this project. In September 2016, construction workers bulldozed a section of land that the tribe had identified as sacred ground, and when protesters entered the area, security workers used attack dogs which bit at least six of the protesters.{{Cite news|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/6/full_exclusive_report_dakota_access_pipeline|title=FULL Exclusive Report: Dakota Access Pipeline Co. Attacks Native Americans with Dogs & Pepper Spray|work=Democracy Now!|access-date=2017-11-10}} The incident was filmed and viewed by several million people on YouTube and other social media.{{Citation|last=Democracy Now!|title=Dakota Access Pipeline Company Attacks Native American Protesters with Dogs & Pepper Spray|date=2016-09-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuZcx2zEo4k|accessdate=2017-11-10}}
The video footage of the attack dogs and usage of #NoDAPL on social media sparked more protests. In November 2016, police were filmed hitting protesters with water cannons in sub-zero temperatures.{{Cite news|last=Signals|first=Source: Digital Smoke|date=2016-11-21|title=Standing Rock protesters hit with water cannon – video|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2016/nov/21/standing-rock-protesters-hit-with-water-cannon-video|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0261-3077}} Authorities said the Iowa section of the pipeline was the target of arson in 2016. The pipeline suffered millions of dollars in damages due to deliberately set fires.{{Cite web|title=October 2016: Arson Causes $2 Million in Damage to Dakota Access Pipeline|url=https://www.infoplease.com/current-events/2016/october-2016-current-events-us-news-slideshow-5|access-date=2021-10-23|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en}}
While protests went on near construction sites and legal battles continued in the courtroom, legislators also clashed over the pipeline. U.S. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) announced opposition to the pipeline in August 2016.{{Cite web|title=Sanders Opposes Dakota Access Pipeline » Senator Bernie Sanders|url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/sanders-opposes-dakota-access-pipeline/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Senator Bernie Sanders|language=en-US}} Sanders, along with four other senators, called for President Barack Obama to halt the pipeline's construction in October 2016.{{Cite web|title=Five senators call for halt of Dakota Access pipeline|url=https://www.thegazette.com/news/five-senators-call-for-halt-of-dakota-access-pipeline/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=www.thegazette.com|language=en-US}}
Social media
The movement was largely started by Indigenous youth, who used social media campaigns to create awareness for the cause. A young indigenous girl named Tokata Iron Eyes and her teenage friends are credited with starting the #NoDAPL movement.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/the-lesson-from-standing-rock-organizing-and-resistance-can-win/|title=The Lesson from Standing Rock: Organizing and Resistance Can Win|last=Klein|first=Naomi|date=2016-12-04|work=The Nation|access-date=2017-11-09|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=2017-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032509/https://www.thenation.com/article/the-lesson-from-standing-rock-organizing-and-resistance-can-win/|url-status=dead}} As part of the Standing Rock Youth, a group of about 30 young people from the Standing Rock Sioux community, they decided to go online and make the issue of the Dakota Access Pipeline Construction known.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/magazine/the-youth-group-that-launched-a-movement-at-standing-rock.html|title=The Youth Group That Launched a Movement at Standing Rock|last=Elbein|first=Saul|date=2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-11-10|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} Protests against the pipeline project captured the attention of Social Media users across the globe under the slogan #NoDAPL aka "No Dakota Access Pipeline."
The #NoDAPL movement utilized various social media platforms, such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube, to gain awareness of the issue occurring at Standing Rock. The people's petition spread across social media and gained an immense support in a short amount of time.
The hashtag #NoDAPL was only the start for many hashtags that followed along on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to protest the pipeline. The hashtags #ReZpectOurWater, which is a play on “reservations,” #StandWithStandingRock, and #WaterisLife gained great prominence as well.{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/artists-standing-with-standing-rock/|title=How the Nation's Artists Are Standing with Standing Rock|date=24 November 2016|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/12/07/standing-rock-nodapl-youth/|title=How young Native Americans built and sustained the #NoDAPL movement|first=Matt|last=Petronzio|website=Mashable|date=7 December 2016|publisher=}} Activist Naomi Klein posted a Facebook video in which she interviewed a youth, Iron Eyes, which gained more than a million views in 24 hours.{{cite web|last1=Petronzio|first1=Matt|title=How young Native Americans used social media to build up the #NoDAPL movement|url=http://mashable.com/2016/12/07/standing-rock-nodapl-youth/#FYOoczmbpqq5|website=Mashable|date=7 December 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2017}} Facebook Live allowed large numbers of people to understand what is actually happening on the ground. For example, Facebook check-ins played a big role in spreading the issue to large audiences.{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4551866/facebook-dakota-access-pipeline-check-in/|title=How Activists Are Using Facebook Check-In to Help Dakota Access Pipeline Protesters|magazine=Time|access-date=2017-11-10}} Shortly after its creation, millions of tweets used the hashtags #NoDAPL or #StandWithStandingRock.
Celebrities have also shown support for the hashtag. Celebrities such as Shailene Woodley, Rosario Dawson, and many others have shown their support at protests and throughout social media.{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/12/celebs-react-to-dakota-access-pipeline-decision.html|title=Musicians, Actors, and Celebrities Celebrate the Dakota Access Pipeline Decision|last=Fontana|date=5 December 2016 }} In October 2016, Woodley was arrested for criminal trespassing while demonstrating in Saint Anthony, North Dakota.{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-shailene-woodley-arrested-dapl-20161010-snap-htmlstory.html|title=Shailene Woodley arrested while peacefully protesting Dakota Access pipeline in North Dakota|newspaper=LA Times|author=Libby Hill|date=10 October 2016|accessdate=16 December 2020}}
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
External links
{{commonscat|Dakota Access Pipeline protests}}
- [http://www.daplpipelinefacts.com/ DAPL Pipeline Facts] - Oil Industry information about the pipeline
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20161216183259/http://sacredstonecamp.org/ Camp of the Sacred Stones] - First Water Protectors camp formed at Standing Rock
- [http://rezpectourwater.com/ ReZpect Our Water] - Standing Rock Youth and Water Runners
- [https://twitter.com/search?q=%23NoDAPL&src=typd NoDAPL Twitter feed]
- [http://www.nodaplarchive.com NoDAPL Archive]