Login
Login

Nancy Stepan

{{Short description|Scottish-American science historian}}

Nancy Leys Stepan is a professor emeritus of history at Columbia University. She previously worked as a professor of modern history at the University of Oxford and was a senior fellow at the university's Wellcome Unit. Her research focuses on the history of science in Latin America and the importance of scientific research in the tropics.

Education

Stepan studied at Somerville College, Oxford and earned a Ph.D. from the University of California in 1971.{{Cite web |url=http://ilas.columbia.edu/people/faculty_list_l_z |title=Faculty List (L–Z) |author= |date=2013 |website=ilas.columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210232752/http://ilas.columbia.edu/people/faculty_list_l_z |access-date=December 28, 2024|archive-date=10 December 2013 }}

Career

In 1976, Stepan published her first book titled Beginnings of Brazilian Science, covering the early history of science in Brazil during the very end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. It especially focused on the life of Oswaldo Cruz and his contributions to the country. The timing of her book being released, during the reign of Ernesto Geisel, would be influential toward ending the dictatorial period. It would go on to be a seminal work for discussions of scientific advancement in Brazil and the policy debates that have taken place in the decades since in both academic and political circles.{{cite journal |last1=Kropf |first1=Simone Petraglia |last2=Hochman |first2=Gilberto |date=August 2011 |title=From the Beginnings: Debates on the History of Science in Brazil |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-abstract/91/3/391/10508/From-the-Beginnings-Debates-on-the-History-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=391–408 |doi=10.1215/00182168-1300128 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}

Stepan's following 1982 book, The Idea of Race in Science, addressed the issue of race science in early British scientific research and how it influenced later development of scientific methodologies. It discussed both the usage of pseudoscience that was pervasive in early use of the scientific method and how it was combined with ideas of race that would ultimately lead to future bigoted beliefs becoming common in the scientific community. This commonality was thanks to the racist claims made by large names in science such as Charles Darwin, who formed a central thesis of the book about "dubious, culturally ridden science".{{cite journal |last1=Seth |first1=Suman |date=December 2014 |title=Focus: Relocating Race: Introduction |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/679422 |journal=Isis |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=759–763 |doi=10.1086/679422 |pmid=25665382 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}

Continuing her research into Latin American history, Stepan released "The Hour of Eugenics" in 1991 that investigated the history of eugenics practices in the region from the 1880s to just after World War II. The book particularly noted the cultural shifts of the eugenicist practices from early proponents arguing about the importance of evolution and preventing moral degeneration of civilization, but keeping it largely within an academic and partially political sphere. After World War I, the expression of eugenics was expanded in Latin America to active organizations and conferences pushing the beliefs up until the aftermath of World War II which resulted in the collapse of the subject in the area after the actions of Nazi Germany became public knowledge. Stepan, in addition to covering this, also noted how eugenics discussions in Latin America took significantly different routes from its counterparts in North America and Europe, largely without the racial components used therein. This alternative trajectory instead focused on Neo-Lamarckian claims due to the populations involved being of non-white racial groups in the first place, instead arguing for racial improvement within their own communities.{{cite journal |last1=Meade |first1=Teresa |date=June 1993 |title="The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America. Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/356533 |journal=Isis |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=416 |doi=10.1086/356533 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}

The research articles that Stepan published beyond just her books has had major impacts on the development of the history of science in Latin America, pushing discussions on each of her book's overall themes to new avenues, particularly for members of the Latin American Studies Association. The scholarship in the decades since has been shaped by her writings on what constituted national and transatlantic science and how Latin America affected the broader scientific community in ways not previously considered. Her work has also shaped greater research into other less studied regions of the world, particularly in postcolonial countries, and also placed feminist studies at the forefront through her consideration of the impact of female scientists in Latin America.{{cite journal |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Julia |last2=Zulawski |first2=Ann |date=August 2011 |title=Introduction: Science and Medicine in Latin America |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/91/3/387/10506/Introduction-Science-and-Medicine-in-Latin-America |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=387–389 |doi=10.1215/00182168-1300119 |access-date=December 30, 2024|url-access=subscription }}

Organizations

Stepan is a member of the History of Science Society and served as the Local Arrangements Chairwoman in the 1970s.{{cite journal |author= |date=May 1974 |title=Newsletter |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/hssonline.org/resource/resmgr/newsletter_archive/hss-nl-1974-vol3-n2-may.pdf |journal=History of Science Society |volume=3 |issue=2 |access-date=December 29, 2024}}

Awards and honors

Stepan was made a Guggenheim Fellow in 1986 for her research on Iberian and Latin American history.{{Cite web |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/nancy-leys-stepan/ |title=Nancy Leys Stepan |author= |date=2024 |website=gf.org |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |access-date=December 28, 2024}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |last=Stepan |first=Nancy Leys |author-mask=1 |date=1976 |title=Beginnings of Brazilian Science: Oswaldo Cruz, Medical Research and Policy, 1890–1920 |publisher=Science History Publications |page=225 |isbn=9780882020327}}Reviews for Beginnings of Brazilian Science:
  • {{cite journal |last1=Mattoon Jr. |first1=Robert H. |date=July 1978 |title=Beginnings of Brazilian Science: Oswaldo Cruz, Medical Research, and Policy, 1890–1920 by Nancy Stepan (review) |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–547 |doi=10.2307/3103399 |jstor=3103399 |pmc=1082046 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Donald |date=May 1977 |title=Book Review: Beginnings of Brazilian Science: Oswaldo Cruz, Medical Research and Policy, 1890–1920 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/57/2/352/150291/Beginnings-of-Brazilian-Science-Oswaldo-Cruz |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=352–353 |doi=10.1215/00182168-57.2.352 |access-date=December 25, 2024|pmc=1082046 }}
  • {{cite journal |author= |date=July 1977 |title=Nancy Stepan, Beginnings of Brazilian science. Oswaldo Cruz, medical research and policy, 1890–1920 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/medical-history/article/nancy-stepan-beginnings-of-brazilian-science-oswaldo-cruz-medical-research-and-policy-18901920-new-york-science-history-publications-1976-8vo-pp-xi-225-illus-1295/7432D8F922F8784735AF03B821124C43 |journal=Medical History |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=339 |doi=10.1017/S0025727300038667 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=O'Neil |first1=Charles |date=April 1977 |title=Stepan Nancy. Beginnings of Brazilian Science: Oswaldo Cruz, Medical Research and Policy, 1890–1920 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/82/2/485/135451 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=485 |doi=10.1086/ahr/82.2.485 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Mathias |first1=Simão |date=September 1978 |title=Beginnings of Brazilian Science. Oswaldo Cruz, Medical Research and Policy, 1890-1920. Nancy Stepan |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/352104?journalCode=isis |journal=Isis |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=471–473 |doi=10.1086/352104 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Kropf |first1=Simone Petraglia |last2=Hochman |first2=Gilberto |date=August 2011 |title=From the Beginnings: Debates on the History of Science in Brazil |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-abstract/91/3/391/10508/From-the-Beginnings-Debates-on-the-History-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=391–408 |doi=10.1215/00182168-1300128 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Ben-David |first1=Joseph |date=Spring 1977 |title=The Implantation of the Scientific Tradition in Developing Countries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820303 |journal=Minerva |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=102–105 |jstor=41820303 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Dantes |first1=Maria Amelia |date=1978 |title=Nancy Stepan, Beginnings of Brazilian Science. Oswaldo Cruz, Medical Research and Policy, 1890-1920 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhs_0151-4105_1978_num_31_1_1555 |journal=Revue d'histoire des sciences |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=95–96 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Mary B. |last2=Buck |first2=Peter |date=May 1980 |title=Scientific Development: The Development of Science, Science and Development, and the Science of Development |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030631278001000205 |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=215–230 |doi=10.1177/030631278001000205 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Rossiter |first1=Margaret |date=July 1978 |title=NANCY STEPAN. Beginnings of Brazilian Science. Oswaldo Cruz, Medical Research and Policy, 1890–1920 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/article-abstract/XXXIII/3/450/678557 |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=450–451 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/XXXIII.3.450 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Oldham |first1=C. H. G. |date=November 1976 |title=Self-reliant development |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/264129a0 |journal=Nature |volume=264 |issue=5582 |pages=129–130 |doi=10.1038/264129a0 |bibcode=1976Natur.264..129O |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite book |last=Stepan |first=Nancy Leys |author-mask=1 |date=1982 |title=The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800–1960 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |page=230 |isbn=9781349054527}}Reviews for The Idea of Race in Science:
  • {{cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=Theodore M. |date=October 15, 1982 |title=British Thought on Race |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.218.4569.282 |journal=Science |volume=218 |issue=4569 |pages=282–283 |doi=10.1126/science.218.4569.282 |pmid=17838630 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Gilman |first1=Sander L. |date=July 1984 |title=Nancy Stepan. The idea of race in science: Great Britian{{sic|hide=y}} , 1800–1960 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1520-6696%28198407%2920%3A3%3C292%3A%3AAID-JHBS2300200331%3E3.0.CO%3B2-L |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=292–293 |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(198407)20:3<292::AID-JHBS2300200331>3.0.CO;2-L |access-date=December 25, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Garland E. |date=Autumn 1985 |title=Reviewed Work: The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain 1800–1960 Nancy Stepan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3827581 |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=173–175 |jstor=3827581 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Greta |date=June 1984 |title=The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800–1960. Nancy Stepan |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/353522 |journal=Isis |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=407–408 |doi=10.1086/353522 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=Steven |date=July 1983 |title=Book reviews : 'The Idea of Race in Science' By Nancy Stepan |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030639688302500112 |journal=Race & Class |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=103–105 |doi=10.1177/030639688302500112 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Seth |first1=Suman |date=December 2014 |title=Focus: Relocating Race: Introduction |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/679422 |journal=Isis |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=759–763 |doi=10.1086/679422 |pmid=25665382 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite book |last=Stepan |first=Nancy Leys |author-mask=1 |date=1991 |title="The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=248 |isbn=9781501702259}}Reviews for "The Hour of Eugenics":
  • {{cite journal |last1=Masiello |first1=Francine |date=Spring 1993 |title=Reviewed Work: "The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23022252 |journal=Letras Femeninas |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=136–138 |jstor=23022252 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Helg |first1=Aline |date=February 1993 |title=The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America. By Stepan, Nancy Leys |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/73/1/138/146123/The-Hour-of-Eugenics-Race-Gender-and-Nation-in |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=138–139 |doi=10.1215/00182168-73.1.138 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Meade |first1=Teresa |date=June 1993 |title="The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America. Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/356533 |journal=Isis |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=416 |doi=10.1086/356533 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Kiple |first1=Kenneth F. |date=April 1993 |title=Nancy Leys Stepan. "The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/98/2/611/133654 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=611–612 |doi=10.1086/ahr/98.2.611 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Guy |first1=Donna J. |date=January 1993 |title="The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America. By Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/hour-of-eugenics-race-gender-and-nation-in-latin-america-by-nancy-leys-stepan-ithaca-cornell-university-press-1991-pp-viii-210-index-no-price/AA2D9704333E455A8731437D8E2D74DA |journal=The Americas |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=136–137 |doi=10.2307/1007278 |jstor=1007278 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |author= |date=February 1994 |title=The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America, Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/027046769401400135?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.3 |journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=56 |doi=10.1177/027046769401400135 |access-date=December 25, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Birn |first1=Anne-Emanuelle |date=April 1993 |title=Nancy Leys Stepan, "The Hour of Eugenics": race, gender, and nation in Latin America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/medical-history/article/nancy-leys-stepan-the-hour-of-eugenics-race-gender-and-nation-in-latin-america-ithaca-and-london-cornell-university-press-1991-pp-x-210-3150-0801425697/A29FF8C9B0B5AD075C309B7E4B9118A6 |journal=Medical History |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=217–218 |doi=10.1017/S0025727300058324 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}
  • {{cite book |last=Stepan |first=Nancy Leys |author-mask=1 |date=2001 |title=Picturing Tropical Nature |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=283 |isbn=9781861891464}}Reviews for Picturing Tropical Nature:
  • {{cite journal |last1=Aguirre |first1=Robert D. |date=Summer 2003 |title=Picturing Tropical Nature (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/51823/summary |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=731–733 |doi=10.1353/vic.2004.0001 |access-date=December 26, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Frederick R. |date=Autumn 2002 |title=Reviewed Work: Picturing Tropical Nature Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4331775 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=620–622 |jstor=4331775 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Cañizares-Esguerra |first1=Jorge |date=May 2002 |title=Picturing Tropical Nature (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/12701/pdf |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=400–401 |doi=10.1215/00182168-82-2-400 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Selgelid |first1=Michael J. |date=2002 |title=Book Review: Picturing Tropical Nature |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107049650201100209 |journal=The Journal of Environment & Development |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=196–198 |doi=10.1177/107049650201100209 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite news |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |date=September 1, 2001 |title=Review: Picturing Tropical Nature |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2001-09-01/picturing-tropical-nature |work=Foreign Affairs |access-date=December 27, 2024}}
  • {{cite news |last=Barnett |first=Adrian |date=March 15, 2006 |title=Picturing Tropical Nature by Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18925432-000-picturing-tropical-nature-by-nancy-leys-stepan/ |work=New Scientist |access-date=December 27, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Wonders |first1=Karen E. |date=July 2002 |title=Picturing Tropical Nature. By Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3985922 |journal=Environmental History |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=511–512 |doi=10.2307/3985922 |jstor=3985922 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Eakin |first1=Marshall C. |date=July 2002 |title=Picturing Tropical Nature. By Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/picturing-tropical-nature-by-nancy-leys-stepan-ithaca-cornell-university-press-2001-pp-283-photos-illustrations-references-index-3500-cloth/1C94009309C172AE690984CD73E1ADC8 |journal=The Americas |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=128–130 |doi=10.1353/tam.2002.0070 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=David |date=April 2002 |title=Review: Picturing Tropical Nature |url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/15/1/175/1733604 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=175–176 |doi=10.1093/shm/15.1.175 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Driver |first1=Felix |date=March 2003 |title=Nancy Leys Stepan, Picturing Tropical Nature |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/abs/nancy-leys-stepan-picturing-tropical-nature-picturing-history-london-reaktion-books-2001-pp-283-isbn-1861890842-2500-hardback/9EBB7F42F11238CCA79C3978D795A923 |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=104–105 |doi=10.1017/S0007087403334971 |doi-broken-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Anker |first1=Peder |date=March 2004 |title=Tropical Imagination |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:MESC.0000023273.15369.27 |journal=Metascience |volume=13 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.1023/B:MESC.0000023273.15369.27 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite book |last=Stepan |first=Nancy Leys |author-mask=1 |date=2011 |title=Eradication: Ridding the World of Diseases Forever? |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=312 |isbn=9781861898616}}Reviews for Eradication:
  • {{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Kenrad E. |date=September 2015 |title=Eradication: Ridding the World of Diseases Forever. By Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-abstract/182/5/468/169739 |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |volume=182 |issue=5 |pages=468–469 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwv151 |access-date=December 27, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Koplan |first1=Jeffrey P. |date=July 2012 |title=Eradication: Ridding the World of Diseases Forever? |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1215–1216 |doi=10.3201/eid1807.120474 |pmc=3376825 }}
  • {{Cite web |url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/Eradication |title=Lessons from eradication |last=Gates |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Gates |date=December 7, 2015 |website=gatesnotes.com |publisher=Gates Notes |access-date=December 28, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Packard |first1=Randall M. |date=October 2012 |title=Book Review – Nancy Leys Stepan, 'Eradication, Ridding the World of Disease Forever' |journal=Medical History |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=605–607 |doi=10.1017/mdh.2012.65 |pmc=3483751 }}
  • {{cite news |author= |date=February 24, 2012 |title='Eradication: Ridding the World of Diseases Forever?' by Nancy Leys Stepan |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/eradication-ridding-world-diseases-forever-nancy-leys-stepan |work=Science News |access-date=December 28, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Sarah |date=2013 |title=Eradication: Ridding the world of diseases forever? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17441692.2013.790462 |journal=Global Public Health |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=634–635 |doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.790462 |access-date=December 28, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |author= |date=July 2012 |title=Bookmarks: Eradication: Ridding the world of diseases forever? |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0459 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1644–1645 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0459 |access-date=December 28, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Keshavjee |first1=Salmaan |date=May 2012 |title=Eradication: ridding the world of diseases forever? |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70100-7/abstract |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=372 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70100-7 |access-date=December 28, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Blount |first1=Stephen B. |date=October 2012 |title=Disappearing disease |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.2887 |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1455 |doi=10.1038/nm.2887 |access-date=December 28, 2024}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Henderson |first1=Donald A. |date=March 2012 |title=A history of eradication—successes, failures, and controversies |url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)60381-X.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9819 |pages=884–885 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60381-X |access-date=December 28, 2024}}

References

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stepan, Nancy}}

Category:American historians of science

Category:British historians of science

Category:University of California alumni

Category:Academics of the University of Oxford

Category:Columbia University faculty

Category:Historians of Latin America

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Category:Living people

Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford