Nafanan language

Nafaanra is bordered by Kulango languages to the west and southeast, while Deg (a Gur language) is found to the north and east.Côte d’Ivoire – Maps in {{e25}} The closest eastern and western neighbour is the Mande language Ligbi. Southeast and south of Nafaanra and Ligbi, the Akan language Abron is spoken.Ghana – Maps in {{e25}}

The Nafana people live in the north-west corner of the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana, concentrated mainly in Sampa (capital of the Jaman North district) and Banda. There are two dialectal variants of Nafaanra: Pantera of Banda, and Fantera of Sampa.{{sfn|Jordan|1980|p=1}} Bendor-Samuel gives a 79% cognate relationship on the Swadesh list between the two dialects, meaning that they have many basic words in common.{{sfn|Bendor-Samuel|1971}} The Banda dialect is considered central. The terms "Fantera" and "Pantera" come from other peoples and are considered pejorative by the Nafana.{{sfn|Jordan|1980|p=1}}

The Nafana people say that they come from a village called Kakala in Ivory Coast. Their oral history says that some of their people are still there, and if they go back they will not be allowed to leave again.{{sfn|Jordan|1978|loc=84n1}} They arrived in the Banda area after the Ligbi people, who came from Begho (Bigu, Bighu) to the area in the early 17th century.{{sfn|Stahl|2004}}

According to Ethnologue, as of 2005, many Nafana are bilingual in Twi, the regional lingua franca, to some extent. Using the ILR scale, 50% of Nafana have limited working proficiency in Twi{{efn|Speaking 2 (Limited Working Proficiency): "Able to satisfy routine social demands and limited work requirements."{{Cite web |title=Interagency Language Roundtable Language Skill Level Descriptions - Speaking |url=https://www.govtilr.org/Skills/ILRscale2.htm |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Interagency Language Roundtable}}}}, while 20% have general professional proficiency{{efn|Speaking 3 (General Professional Proficiency): "Able to speak the language with sufficient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate effectively in most formal and informal conversations in practical, social and professional topics."}}. The remaining 30% have either elementary proficiency (15%) or no proficiency at all (15%).[https://www.ethnologue.com/15/ethno_docs/introduction/#language_entries Introduction to the printed volume] in {{e15}} 15–25% of the Nafana people are literate in Twi, whereas only 1–5% are literate in Nafaanra.{{e15|nfr|Nafaanra}}

65 Dompo people living in the close vicinity of Banda have shifted to Nafaanra. Dompo is their first language, thought to be extinct until a fieldwork trip by Blench in 1998 proved the contrary.{{sfn|Blench|1999}}

Maurice Delafosse was the first linguist to mention Nafaanra, calling it "a much dispersed Senufo tribe" in 1904.{{sfn|Delafosse|1904|p=195}} Westermann in his classification of West-African languages, also grouped Nafaanra with Senufo, apparently based on the word list found in Rapp.{{sfn|Westermann|1970|p=56}} This classification is confirmed by Bendor-Samuel, who bases his internal Senufo classification on the comparative word lists in Swadesh et al.{{sfn|Bendor-Samuel|1971}}{{sfn|Swadesh|Arana Swadesh|Bendor-Samuel|Wilson|1966}}

It is less clear which particular Senufo branch Nafaanra is most closely related to. Bendor-Samuel gives a 60% cognate relationship based on the Swadesh list with "Tenere" (a western Senari dialect), 59% with "Central Senari" (the Senari dialect spoken around Korhogo), and 43% with the non-Senufo languages Mo (or Deg), Kabre (or Kabiye), and Dogon.{{sfn|Bendor-Samuel|1971}} The relatively low scores of about 60% point to a rather distant relationship. Likewise, Mensah and Tchagbale establish an intercomprehensibility factor of 38% with "Tyebaara" (Senari), concluding that Nafaanra is only distantly related to this dialect.{{sfn|Mensah|Tchagbale|1983|p=19}} Nafaanra has been tentatively linked to Palaka (Kpalaga) by Manessy, whereas Mills suggests a relation with the southern Tagwana–Djimini branch.{{sfn|Manessy|1981}}{{sfn|Mills|1984}}

Nafaanra has seven oral and five nasalized vowels. A difference in vowel length can make a difference in meaning, as in {{IPA|sɛ}}, "to go", vs. {{IPA|sɛɛ}}, "fetish" or o, "we" vs. oo, "we will". Similarly, the phonemic contrastiveness of nasalization can be seen in sii, "to be giving birth," vs. {{IPA|sĩĩ}}, "to build".Minimal pairs from {{harvnb|Jordan|1980b|pp=13–15}} The vowel system closely resembles that of other Senufo languages. It is like the two Northern Senufo languages Supyire and Mamara in having only five nasal against seven oral vowels.{{sfn|Carlson|1994}} {{citation needed span|In the orthography, nasalization of vowels is marked by adding the letter "n" after the vowel.|date=November 2022}}

{{citation needed span|In the table below, orthographic symbols are included between angled brackets if they differ from the IPA symbols. Note especially the use of "j" for IPA {{IPA|[ɟ]}} and the use of "y" for IPA {{IPA|[j]}}, common in African orthographies.|date=November 2022}}

{{citation needed span|The consonant system of Nafaanra is fairly similar to that of other Senufo languages. Nafaanra has only one attested palatal fricative, {{IPA|/ç/}}, occupying an intermediate position between the Northern Senufo languages (Mamara, Supyire) that have both {{IPA|/ç/}} and its voiced counterpart {{IPA|/ʝ/}}, and the Central and Southern Senufo languages (e.g. Karaboro, Senari, Djimini) that have no palatal fricatives at all.|date=November 2022|reason=This would be original research: Nafaanra {{angbr|h}} corresponds to the glottal consonant most other Senufo languages have, either in the form of a glottal stop {{IPA|/ʔ/}} (Supyire, Senari, Karaboro) or a glottal fricative {{IPA|/h/}} (Mamara)}}

Like the other Senufo languages, Nafaanra has three contrastive tones: High, Mid and Low. Tone is normally not marked in the Nafaanra orthography. Examples are:{{sfn|Jordan|1980b|p=23}}

• kúfɔ̀ "yam" (High-Low)
• dama "two pesewas (coin)" (Mid)
• màŋà "rope" (Low)

The Mid tone sometimes has a rising feature, the High tone sometimes is subject to downstep (a tonal process resulting in a High tone being realised lower than a preceding High tone), and an upstep is also found.{{sfn|Jordan|Jordan|1980a}}{{sfn|Jordan|1980b}} The "rising feature" of Mid may be related to the fact that two different Mid tones are found in some other Senufo languages (e.g. Sucite and Supyire).{{sfn|Carlson|1994}} The High tone downstep (signified by a raised exclamation mark) occurs in the following context:{{sfn|Jordan|1980b|p=23}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|we ^! sɛ

|he FUT go

|"he will go".}}

It is likely that the tonal lowering seen in this particular example is related to the low tone nasal prefix found in future tense constructions in some other Senufo languages. In fact, Supyire shows a similar phenomenon in future tense constructions with a direct object (in other future tense constructions, a low tone nasal is found).{{sfn|Carlson|1994|p=334}} In general however, downstep is more widespread than in Supyire; a similar phenomenon is found in Palaka, Tagwana, and Djimini.{{sfn|Mills|1984|p=xvi}}

An upstep is found in the imperative tense of high tone verbs:{{sfn|Jordan|1980b|p=24}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|ki tɔ

|it close

|"close it!"}}

File:O Tafun Nyiɛtaala.jpg in Nafanan]]

The Nafaanra syllable comprises a vowel and a maximum of three consonants. A nasal consonant may occur as a syllable on its own, in which case it is called a syllabic nasal. The basic syllable structure can be rendered as (C₁)(C₂)V(C₃), with a preference for CV and CVV. Position C₁ may contain any consonant, although word-initial /r/ does not occur. Position C₂ may contain only trills (/r/) or approximants (/w, l, j/). Position C₃ may contain only nasals ({{IPA|/m n ɲ ŋ/}}), in which case the syllable as a whole is nasalized.{{sfn|Jordan|1980b|p=2}}

Senufo languages have a typical Niger–Congo noun class (or gender) system. Suffixes on nouns mark membership of one of the five noun genders. Pronouns, adjectives and copulas reflect the noun gender of the nominal they refer to. Although none of the sources on Nafaanra provides any details, it can be inferred from a brief word list given by Jordan{{sfn|Jordan|Jordan|1980a|pp=1–2}} {{citation needed span|that the Nafaanra noun class system resembles that of other Senufo languages.|date=November 2022}}

The basic word order in Nafaanra is subject–object–verb, as can be seen in the following sentence:

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|bibilɛ ná pé nya

|boys PAST them see

|"The boys saw them"}}

Jordan lists the following list of pronouns, commenting, "Although the pronoun system appears quite simple, it becomes complicated because all the tenses are shown by a combination of pronoun plus particle."{{sfn|Jordan|Jordan|1980a|p=6}}

Tense and aspect in Nafaanra are generally encoded in two places: in preverbal particles and on the verb form. Nafaanra has past, recent past, and future tenses and continuative aspect. In a simple sentence, the order of the various constituents can be rendered as follows: SUBJECT • (NEGATION) • (TENSE) • (ASPECT) • VERB . When the negative suffix -n is present, no fusing of preverbal particles takes place. Nafaanra additionally expresses some tense/aspect matters by use of certain time adverbs and auxiliary verbs.{{sfn|Jordan|1978}}

Past tense is marked by the preverbal particle ná (high tone, as opposed to the low tone continuative particle). Future tense is marked by the particle wè. Simple sentences without a preverbal tense particle are interpreted as recent past (sometimes called immediate). If aspect marking is absent, simple sentences are generally interpreted as completive.Example sentences adapted from {{harvnb|Jordan|1978|pp=85–87}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí ná sɛ́|c1={{audio|kofinase.ogg| }}

|Kofi PAST go-COMPL

|"Kofi went"—PAST}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí wè sɛ́

|Kofi FUT go-COMPL

|"Kofi will go"—FUTURE}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí sɛ́

|Kofi go-COMPL

|"Kofi just went"—RECENT PAST (no marking)}}

Continuative aspect (sometimes called progressive) denotes an action that is ongoing or repetitive. Continuative aspect is usually marked both by a preverbal particle nà (low tone) and by a change of the verb form. The verb sɛ́, "go" used in the sentences below has the continuative form síé. In sentences where both past tense particle ná and continuative particle nà are present, they combine to give the fused particle náà. In sentences in the recent past tense, the preverbal continuative particle is omitted and continuative aspect is shown only on the verb.{{sfn|Jordan|1978}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí náà síé

|Kofi PAST+CONT go-CONT

|"Kofi was going"—CONT + PAST}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí wè nà síé

|Kofi FUT CONT go-CONT

|"Kofi will be going"—CONT + FUTURE}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí síé

|Kofi go-CONT

|"Kofi is going"—CONT + RECENT PAST}}

Two classes of verbs can be differentiated on the basis of their behaviour in aspectually marked sentences.{{sfn|Jordan|1978|p=85ff}} {{citation needed span|One class of verbs has two aspectually distinct forms, as seen in the above example sentences. Another class of verbs does not distinguish aspect—one and the same form shows up in both completive and continuative aspect. In sentences in the recent past tense, this gives rise to ambiguity since the preverbal continuative particle is omitted there. Thus, the sentence kòfí blú can be interpreted in the following two ways:|date=November 2022}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí blú|c1={{audio|kofiblu.ogg| }}

|Kofi swim-CONT

|"Kofi is swimming"—CONT + RECENT PAST}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|kòfí blú

|Kofi swim-COMPL

|"Kofi just swam"—RECENT PAST (no marking)}}

{{citation needed span|Considerable fusion takes place between pronominal subjects and the preverbal particles. For example, ná "PAST" fuses with pé, "they", to produce prá sɛ́ (they-PAST go-completive), "they went", and wè "FUTURE" fuses with pé in píè sɛ́ (they-FUTURE go-completive), "they will go".|date=November 2022}}

Questions can be formed in several ways in Nafaanra. Basic yes–no questions are constructed by adding a sentence-final question marker rá. Constituent questions (sometimes called Wh-questions or question word questions) are doubly marked. They contain a sentence-initial question word and are marked with a sentence-final question marker hin.Examples adapted from Jordan 1980:NAF4{{Full citation needed|date=December 2022}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|u pan rá

|he come Q

|"Has he come?"—basic yes–no-question}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|ŋgi wra nya hin|c1={{audio|Ngiwranya.ogg|| }}

|what he+PAST see Q

|"What did he see?"—constituent question}}

The cardinal numbers without tonal marking are presented below;{{sfn|Jordan|Jordan|1980a|p=2}} where possible, the tone pattern is added based on the list in Rapp.{{sfn|Rapp|1933|pp=66–67}} {{citation needed span|Numbers six to nine are derived by adding the numbers one to four to kɔɔ, "five", by means of the conjunction na.|date=November 2022}}

{{citation needed span|The numbers 11–19 are formed by adding 1–9 to 10 by means of the conjunction mbɔ, e.g. kɛmbɔnunu, "eleven", kɛmbɔkunɔ, "fifteen". In the tens and higher, the Nafaanra and Supyire systems diverge. Multiplication of fulo, "twenty," and addition of kɛ, "ten", (by means of the conjunction ná) is used to form the 30–90 tens. Perhaps surprisingly, there are considerable differences between Rapp (1933) and Jordan (1980) here. In Rapp's 60, 70 and 80, féle seems to be used to mark ten, which conjoined with 6, 7 and 8 forms 60, 70 and 80.|date=November 2022}}

Rapp (1933){{Full citation needed|date=November 2022}} compares the Nafaanra numerals for three (táárɛ) and hundred (lafaa) with eta and ke-lafa from Mpre, a hitherto unclassified language from Ghana. The Mpre eta is Kwa-like (cf. Brong esã, Ga etɛ), whereas the Nafaanra form táárɛ is transparently related to the forms found in the other (non-Kwa) Senufo languages (e.g. Supyire tàànrè). Nafaanra lafaa "hundred" is a typical Kwa numeral and is most probably borrowed from one of the surrounding Kwa languages (cf. Dangme làfá, Gonja kì-làfá, Ewe alafá). Rapp's implication of affinity between Mpre and Nafaanra seems therefore unwarranted at this level.

{{citation needed span|Morphophonological alternations occur here and there, most notably the reduction of kúnɔ, "five" to kɔ́ɔ̀ (preserving the tone pattern) and the change from lafaa to lafɛɛ in the hundreds.|date=November 2022}}

There are 3 to 4 basic colors in Nafanan.{{Cite web |title=Language Nafaanra |url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_naf |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=World Atlas of Language Structures}} {{citation needed span|The three basic colour words of Nafaanra are: wɔɔ, "black", finge, "white", and ɲiɛ, "red". As with adjectives in Senufo languages, the form of the colour words reflects the noun class of the noun that is modified.|date=November 2022}}

• wɔɔ—ki wɔ   "it is black"
• finge—ki finge   "it is white"
• ɲiɛ—ki ɲina   "it is red"

The cognate forms in closely related Supyire are -ɲyɛ-, "red; warm colored", and -fyìn-, "white; light colored", in Supyire. These adjectives are related to the respective verbs fíníŋɛ́, "be white; whiten" and ɲááŋá, "be red; redden", which in turn are causative forms of the now defunct verbs fini,"be white" and ɲana, "be red".{{sfn|Carlson|1994|pp=154, 710n9, 10}}

Sample Nafaanra sentences from the SIL:{{sfn|Jordan|1978|pp=88–90}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|mùùrà kà ní čàà mè gbú mè é nyìè tɛ́ɛ́ mè kí lóó|c1={{audio|muura.ogg| }}

|story some I want and-FUT beat and-FUT your ear put and-FUT it hear

|"I want to tell a story for you to hear."}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|yɛ́ngè nà kòmó ǹdrá|c1={{audio|Yengena.ogg| }}

|true that hyena hide-COMPL

|"It's true that the hyena hid himself."}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|ké bĺè kà kpáhù wá

|it day some frog not-there

|"On a certain day the frog wasn't here."}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|ẃrè ǹnà pè kúú

|he not-CONT them kill-CONT

|"He wasn't killing them."}}

{{interlinear|lang=nfr|indent=3

|ná múúrò ḿnà kàà mà ná yo mà

|if fish you-PAST-CONT chew-CONT you-not past say-COMPL that

|"If you had been eating fish you would not have said that."}}

Image:Nafaanra Delafosse 1904.png is found on the left.]]

There is relatively little published on or in the Nafaanra language. The first linguistic publication to mention Nafaanra is Delafosse (1904), containing some notes on the Nafana people and a fairly extensive comparative Senufo word list, though it lacked any proper tonal marking. Rapp (1933) is an appendix to an article on the Kulango language containing a German-Nafaanra (Nafana-Sprache) word list of around 100 items, gathered during a stay of four hours at Sampa. Rapp notes in passing that special attention was paid to the marking of the tones.{{sfn|Rapp|1933|loc=p. 66: {{lang|de|"besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde auf die Aufzeichnung der Tonhöhen verwandt"}}}}

After a period of silence on Nafaanra, Painter (1966) appeared, consisting of basic word lists of the Pantera and Fantera dialects. The SIL linguist Dean Jordan published an article on Nafaanra discourse in 1978, and together with his wife Carol Jordan has produced a translation of the New Testament, which appeared in 1984.International Bible Society 1984 The whole bible was translated in 2015. Kropp-Dakubu's 1980 West African language data sheets vol II contains a few pages on Nafaanra put together in the late seventies by Dean and Carol Jordan, including a phonology, a list of nouns, a list of pronouns, a list of numbers, and some example sentences; tones are not marked.{{sfn|Kropp-Dakubu|1980}} A more detailed phonology of Nafaanra by Jordan, also containing a Swadesh list, appeared in 1980.{{sfn|Jordan|1980}} {{citation needed span|Several books of Nafana folk tales have been published by the Summer Institute of Linguistics.|date=November 2022}} Mensah and Tchagbale in their 1983 linguistic atlas of Ivory Coast include a comparative Senufo word list of about 120 items; Nafaanra is present under the name "Nafara of Bondoukou".{{sfn|Mensah|Tchagbale|1983}} Hartell published an orthography of Nafaanra, lacking tonal marking, in 1993.{{sfn|Hartell|1993}} The area where Nafaanra is spoken has been the subject of recent archaeological-anthropological studies.{{sfn|Stahl|2004}}

{{noteslist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Delafosse |first=Maurice |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k824366 |title=Vocabulaires comparatifs de plus de 60 langues ou dialectes parlés à la Côte d'Ivoire et dans les régions limitrophes (avec des notes linguistiques et ethnologiques, une bibliographie et une carte) |year=1904 |language=fr |publisher=E. Leroux}}
• International Bible Society (1984): [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004120/http://www.ifoba.com/find_a_bible/default.aspx?SysProductID=22342 Nyiɛkpɔɔ nyu nunu fɔŋgɔ].
• {{Cite book |first=Dean |last=Jordan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4516192 |chapter=Nafaara tense-aspect in the folk tale |title=Papers on discourse |date=1978 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |editor-first=Joseph Evans |editor-last=Grimes |isbn=0-88312-061-5 |oclc=4516192 |pages=84–90}}
• {{Cite book |editor-last=Kropp-Dakubu |editor-first=Mary Esther |title=West African Language Data Sheets |publisher=West African Linguistic Society, African Studies Centre |language=en |volume=II |pages=138–143 |first1=Carol |last1=Jordan |first2=Dean |last2=Jordan |year=1980a |chapter=Nafaara}}
• {{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Dean |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1616598 |title=Collected field reports on the phonology of Nafaara |date=1980b |publisher=Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana |series=Collected language notes}}
• Painter, Colin (1966) Word lists of two Senufo dialects: Fantera et Pantera. Legon: University of Ghana. (30p)
• {{Cite book |last=Rapp |first=Eugen Ludwig |title=Migration und kulturelle Diversität |chapter=Der Einfluss der Migration auf die Sprache |trans-title=The Náfana language in Ivory Coast and Gold Coast |year=1933 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-04688-5/10 |publisher=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen (M.S.O.S.) |volume=36-3 |language=de |pages=66–69 |doi=10.3726/978-3-653-04688-5/10 |isbn=9783631652206 }}

• {{cite book |last=Bendor-Samuel |first=John T. |year=1971 |chapter=Niger–Congo: Gur |editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Sebeok |editor-first2=Jack |editor-last2=Berry |title=Linguistics in sub-saharan Africa |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111562520-007/html |doi=10.1515/9783111562520-007 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=The Hauge/Paris |pages=141–178 |isbn=978-3-11-156252-0 |language=en}}
• {{cite book |title=Recent Field Work in Ghana: Report on Dompo and a note on Mpre |last=Blench |first=Roger |date=1999}}
• {{Cite book |last=Carlson |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30895666 |title=A Grammar of Supyire |date=1994 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=3-11-014057-8 |location=Berlin |oclc=30895666 |doi=10.1515/9783110883053}}
• {{cite book |last=Hartell |first=Rhonda L. |year=1993 |title=The Alphabets of Africa |location=Dakar |publisher=UNESCO and SIL |oclc=464050942}}
• {{Cite book |last=Manessy |first=Gabriel |chapter=Les langues voltaïques |title=Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne |date=1981 |publisher=Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique |editor-first1=Jean |editor-last1=Perrot |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-last2=Leiper Kane Collection |isbn=2-222-01720-3 |location=Paris |oclc=9946042 |volume=I |language=fr}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Mensah |first1=Emmanuel N. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxTLQwAACAAJ |title=Atlas des langues gur de Côte d'Ivoire |last2=Tchagbale |first2=Zakari |date=1983 |publisher=Agence de coopération culturelle et technique / Institut de linguistique appliquée |language=fr |oclc=492982594 |location=Abidjan, Paris}}
• {{Cite book |last=Mills |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11484538 |title=Senoufo phonology, discourse to syllable (a prosodic approach) |date=1984 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |isbn=0-88312-087-9 |location=Dallas, TX |oclc=11484538|issn=1040-0850}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Stahl |first=Ann |author-link=Ann B. Stahl |date=2004 |title=Making History in Banda: Reflections on the Construction of Africa's Past |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617131 |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=50–65 |doi=10.1007/BF03376632 |jstor=25617131 |s2cid=140961583 |issn=0440-9213|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |first1=Morris |last1=Swadesh |first2=Evangelina |last2=Arana Swadesh |first3=John T. |last3=Bendor-Samuel |first4=W. A. A. |last4=Wilson |year=1966 |title=A preliminary glottochronology of Gur languages |journal=Journal of West African Languages |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=27–65 |url=http://main.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/index.php/downloads/summary/8-volume0302/10-a-preliminary-glottochronology-of-gur-languages}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Westermann |first1=Diedrich |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/150447 |title=The Languages of West Africa |year=1970 |orig-date=1952 |publisher=Dawsons |location=Folkstone |first2=M. A. |last2=Bryan |first3=D. W. |last3=Arnott |isbn=0-7129-0462-X |oclc=150447 |edition=new}}

• Brɔfu ni yuu (a bridge material to English) Nafaanra. Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation (1994)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060524165711/http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/Nafaanra.pdf Nafaanra dictionary (PDF)], by Dean Jordan of SIL.

{{Languages of Ghana}}

{{Gur languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nafaanra Language}}

Category:Senufo languages

Category:Languages of Ghana