Naled

Naled is used primarily to control adult mosquitos. It is also registered to control black flies, and leaf eating insects on a variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Approximately 70% of naled in USA is used in mosquito control, and approximately 30% in agriculture.[https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-034401_1-Jan-02.pdf Naled Facts]. (PDF) Environmental Protection Agency – USA. January 2002. Naled has also been used in veterinary medicine to kill parasitic worms in dogs.

It has been used extensively within the United States since the 1950s. Naled was used in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, in North Carolina after Hurricane Florence (2018),{{cite web |title=Aerial Spraying for Mosquitos |url=http://www.johnstonnc.com/content.cfm?id=1322 |website=Johnston County North Carolina |publisher=Johnston County Government |access-date=8 October 2018}} and has been used historically in Puerto Rico to control dengue.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html|title=Zika Virus|access-date=2016-09-07|date=2014-11-05}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/naled-mosquito-control|title=Naled for Mosquito Control|date=2016-07-05|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency}}

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined that exposure levels from eating crops treated with Naled are below the level of concern. With higher exposures, however, naled can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans, which in turn can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures, respiratory paralysis and death. It has the UN hazard classification of 6.1 (inhalation hazard) and is prohibited for use as an insecticide within the EU.{{cite web|title=Active substance non-approval/non-inclusion decisions – Biocides – HSE|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/biocides/bpd-non-inclusion-decisions.htm|website=www.hse.gov.uk|publisher=Health and Safety Executive|location=Bootle, England}}{{cite web|title=CDC – NALED – International Chemical Safety Cards – NIOSH|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0925.html|website=www.cdc.gov|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=Atlanta, GA}}

Naled may cross the placenta if it is in the bloodstream of a mammal. Repeated exposures may also cause future behavioral problems,{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sharon|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Robert|last3=Harnly|first3=Martha|last4=Gunier|first4=Robert|last5=Kreutzer|first5=Richard|date=December 2002|title=Community Exposures to Airborne Agricultural Pesticides in California: Ranking of Inhalation Risks|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=110|issue=2|doi=10.1289/ehp.021101175|pmid=12460795|pmc=1241103|pages=1175–84}} as well as issues with neurodevelopment, growth, and respiratory health in offspring. Chronic exposure to dichlorvos, a metabolite of naled,{{Cite web|url=http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/insect-mite/mevinphos-propargite/naled/insect-prof-naled.html|title=naled (Dibrom) Chemical Fact Sheet 6/83|website=pmep.cce.cornell.edu|access-date=2016-09-07|quote=Naled degrades fairly rapidly with half-lifes of <=8 hours in soils and <=25 hours in aqueous solutions. Dichlorvos (DDVP), a metabolite of naled, is also rapidly degraded in soil with half-lifes of 2.3 - 8.0 hours. Naled exhibits low to intermediate mobility in soils, whereas dichlorvos is intermediately mobile to mobile.}} has also been linked to neurological issues, such as Parkinson's disease and nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration.{{Cite journal|last1=BK|first1=Binukumar|last2=Bal|first2=Amanjit|last3=Kandimalla|first3=Ramesh JL|last4=Gill|first4=Kiran Dip|date=2010-11-13|title=Nigrostriatal neuronal death following chronic dichlorvos exposure: crosstalk between mitochondrial impairments, α synuclein aggregation, oxidative damage and behavioral changes|journal=Molecular Brain|volume=3|pages=35|doi=10.1186/1756-6606-3-35|issn=1756-6606|pmc=2996378|pmid=21073741 |doi-access=free }} Persons who work closely with naled or other organophosphate pesticides should undergo regular testing of their cholinesterase levels.

EPA classifies naled as Group E or non-carcinogenic for humans. Neither naled nor its metabolite, dichlorvos, build up in breast milk or breast tissue.

In a 2017 general-population study of the chemical, University of Michigan researchers found that children in China who had the highest prenatal exposure to naled had, at age 9 months, 3% to 4% lower scores on tests of their fine motor skills, compared with those with the lowest exposure.{{cite web|title= Study links mosquito spray to delayed motor skills in babies |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/09/health/naled-motor-skills-babies/index.html|website=www.cnn.com|publisher=CNN}}

Naled is considered highly toxic to bees,{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/01/like-its-been-nuked-millions-of-bees-dead-after-south-carolina-sprays-for-zika-mosquitoes/|title='Like it's been nuked': Millions of bees dead after South Carolina sprays for Zika mosquitoes|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2016-09-07}} as well as being moderately to highly toxic to birds and toxic to most aquatic life. Naled is also toxic to butterflies at amounts typically used to control mosquitoes.{{cite news |last1=Staletovich |first1=Jenny |title=Mosquito spraying in South Florida scaled back to protect rare butterflies |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article27299731.html |access-date=13 May 2021 |work=Miami Herald |date=15 July 2015}}{{cite journal |last1=Hoang |first1=Tham C. |last2=Rand |first2=Gary M. |title=Acute toxicity and risk assessment of permethrin, naled, and dichlorvos to larval butterflies via ingestion of contaminated foliage |journal=Chemosphere |date=February 2015 |volume=120 |pages=714–721 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.040}} The mule deer is among those most resistant to its effects. Naled is banned in the European Union because of concerns about the toxicity.

Aerial spraying of naled has been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and United States Environmental Protection Agency{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/04/zika-mosquito-neurotoxin-kills-bees-livelihoods-beekeepers|title=US beekeepers fear for livelihoods as anti-Zika toxin kills 2.5m bees|last=Yuhas|first=Alan|date=2016-09-04|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-07}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-insecticide-idUSKCN10E06Q|title=Florida to begin aerial spraying of insecticides to control Zika|date=2016-08-03|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2016-09-07}} for the prevention of the spread of the Zika virus in the United States. Experts at both the CDC and EPA, as well as independent universities, have argued that naled is safer than other chemicals and should not cause significant health issues due to the low level of exposure.

The federal government had considered using the chemical in Puerto Rico to stop the spread of Zika, but decided against it due to the potential danger to pregnant women.{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/puerto-rico-zika-pesticide_us_5792af47e4b01180b52f1b94|title=The Feds Almost Used A Pesticide That's Harmful To Pregnant Women To Combat Zika In Puerto Rico|last=Barron-Lopez|first=Laura|date=2016-07-23|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-09-07}} Its proposed use against Zika led to protests in Puerto Rico.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/zika-virus-miami-aerial-spraying-naled-chemical-sparks-safety-concerns/|title=Miami Beach wary of spraying Zika chemical that can "essentially kill anything"|website=CBS News |access-date=2016-09-07}}

Miami is using specialized trucks to spray naled and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI). Governor Rick Scott said that the CDC recommended using helicopters to spray the insecticides, but some people in Miami and Miami Beach are opposed to aerial spraying.

Spraying of naled in Dorchester County, South Carolina purportedly led to the deaths of 3 million honeybees{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/01/health/zika-spraying-honeybees/index.html|title=Zika spraying kills millions of honeybees|last=LaMotte|first=Sandee|website=CNN|access-date=2016-09-07}} and increased criticism by beekeepers. Beekeepers in the county complained that they had not been notified of spraying before it happened. Juanita Stanley, a beekeeper and co-owner of Flowerton Bee Farm and Supply, told CNN, "Now, I'm going to have to destroy my hives, the honey, all my equipment. It's all contaminated." Jennifer Holmes, vice-president of the Florida State Beekeepers Association, compared the loss of bees to other forms of agriculture, saying, "If there was a regulation that allowed some spraying that would kill half of your livestock overnight, how would you recover?" She went on to say that "we understand the serious threat of possible disease, but we also have to maintain our agricultural livelihood.”

• Malathion - another insecticide sprayed from the air to control mosquitos
• Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis - a biological control agent sprayed from the air to control mosquitos

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{{Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators}}

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Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Category:Organophosphate insecticides

Category:Organochlorides

Category:Methyl esters

Category:Organobromides