Nadine Ivanitzky

{{Short description|Ukrainian sociologist and cultural anthropologist}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Nadine Ivanitzky

| image = Nadine_Ivanitzky_from_World's_Work.jpg

| alt =

| caption = Ivanitzky in 1915

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{Birth year|1874}}.

| birth_place = Kharkiv, Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1919|03|28|1874}}

| death_place = London, United Kingdom

| nationality =

| other_names = Nadine Ivanitsky

| occupation = Sociologist, cultural anthropologist

| years_active = 1908–1919

| known_for =

| notable_works =

}}

Nadine Ivanitzky (1874, Kharkiv – 28 March 1919, London) was a Ukrainian sociologist who specialized in research on primitive people. After earning a degree from the University of Geneva, she attended courses at the Sorbonne and earned a doctorate from the Free University of Brussels. Her doctoral advisor was Emile Waxweiler, who hired her as one of the ten permanent researchers at the Solvay Institute of Sociology. She was in charge of cultural anthropological research at the institute and became a specialist in studying pre-industrial cultures.

Early life and education

Nadine Ivanitzky was born in 1874 in Kharkiv, in the Kharkov Governorate, of the Russian Empire.{{sfn|Deschamps|Smets|1922|p=5}} She was the next to last child in a family of eleven, who lived on an ancestral estate in Kharkiv.{{sfn|Fowke|1915|p=302}} Ivanitzky earned a teaching diploma from the normal school in Kharkiv and at the age of eighteen moved to Geneva, Switzerland to continue her education.{{sfn|Deschamps|Smets|1922|p=5}}{{sfn|Fowke|1915|p=302}} She studied at the University of Geneva from 1896 to 1899,{{sfn|University of Geneva|1896|p=18}}{{sfn|University of Geneva|1898|p=19}}{{sfn|University of Geneva|1899|p=19}} earning a degree in social sciences.{{sfn|Deschamps|Smets|1922|p=5}} Leaving Switzerland, Ivanitzky took courses at the Sorbonne with Alphonse Aulard, Henri Bergson, Émile Durkheim, and Ernest Lavisse for several years.{{sfn|Fowke|1915|p=302}} She also studied with {{ill|Marcel Hébert|fr}} and earned a doctorate in political science and administration from the Free University of Brussels in 1908.{{sfn|Deschamps|Smets|1922|p=5}}{{sfn|Despy-Meyer|1980|p=42}} Her doctoral supervisor was Emile Waxweiler and her thesis was entitled "Les élites sociales" ("The Social Elites").{{sfn|Wils|Rasmussen|2012|p=1287}}{{sfn|Le petit bleu du matin|1908|p=2}}

Career

After completing her doctorate, Ivanitzky was hired as one of the ten researchers at the Solvay Institute of Sociology.{{sfn|Fowke|1915|pp=301–302}} The Institute of Social Sciences had been founded by chemist and industrialist Ernest Solvay in 1894 to study the socio-political development of human productivity.{{sfn|Van Acker|2014|pp=147–148}} In 1902, it became the Institute of Sociology under the direction of Waxweiler.{{sfn|Van Acker|2014|p=149}} Waxweiler's focus was on providing researchers with access to materials and facilities where they could study and share information, which analyzed structural functionalism to determine how social relationships were created or dissolved.{{sfn|Wils|Rasmussen|2012|p=1287}}{{sfn|Derman|2012|p=159}} Ivanitzky was placed in charge of the cultural anthropological research at the institute.{{sfn|Frost|1960|p=100}} She became a specialist in evaluating the evolution of primitive societies, publishing numerous papers in the Bulletin de l'Institut de Sociologie Solvay.{{sfn|Fowke|1915|p=302}} She studied Native American, Asian, African, and Pacific societies attempting to learn how over time habits and customs became codified into rules and organizational structures.{{sfn|Fowke|1915|p=302}}{{sfn|Ivanitzky|1911|p=276-1}}{{sfn|Ivanitzky|1915|p=164}} At the time, indigenous societies were assumed to be "dying races" and artists, photographers, scientists, and writers were anxious to document them before they vanished.{{sfn|Susemihl|2008|p=142}}{{sfn|Hall|Page|2014|p=273}} These works created wide public interest in the native inhabitants of other continents and concern that contact with Europeans would lead to their demise.{{sfn|Susemihl|2008|p=142}}{{sfn|Grandidier|1923|p=4}} From government perspectives, these types of studies justified racial policies that supported segregation, cultural assimilation, and restriction of the rights of native peoples.{{sfn|Vickers|2002|pp=2–4}}{{sfn|Pateman|Mills|2007|p=70}}

In 1914, Ivanitzky was visiting in Ghent when German troops invaded. Unable to obtain travel documents as a foreigner, she posed as a Belgian friend and managed to escape to England. Making her way to London, she continued with her work at the British Museum and the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. She also volunteered with the Red Cross.{{sfn|Fowke|1915|p=302}} Because her trip to Britain was unplanned, Ivanitzky had left most of her work behind in Belgium.{{sfn|Deschamps|Smets|1922|p=5}} She was in the midst of evaluating racial issues in society.{{sfn|Fowke|1915|p=302}} In 1917, along with Fernand Van Langenhove, she paid homage to Waxweiler's contributions to sociology in "La doctrine sociologique d'Émile Waxweiler", after his sudden death in 1916.{{sfn|R.|1918|p=850}}

Ivanitzky's papers were collected by friends in London, who after some delay returned them to the Solvay Institute. S.-A. Deschamps and Georges Smets combined her Belgian and British notes and posthumously published her article "Les institutions des primitifs Australiens" ("The Institutions of Primitive Australians") in 1922.{{sfn|Deschamps|Smets|1922|p=6}} The work was covered in both scientific journals and popular newspapers, like Le Figaro in Paris and La Presse in Montreal.{{sfn|Grandidier|1923|p=4}}{{sfn|La Presse|1924|p=36}} Ethnologist Guillaume Grandidier summarized her paper noting that although different from western societies, Aboriginal Australian societies respected specific territories of other aboriginal groups which were exploited for subsistence hunting and gathering. In areas in which they had not encountered Europeans, Aboriginal cultures were able to thrive, but in areas dominated by Europeans, disease and destruction of their traditional way of life was a threat.{{sfn|Grandidier|1923|p=4}} Rather than organized governance, Aboriginal societies relied on the guidance of elders and their traditions of distribution to care for the community.{{sfn|Grandidier|1923|p=5}} Sociologist Achille Ouy noted that she delineated marriage customs and methods of population control, including infanticide, used to regulate community size so that resources could sustain the population. He stated that her work was meticulously documented and was described in exacting detail,{{sfn|Ouy|1923|p=421}} and was an "excellente monograph" (excellent monograph).{{sfn|Ouy|1923|p=420}}

Death and legacy

Ivanitzky died on 28 March 1919 in London from the influenza pandemic which followed the end of World War I.{{sfn|The Times|1919|p=15}}{{sfn|Deschamps|Smets|1922|p=6}} Her work continued to be cited by researchers throughout the 20th century,{{sfn|Smets|1931|p=15}}{{sfn|Crombois|1998|p=81}} although later scholars recognized that the early ideas that pre-industrial societies were inferior have been discarded.{{sfn|Berr|2011|p=xvi}} She was included in 21st-century scholarship on the composition of the student body of the University of Brussels, undertaken to study the foreign students who attended the university.{{sfn|Godfrind|2006|p=8}}

Selected works

{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=La mentalité des primitifs dans ses rapports avec leur vie sociale |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinmensuel8191univ/page/n53/mode/1up |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=October 1910 |issue=8 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=The Mentality of Primitives in Relation to Their Social Life |issn=1783-5747 |id=article #124}}
{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=Comment la vie en groupes restreints conditionne le prolongement des rapports sociaux après la mort |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinmensuel1519univ/page/n103/mode/1up |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=May 1911 |issue=15 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=How Life in Small Groups Conditions the Continuation of Social Relations after Death |issn=1783-5747 |id=article #240}}
{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=Sur l'attestation des droits individuels chez certains primitifs |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinmensuel1519univ/page/n111/mode/1up |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=May 1911 |issue=15 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=On the Attestation of Individual Rights among Certain Primitives |issn=1783-5747 |id=article #241}}
{{cite journal |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=Sur le rôle de l'administration dans les sociétés primitives |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinmensuel1719univ/page/n59/mode/1up |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=November–December 1911 |issue=17 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=On the Role of Administration in Primitive Societies |issn=1783-5747 |id=article #276}}
{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=Influences de deux formes diverses de la croyance aux morts sur l'organisation sociale primitive |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinmensuel1719univ/page/n59/mode/1up |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=November–December 1911 |issue=17 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=Influences of Two Diverse Forms of Belief of the Dead on Primitive Social Organization |issn=1783-5747 |id=article #277}}
{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=Sur la stabilité d'une organisation politique primitive fondée sur une adaptation traditionnelle |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=1912 |issue=20 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=On the Stability of Primitive Political Organization Based on Traditional Adaptation |issn=1783-5747 |id=article #320}}{{sfn|American Journal of Sociology|1913|p=596}}
{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=Sur des formes systématisées d'instruction de la jeunesse chez les primitifs |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=1913 |issue=25 |pages=300–305 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=On Systematized Forms of Instruction of Youth among Primitive Peoples |issn=1783-5747}}{{sfn|Isis|1914|p=321}}
{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=Comment les attitudes des primitifs à l'égard des choses inconnues sont conditionnées par les adaptations au milieu |journal=Bulletin mensuel |date=1913 |issue=26 |pages=663–672 |publisher=Solvay Institute of Sociology |location=Brussels |language=French |trans-title=How the Attitudes of Primitives to Unknown Things Are Conditioned by Adaptations to the Environment |issn=1783-5747}}{{sfn|Isis|1914|p=321}}
{{cite journal |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |title=The System of Kinship Amongst the Primitive Peoples as Determined by Their Mode of Grouping |journal=Man |date=November 1915 |volume=15 |pages=163–165 |doi=10.2307/2788800 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2788800 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |location=London |issn=0025-1496 |oclc=5545574142}}
{{cite journal |ref=none |last1=Ivanitzky |first1=Nadine |last2=Van Langenhove |first2=Fernand |title=La doctrine sociologique d'Émile Waxweiler |journal=Science Progress |date=January 1917 |volume=11 |issue=43 |pages=423–430 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426822 |trans-title=The Sociological Doctrine Of Emile Waxweiler |publisher=John Murray |location=London |language=French |issn=2059-495X |oclc=5919330957}}
{{cite book |ref=none |last=Ivanitzky |first=Nadine |editor-last1=Deschamps |editor-first1=S.-A. |editor-last2=Smets |editor-first2=Georges|title=Les institutions des primitifs Australiens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5IrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 |trans-title=The Institutions of Primitive Australians |date=1922 |publisher=Maurice Lamertin |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=French |oclc=251150677}}

References

=Citations=

=Bibliography=

{{cite book |last1=Berr |first1=Henri |author-link=Henri Berr |editor1-last=Moret |editor1-first=Alexandre |editor1-link=Alexandre Moret |editor2-last=Davy |editor2-first=Georges |editor2-link=Georges Davy |title=From Tribe to Empire: Social Organization among Primitives and in the Ancient East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3ksBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, UK |chapter=Forward |pages=ix–xxx |isbn=978-1-136-19360-6}}
{{cite journal |last1=Crombois |first1=Jean-François |title=Le Congo et l'ethnographie: colonialisme, sociologie et ethnologie en Belgique avant 1914 |journal=Civilisations |date=1998 |volume=45 |issue=1-2 |pages=55-84 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41229583 |access-date=28 November 2022 |trans-title=The Congo and Ethnography: Colonialism, Sociology and Ethnology in Belgium before 1914 |publisher=Institut de Sociologie de l'Université de Bruxelles |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=French |issn=0009-8140 |oclc=5545084079}}
{{cite book |last1=Derman |first1=Joshua |title=Max Weber in Politics and Social Thought: From Charisma to Canonization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4JWXVSp_w0C&pg=PA159 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-107-02588-2}}
{{cite book |last1=Deschamps |first1=S.-A. |last2=Smets |first2=Georges |author2-link=Georges Smets |editor1-last=Ivanitzky |editor1-first=Nadine |title=Les institutions des primitifs Australiens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5IrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 |date=1922 |publisher=Maurice Lamertin |location=Brussels, Belgium |pages=5–6 |language=French |chapter=Introduction |oclc=251150677}}
{{cite report |last1=Despy-Meyer |first1=Andrée |title=Les femmes et l'enseignement supérieur: l'Université libre de Bruxelles de 1880 à 1914, Bruxelles: Université libre de Bruxelles |url=https://digistore.bib.ulb.ac.be/2009/DL2072826_000_f.pdf |publisher=Service des archives, Université libre de Bruxelles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126051904/https://digistore.bib.ulb.ac.be/2009/DL2072826_000_f.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2021 |location=Brussels, Belgium |page=Liste des étudiantes, 42 (77 pdf) |language=French |date=1980 |url-status=live}}
{{cite journal |last1=Fowke |first1=G. H. |author-link=George Henry Fowke |title=Men and Women of To-Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVU5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301 |journal=The World's Work |date=June–November 1915 |volume=XXVI |pages=301–310 |access-date=21 November 2022 |publisher=William Heinemann |location=London, UK |oclc=711006340}}
{{cite book |last=Frost |first=Henry H. Jr. |date=1960 |title=The Functional Sociology of Émile Waxweiler and the Institut de Sociologie Solvay |series=Mémoires |volume=LIII(5) |publisher=Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique |location=Brussels |page=100 |oclc=257395174}}
{{cite conference |last1=Godfrind |first1=Vinciane |title=Étudiantes russes de l'Université libre de Bruxelles de 1905 à 1914 |url=http://barthes.enssib.fr/clio/dos/genre/com/godfrind.pdf |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=2006 |conference=Colloque Histoire/Genre/Migration, Paris, mars 2006 [History/Gender/Migration Colloquium, Paris, March 2006] |conference-url=https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/actualites/histoire-genre-migration |publisher=Le Centre d'histoire sociale du XXe de l'Université Paris |location=Paris |language=French |trans-title=Russian Students at the Free University of Brussels from 1905 to 1914 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121165822/http://barthes.enssib.fr/clio/dos/genre/com/godfrind.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2022 |url-status=live}}
{{cite news |last1=Grandidier |first1=G. |author-link=Guillaume Grandidier |title=Voyages et Voyageurs: Les indigenes de l'Australie |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2934824/f4.item.r=%22Nadine%20Ivanitzky%22.zoom |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=Le Figaro |date=6 February 1923 |location=Paris, France |pages=4–5 |language=French |trans-title=Travels and Travelers: The Natives of Australia |via=Gallica}}
{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Colin Michael |last2=Page |first2=Stephen J. |title=The Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place and Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdWLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 |date=2014 |edition=Fourth |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1-135-04157-1}}
{{cite journal |last1=Ouy |first1=Achille |author-link=Achille Ouy |title=Revue: Nadine Ivanitzky. – Les institutions des primatifs australiens. Un volume de 100 pp. in-8°, extrait de la Revue de l'Institute de sociologie. Bruxelles, Maurice Lamertin, éditeur, 1922. |journal=Revue Internationale de Sociologie |date=1923 |volume=31 |pages=420–421 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SA0dAQAAMAAJ |access-date=26 November 2022 |trans-title=Review: Nadine Ivanitzky. – The Institutions of Australian Primitives. A volume of 100 pp. in-8°, Extract from the Revue de l'Institut de sociologie. Brussels, Maurice Lamertin, publisher, 1922. |publisher=Università degli studi di Roma for the Institut international de sociologie |location=Rome, Italy |language=French |issn=0390-6701}}
{{cite book |last1=Pateman |first1=Carole |last2=Mills |first2=Charles W. |title=Contract and Domination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fUKBhl2j4oC&pg=PA70 |date=2007 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |isbn=978-0-7456-4003-7}}
{{cite journal |last1=R. |first1=W. |title=Recent Literature – Notes and Abstracts: La Doctrine Sociologique d'Emile Waxweiller |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426822 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=May 1918 |volume=23 |issue=6 |page=850 |access-date=24 November 2022 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0002-9602 |oclc=5546119265}}
{{cite journal |last1=Smets |first1=Georges |author-link=Georges Smets |title=Ethnologie et Sociologie |journal=Revue de l'Université de Bruxelles |date=1931 |volume=36 |pages=9–30 |url=https://digistore.bib.ulb.ac.be/2011/DL2503255_1931_000_036.pdf |access-date=28 November 2022 |trans-title=Ethnology and Sociology |publisher=Université Libre de Bruxelles |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=French |issn=0378-4606}}
{{cite book |last1=Susemihl |first1=Geneviève |editor1-last=Knopf |editor1-first=Kerstin |title=Aboriginal Canada Revisited |date=2008 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |location=Ottawa, Ontario |chapter=The Imaginary Indian in German Children's Non-Fiction Literature |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWeuDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |pages=122–157 |isbn=978-0-7766-1822-7}}
{{cite book |last1=Van Acker |first1=Wouter |editor1-last=Rayward |editor1-first=W. Boyd |title=Information beyond Borders: International Cultural and Intellectual Exchange in the Belle Époque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-KKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |date=2014 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Surrey, England |isbn=978-1-4094-4225-7 |pages=143-168 |chapter=9. Sociology in Brussels, Organicism and the Idea of a World Society in the Period before the First World War}}
{{cite book |last1=Vickers |first1=Jill |title=The Politics of Race: Canada, Australia, the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzQq-yiZ3k0C&pg=PA2 |date=2002 |publisher=The Golden Dog Press |location=Ottawa, Canada |isbn=978-0-919614-92-5}}
{{cite journal |last1=Wils |first1=Kaat |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Anne |title=Sociology in a Transnational Perspective: Brussels, 1890-1925 |journal=Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire |date=2012 |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=1273-1296 |doi=10.3406/rbph.2012.8286 |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/rbph_0035-0818_2012_num_90_4_8286.pdf |access-date=23 November 2022 |publisher=Société pour le Progrès des Études Philologiques et Historiques |location=Brussels, Belgium |issn=0035-0818}}
{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Isis|1914}} |author= |title=3. – Les origines de la science |journal=Isis |date=1914 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=320–321 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_1913-1914_1_2/page/321/mode/1up |trans-title=3. – The Origins of Science |publisher=Académie internationale d'histoire des sciences |location=Wondelgem, Belgium |language=French |issn=0021-1753}}
{{cite news |ref={{harvid|Le petit bleu du matin|1908}} |author= |title=A l'université de Bruxelles |url=https://uurl.kbr.be/1721612 |access-date=23 November 2022 |work=Le petit bleu du matin |date=10 November 1908 |volume=15 |issue=309 |location=Brussels, Belgium |page=2 |language=French |trans-title=At the University of Brussels |via=KBR: Royal Library of Belgium}}
{{cite news |ref={{harvid|La Presse|1924}} |author= |title=À travers les us et coutumes des indigènes du continent australien |url=https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3100294?docsearchtext=ivanitzky |access-date=27 November 2022 |work=La Presse |date=31 May 1924 |location=Montreal, Quebec |page=36 |language=French |trans-title=The Habits and Customs of the Natives of the Australian Continent}}
{{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Times|1919}} |author= |title=Dr. N. Ivanitzky |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113418834/nadine-ivanitzky/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=The Times |date=4 April 1919 |location=London, England |page=15 |via=Newspapers.com}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|University of Geneva|1896}} |author= |title=Liste des autorités, professeurs, étudiants et auditeurs de l'université de genève: semestre d'hiver 1896–1897 |url=https://www.unige.ch/archives/files/7515/0719/4251/1896-97_SemestreHiver.pdf |date=1896 |publisher=Imprimerie Rey et Malavallon |location=Geneva, Switzerland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831172746/https://www.unige.ch/archives/files/7515/0719/4251/1896-97_SemestreHiver.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |language=French |trans-title=List of Authorities, Professors, Students and Auditors of the University of Geneva: Winter Semester 1896–1897 |url-status=live}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|University of Geneva|1898}} |author= |title=Liste des autorités, professeurs, étudiants et auditeurs de l'université de genève: semestre d'hiver 1898–1899 |url=https://www.unige.ch/archives/files/4615/0719/5596/1898-99_SemestreHiver.pdf |date=1898 |publisher=Imprimerie Rey et Malavallon |location=Geneva, Switzerland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121193908/https://www.unige.ch/archives/files/4615/0719/5596/1898-99_SemestreHiver.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2022 |language=French |trans-title=List of Authorities, Professors, Students and Auditors of the University of Geneva: Winter Semester 1898–1899 |url-status=live}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|University of Geneva|1899}} |author= |title=Liste des autorités, professeurs, étudiants et auditeurs de l'université de genève: semestre d'été 1899–1900 |url=https://www.unige.ch/archives/files/8615/1005/8933/1899_b_SemestreEte1.pdf |date=1899 |publisher=Imprimerie Rey et Malavallon |location=Geneva, Switzerland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121194949/https://www.unige.ch/archives/files/8615/1005/8933/1899_b_SemestreEte1.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2022 |language=French |trans-title=List of Authorities, Professors, Students and Auditors of the University of Geneva: Summer Semester 1899 |url-status=live}}
{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|American Journal of Sociology|1913}} |author= |title=Recent Literature: Articles |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=January 1913 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=592–600 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_1913-01_18_4/page/596/mode/1up |access-date=23 November 2022 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0002-9602}}

Category:1874 births

Category:1919 deaths

Category:University of Geneva alumni

Category:University of Paris alumni

Category:Vrije Universiteit Brussel alumni

Category:Ukrainian academics

Category:Ukrainian women sociologists

Category:Scientists from Kharkiv

Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Switzerland