Napa Valley AVA

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Early settler and pioneer vineyardist George C. Yount is generally credited as the first to plant grapevines in Napa Valley in 1838. In 1864, on the marriage of one of his granddaughters to Thomas Rutherford, Yount gave the couple around {{convert|1000|acre|sqmi|0}} of land, which Rutherford dedicated to viticulture.{{cite web

|url = http://www.sanfranciscowinetours.com/rutherford.htm

|title = Rutherford

|publisher = SanFranciscoWineTours.com

|access-date = January 2, 2011

|quote = In 1846, one of Yount's granddaughters married Thomas Rutherford and Yount gave the newlyweds the very generous gift of about 1,000 acres at the northern edge of Rancho Caymus. Following Yount's lead, Rutherford planted grapes and began investing in winemaking in Napa. By the 1880s, the Rutherford area was well established as one of Napa Valley's premium wine districts.

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100914174015/http://www.sanfranciscowinetours.com/rutherford.htm

|archive-date = September 14, 2010

}}

Other pioneers followed in the 1840s and 1850s, by which time vineyards were established in and around Napa City and up the length of the valley to Calistoga. Commercial production began in 1858, with John Patchett selling wine for $2 per gallon. His wine cellar, built in 1859, narrowly predates that established in 1861 in St. Helena by Charles Krug, although this is commonly cited as the Napa Valley's first winery.{{cite web

| url = http://www.charleskrug.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/winery.main/

| title = About the Winery - Charles Krug - Napa Valley Winery

| publisher = Charles Krug

| access-date = January 2, 2011

| quote = The Charles Krug Winery, first in the Napa Valley and established in 1861, is owned and operated by the Peter Mondavi Family.

| archive-date = January 22, 2011

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110122235327/http://www.charleskrug.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/winery.main/

| url-status = dead

}}

Captain Gustave Niebaum established Inglenook Winery in 1879 near the village of Rutherford.{{cite book

|title = A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California

|url = http://www.calarchives4u.com/biographies/i/inglenook.txt

|access-date = January 2, 2011

|year = 1891

|publisher = Lewis Publishing Co.

|location = Chicago

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170228132859/http://www.calarchives4u.com/biographies/i/inglenook.txt

|archive-date = February 28, 2017

|url-status = usurped

}} This was the first Bordeaux style winery in the US. Inglenook wines won gold medals at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris.

In 1868 H. W. Crabb bought land near Oakville close to the Napa River. Crabb established a vineyard and winery named To Kalon, and by 1877 had planted {{convert|130|acre|km2|1}} and was producing 50,000 US gallons of wine per year. Crabb experimented with over 400 grape varieties to find the types best suited for the area.

By 1880, its first great period of prominence, the Napa Valley had 443 vineyards with a thousand or more vines each. Of these major holdings, 72 were in the Calistoga district, 126 were in Napa City and 245 in the St. Helena area. At the end of the nineteenth century, there were more than one hundred and forty wineries in the area. Of those original wineries, several still exist in the valley today including Beaulieu, Beringer, Charles Krug, Chateau Montelena, Far Niente, Mayacamas, Markham Vineyards, and Schramsberg Vineyards.

Viticulture in Napa suffered several setbacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Phylloxera louse killed many of the vines throughout the valley. Prohibition, enacted in 1920, caused many wineries to shut down. A few remained open with agreements to produce sacramental wine. Growers who elected to keep their vines planted sold their crops to home winemakers.{{cite web | title=Prohibition in Wine Country|work=Napa Valley Register | url=http://www.napavalleyregister.com/lifestyles/real-napa/article_ed8bdf22-4a81-11df-bb7d-001cc4c002e0.html | access-date=April 18, 2010 | date=April 18, 2010 | last=Burnham | first=Kelsey}} The Great Depression slowed the wine business further. These events stalled the growth of the wine industry in Napa County, California for years.

André Tchelistcheff is generally credited with ushering in the modern era of winemaking in California. Beaulieu hired Tchelisticheff in 1938.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/andre-tchelistcheff-92-authority-on-wine.html|title=Andre Tchelistcheff, 92, Authority on Wine|work=New York Times|date=7 April 1994|accessdate=21 July 2021}} He introduced several techniques and procedures to the region, such as aging wine in small French Oak barrels, cold fermentation, vineyard frost prevention, and malolactic fermentation.

File:Napa Valley Opus One Photo D Ramey Logan 01.JPG

Following Prohibition, Beringer Vineyards invited attendees of the Golden Gate International Exposition to visit the winery using promotional maps printed with the phrase "All roads lead to Beringer" in 1939. The winery also invited Hollywood stars including Clark Gable, Charles Laughton and Carole Lombard to visit. These early promotions are considered to be the birth of wine-based tourism that is now a large part of the economy of Napa Valley today.{{Cite news

| last = Courtney

| first = Kevin

| title = New park named for 'father of wine tourism

| work= Napa Valley Register

| publisher = Lee Enterprises

| location = Napa, CA

| date = May 26, 2005

| url = http://napavalleyregister.com/news/new-park-named-for-father-of-wine-tourism/article_d7f0279c-d5b0-5fc4-8ded-a3458b8851b4.html

| access-date =August 8, 2011

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817173950/http://napavalleyregister.com/news/new-park-named-for-father-of-wine-tourism/article_d7f0279c-d5b0-5fc4-8ded-a3458b8851b4.html |archive-date=2018-08-17 | url-status=live| url-access=subscription}}

Brother Timothy of Christian Brothers winery was also instrumental in establishing the modern wine industry in Napa. After an earlier career as a teacher, he transferred to the order's Mont La Salle located on Mount Veeder in the Mayacamas Mountains northwest of Napa in 1935 to become the wine chemist for the order's expanding wine operations. Christian Brothers had grown grapes and made sacramental wine in Benicia, California during Prohibition, but decided to branch out into commercial production of wine and brandy after the Repeal of Prohibition. The science teacher was a fast learner and soon established Christian Brothers as one of the leading brands in the state's budding wine industry. Brother Timothy's smiling face in advertisements and promotional materials became one of the most familiar images for wine consumers across the country. Following the Second World War, the wine industry in Napa began to thrive again.

File:Napa Valley OpusVines Photo D Ramey Logan 01.JPG

In 1965, Napa Valley icon Robert Mondavi broke away from his family's Charles Krug estate to found his own winemaking operation in Oakville. It was the first new large scale winery to be established in the valley since prohibition and included the original To Kalon land. After this, the number of wineries in the valley grew rapidly, as did the region's reputation.

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During the Bicentennial, the region gained international recognition from the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 when featured Napa Valley Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon vintages ranked #1 honors, scored by renowned French oenophiles, besting several famous French labels in a blind tasting format. The news of the wine competition, termed the "Judgment of Paris", was immediately published by a Time magazine article and later portrayed in the 2008 Hollywood film, Bottle Shock. The results of the momentous event established Napa's international reputation as a premier wine-producing region.{{cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,947719,00.html |title=Judgment of Paris|magazine=Time|author=Taber, George M.|format=Modern Living |date=7 June 1976 |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108131748/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,947719,00.html |archive-date=2015-11-08| url-status=live}}{{cite book |last=Taber|first=George M.|title=The Judgment of Paris: California vs France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting That Revolutionized Wine|publisher=Scribner|date=2005-09-13|isbn=978-0-7432-4751-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/judgmentofparisc00tabe}}{{cite news |author=Peterson, Thane| url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2001/nf2001058_228.htm |title=The Day California Wines Came of Age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018051609/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2001/nf2001058_228.htm |archive-date=2007-10-18 |work=Business Week |date=2001-05-08 |format=Movable Feast |access-date=2006-07-19}}

A modern outbreak of phylloxera was discovered in the valley in 1983 in a vineyard planted with AxR1 rootstock.{{cite web|author=Prial, Frank J.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/05/dining/wine-talk-after-phylloxera-the-first-taste-of-a-better-grape.html|title=WINE TALK; After Phylloxera, The First Taste Of a Better Grape|work=The New York Times|date=5 May 1999|accessdate=3 August 2021}} Many growers seized upon this outbreak as an opportunity to switch to varieties that were better suited to the climate and soil. By the late 1990s about 75% of the affected vineyards had been replanted with phylloxera resistant rootstock.{{citation|url=https://wineriesandvineyards.com/california-wine/napa-valley-ava/|title=Napa Valley AVA: the in's & out's|publisher=wineriesandvineyards.com|date=9 August 2017|accessdate=3 August 2021}} The growers in the region have since channeled their energy to battle the Glassy-winged sharpshooter, a non-native pest that carries Pierce's disease.{{cite web|author=Eberling, Barry|url=https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/bug-wars-napas-fight-to-keep-out-glassy-winged-sharpshooters/article_6f0fba6c-4861-50e2-8af7-9e3c3eb922f7.html|title=Bug wars: Napa's fight to keep out glassy-winged sharpshooters |publisher=Napa Valley Register|date=20 December 2014|accessdate=3 August 2021}}

A trend of larger national and international companies like E & J Gallo Winery, Diageo and Constellation Brands buying smaller wineries, vineyards and brands began to gain momentum in the early part of the 21st century.{{Cite news | last = Lutz | first = Henry | title = Big wine companies are snapping up Napa Valley producers and vineyards | work=Napa Valley Register | publisher = Lee Enterprises | location = Napa, CA | date = June 19, 2017 | url = http://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/big-wine-companies-are-snapping-up-napa-valley-producers-and/article_b48e32e7-f100-5f25-8c07-9427b1cafe43.html | access-date = July 5, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212808/https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/big-wine-companies-are-snapping-up-napa-valley-producers-and/article_b48e32e7-f100-5f25-8c07-9427b1cafe43.html |archive-date=2020-11-11 | url-status=live| url-access=subscription}} Today Napa Valley features more than 450 wineries that grow grape varieties including Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Merlot, Zinfandel, among others. While winemakers may produce wines from specific AVAs within the valley, many wines are made as a blend from grapes grown on the valley floor and the surrounding hillsides.

The valley floor is flanked by the Mayacamas Range on the western and northern sides and the Vaca Mountains on the eastern side.{{cite web|url=https://napavalleyregister.com/lifestyles/have-napa-valley-s-mountains-ever-peaked-your-interest/article_d694e23d-5a17-51c4-9870-8f3671e8b6f1.html|title=Have Napa Valley's mountains ever "peaked" your interest?|author=Kilpatrick, Kirk |publisher=Napa Valley Register|date=9 June 2018|accessdate=21 July 2021|url-access=subscription}} Several smaller valleys exist within these two ranges. The floor of the main valley gradually rises from sea level at the southern end to {{convert|362|ft|m|0}} above sea level at the northern end in Calistoga at the base of Mount Saint Helena. The Oakville and Rutherford viticultural areas lie within a geographical area known as the Rutherford Bench in the center of the valley floor.{{cite web|url=https://vinous.com/articles/the-rutherford-and-oakville-avas-early-days-sep-2016|title=The Rutherford and Oakville AVAs - Early Days|publisher=Vinous.com|date=13 September 2006|accessdate=21 July 2021}} The soil in the southern end of the valley consists mainly of sediments deposited by earlier advances and retreats of San Pablo Bay while the soil at the northern end of the valley contains a large volume of volcanic lava and ash. Several of the small hills that emerge from the middle of the valley floor near Yountville are indicators of the region's volcanic past.

{{wide image|Vineyards of Napa Valley panorama.jpg|1000px|alt=Panoramic view of vineyards}}

Several mesoclimates exist within the area due to various weather and geographical influences. The open southern end of the valley floor is cooler during the growing season due to the proximity of San Pablo Bay while the sheltered, closed northern end is often much warmer.{{cite web|url=https://www.napawunder.com/climate.php|title=Napa Valley Climate|publisher=Napawunder.com|accessdate=21 July 2021|archive-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721204738/https://www.napawunder.com/climate.php|url-status=dead}} The eastern side of the valley tends to be more arid due to the rain shadow caused by the western mountains and hills.

Napa Valley's climate and geography are shaped by a unique cooling effect, crucial for premium grape growing.Gatto, Jonathan; Kim, Byung-oh; Mahdavi, Paasha; Hirochika, Namekawa; Tran, Hung. (2009). "The Future Impact of Climate Change on the California Wine Industry and Actions the State of California Should Take to Address It." Originating from a cold ocean current from Alaska, this effect involves fog formation and cool air influx from the Pacific, offset by warmer air rising from California's Central Valley. This dynamic results in a climate system where fog and cooler sea air are drawn inland through valleys, create ideal conditions for high-quality viticulture.Clarke, Oz; Gage, Keith; Gage, Sue (2007). Wine atlas: wines and wine regions of the world (Rev. and updated [ed.] ed.). London: Pavilion. {{ISBN|978-1-86205-782-1}}. The region's complexity extends to varying topography, sun exposure, and diverse soils, contributing to a wide array of microclimates or terroirs within a relatively small viticulture area. Napa Valley, despite its linear appearance, is a tapestry of climate influences from the adjacent Vaca and Mayacamas mountain ranges, alongside varied lithologies influencing vineyard substrates.{{Cite journal |last=Swinchatt |first=Jonathan P. |last2=Howell |first2=David G. |last3=MacDonald |first3=Sarah L. |date=2018-06-01 |title=The Scale Dependence of Wine and Terroir: Examples from Coastal California and the Napa Valley (USA) |url=https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.14.3.179 |journal=Elements |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=179–184 |doi=10.2138/gselements.14.3.179 |issn=1811-5217|url-access=subscription }} This geographical diversity, coupled with the Mediterranean climate characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, impacts grape growing in the Napa Valley. Rainfall distribution and the daily summer fog, which typically shrouds the valley until mid-morning, vary across the region, affecting grape variety and quality. However, the potential impacts of climate change pose new challenges: rising global temperatures and possible disruptions to the cooling effect could alter the conditions that have historically favored premium grape growing in Napa Valley.{{cite web|author1=Campbell, James|author2=Breen, Paige|author3=Scholasch, Thibaut|author4=Kennedy, James|author5=Forrestal, Elisabeth|date=2023-06-20| title=Understanding the impact of climate change on Anthocyanin concentrations in Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon|publisher=GiESCO 2023|website= International Viticulture and Enology Society (IVES)|url=https://ives-openscience.eu/about_ives/}}

More than 4.5 million people visit Napa Valley each year, making it a very popular tourist destination in California.{{cite web|url=https://lincolntheater.com/community-corporate-partnerships/|title=Community & Corporate Partnerships|publisher=Lincoln Theatre|accessdate=3 August 2021}}

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As of 2024, within Napa Valley AVA, there are seventeen sub-AVAs:{{cite web

|url = https://www.visitnapavalley.com/wineries/appellations/

|title = Napa Valley Appellations

|publisher = Napa Valley Vintners

|access-date = 2022-06-06

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210225052013/https://www.visitnapavalley.com/wineries/appellations/

|archive-date = 2021-02-25

}}

• California wine
• Coast Ranges (California)
• Geography of California
• Napa County wine
• Napa Valley Wine Train
• Sonoma County wine

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category multi|Vineyards in Napa Valley|Wineries in Napa County, California}}

{{Wikivoyage|Napa Valley}}

• [https://napavintners.com/ Napa Valley Vintners]
• [https://www.ttb.gov/AVA/ TTB AVA Map]

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Category:1981 establishments in California

Category:American Viticultural Areas of Napa Valley, California

Category:Tourist attractions in Napa County, California