Naqus

File:Flickr - fusion-of-horizons - Sinaia Monastery (43).jpg

According to Islamic tradition, the companions of Muhammad were unsure of what the sign for the daily prayers (salāt) should be. Mohammad therefore decided between a fire, a bell, a Jewish horn (shofar) and the nāqūs for the muezzin's call to prayer (adhān).{{cite dictionary |first= Thomas Patrick |last= Hughes |title= A Dictionary of Islam |publisher= W.H. Allen & Co |place= London |date= 1895 |page= 430 |entry= Naqus |url= https://answering-islam.org/Books/Hughes/n.htm}} Apparently, in the early days of Fustat, the Muslims struck the nāqūs as an early-morning call to prayer.{{cite journal |first= Richard JH |last= Gottheil |title= The Origin and History of the Minaret |work= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 2 |date= March 1910 |page= 134}} The sound of the nāqūs as a call to prayer was heard along with the crowing of the cocks.{{cite book |author= Georg Jacob |title= Das Leben der vorislâmischen Beduinen. (Studien in arabischen Dichtern, Heft III) |publisher= Mayer & Müller |place= Berlin |date= 1895 |page= 85 |url= https://archive.org/details/daslebendervori00jacogoog/page/n100/mode/2up}}

The name naqus was used among Christians too, who used the nāqūs since pre-Islamic times. Clattering wood (nāqūs) was mentioned by the poet Labīd (around 560 —661), who saw them in villages on the coast southwest of Qatar on the Arabian Peninsula. Archaeological excavations at a pre-Islamic Nestorian monastery on an island west of Abu Dhabi suggest that the church had an upper floor with a steeple, which probably contained a wooden nāqūs instead of a bell.{{cite journal |first= Peter |last= Hellyer |title= Nestorian Christianity in the Pre-Islamic UAE and Southeastern Arabia |work= Journal of Social Affairs |volume= 18 |issue= 72 |date= Winter 2001 |page= 81 |url= http://www.adias-uae.com/publications/hellyer01b.pdf |quote= Fa Rather than bells, clappers (Naqus) may have been used. }}

In general, the nāqūs has often been at the center of cultural tensions between Christians in Arab areas. After Caliph Al-Walid I had the Byzantine cathedral of Damascus converted into the Umayyad Mosque around 705, al-Masʿūdī reported an incident that caused irritation. At the moment when the caliph mounted the minbar in the mosque to address the believers, a nāqus was heard. The proximity between the church and the mosque often seems to have caused noise pollution.{{cite journal |first=Finbarr B. |last= Flood |title= The Medieval Trophy as an Art Historical Trope: Coptic and Byzantine "Altars" in Islamic Contexts |work= Muqarnas |volume= 18 |date= 2001 |page= 62f |url= https://doi.org/10.2307/1523301}}

The Islamic scholar Abu Yusuf (729/731-798) mentioned in his Kitāb al-Ḫarāğ (“Book on Property Tax”) the obligations that Christians had to observe under Islamic rule. This included not striking the nāqūs before or during Islamic prayer times. Elsewhere it is stated that the nāqūs should only be played softly or only within the church. These restrictions are also confirmed by the orthodox side, such as the patriarch Michael the Syrian (1126-1199) and the scholar Gregorius Bar-Hebraeus (c. 1225-1286). The naqus hitting loudly in public was considered a violation of the law. In return, Christian dignitaries were sometimes given permission to beat drums and play trumpets or other musical instruments at special religious ceremonies. The cauldron drum naqqara and long trumpets (buk) have been used to honor rulers since ancient times.{{cite book |first= Milka |last= Levy-Rubin |title= Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire: From Surrender to Coexistence |publisher= Cambridge University Press |place= New York |date= 2011 |pages= 77f, 91, 160}}

The Jewish scholar Daniel al-Kumisi († 946) wrote that the use of the nāqūs was characteristic of the Christians of Jerusalem around 900. A mid-11th-century account of a town believed to be in Palestine mentions that the Christians ignored the existing laws and built a church higher than the local mosque. The church was then demolished, and the loud beating of the nāqūs also disturbed the Muslims.{{cite book |first= Moshe |last= Gil |title= A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |place= Cambridge |date= 1977 |pages= 161, 464f}}

File:Egyptian naqus.jpg

In addition to the tonewoods, the small bells that have come down to us from ancient Egyptian times and that Copts used in worship in Egypt are also called nāqūs. The oldest bells are known from the New Kingdom. The Christian Copts took up their forms again between the 3rd and 6th centuries. According to Hans Hickmann, the later use of bells in the Roman Catholic liturgy in Rome could have originated from this period.{{cite encyclopedia |article= Musical Instruments |editor= Aziz S. Atiya |title= The Coptic Encyclopedia |volume= 6 |publisher= Macmillan Publishing |place= New York |date= 1991 |pages= 1738–1741}}

There are handle bells as half-shell handle bells without a clapper. Another type of nāqūs is shaped like a bedside lamp. The mushroom-shaped bell with a round base and a total height of 29 centimeters and a bell diameter of 22 centimeters is too heavy to hold in your hand. This nāqūs was used in the Catholic Church in Egypt in the mid-20th century, but not in the Greek Orthodox Church.{{cite journal |title= Miscellanca Egyptologica |first= Hans |last= Hickmann |work= The Galpin Society Journal |volume= 4 |date= June 1951 |page= 29 |publisher= Galpin Society |url= https://doi.org/10.2307/841259}}

Exclusively metal idiophones traditionally accompany liturgical chants in the Maronite Church in Lebanon. These include nāqūs made of two metal half-shells on a handle, which are struck with a metal stick and sound like triangles, as well as larger cymbals, paired cymbals and marawe (marawih, Sg. marwahah). The latter consist of a metal disc on a wooden handle about one meter long with small metal parts attached to the edge of the disc and are typologically related to rattle drums and sisters. The congregation receives the holy sacraments at the sound of nāqūs and marawe.{{cite journal |first= Hans |last= Hickmann |title= The Rattle-Drum and Marawe-Sistrum |work= Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue= 1/2 |date= April 1950 |pages=2–6 |quote=Figure 2}}

The nāqūs, used by Christians, which was a wooden or metal striking plate, is mentioned in two tales in the Arabian Nights, in which it calls the faithful to prayer from the roof of the Chapel of Mary.{{cite journal |first=Henry George |last= Farmer |title= The Music of the Arabian Nights (Continued from p. 185, October, 1944) |work= Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue= 1 |date= April 1945 |page= 51}}

A diminutive of nāqūs is nuqaisāt, by which the Berbers of the Maghreb mean finger cymbals.{{cite book |entry= Nuqaisāt |first= Sibyl |last=Marcuse |title= Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary |publisher= Doubleday |place= New York |date= 1964 |page= 369}}

A geological feature was named for theme nagus based on a similarity of sound. The feature is a rocky mountain on the Red Sea coast in the south-west of the Sinai Peninsula (north-west of the coastal town of el-Tur and south-west of St Catherine's Monastery), called Gebel Naqus ('Bell Mountain').{{cite book |first= William Henry Davenport |last= Adams |title= Mount Sinai, Petra, and the Desert, Described and Illustrated |publisher= T. Nelson and Sons |place= London |date= 1879 |page= 38 |url= https://archive.org/details/mountsinaipetra00adamgoog/page/n42/mode/1up?view=theater&q=nakus |quote= The mountain of Nâkûs† or the "Bell," derives its name from the old legend‡ that certain mysterious sounds occasionally heard in, as was supposed, its interior were the matin and vesper chime of the bells of a convent which, by some convulsion of nature, had been engulfed within its bosom. It was discovered, however, by Wellsted that the bell-like sound really arises from the lapse of sandy particles down the mountain-sides. This he proved by running down the mountain-slope at a rapid pace: the sound was then so loud that it would have almost terrified him had he not known its cause.
(†The nâkûs is not, strictly speaking, a bell, but a rude cymbal or sounding-board, used in Greek churches.)
(‡Related by Bernard von Breydenbach, Dean of Mainz, in 1483)

}}

The naming is based on the legend of a lost Christian monastery in the remote area near el-Tur. The legend says that the monastery disappeared without a trace so that nobody knows its location anymore, but from which the sound of prayer bells can be heard at certain hours.{{cite book|title= The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula |volume= I |publisher= Haskell House Publishers |place= New York |date= 1865 |page= 161 |quote= T & T Clark, Edinburgh 1866}}

Captain Palmer, leader of an English expedition as part of the Royal Geographical Society to the Sinai Peninsula in 1868, reported Arabs who stated that the sound from the mountain could only be heard on Fridays and Saturdays and that it came from the beaten wooden planks of the sunken monastery.{{cite journal |first =FW |last= Holland |title= Recent Explorations in the Peninsula of Sinai |work= Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume= 13 |issue= 3 |date= 1868–1869 |page= 216}}

Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (1767–1811), who in the summer of 1810 (during the date harvestCarl Ritter: The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula. 1866, p. 155) stayed at el-Tur, discovered the mysterious ringing of bells on the slopes of Gebel Naqus and also found the physical explanation. Seetzen saw that from the hard-packed layer of sand covering the steep slopes of the hill, around midday, when the sun was particularly hot, loose sand began to slide down, making a sound that reminded him of the sound of Aeolian harps.{{cite book |first=Carl |last= Ritter |title= Die Erdkunde von Asien |volume= VIII. Zweite Abtheilung: Die Sinai-Halbinsel, Palästina und Syrien. Erster Abschnitt: Die Sinai-Halbinsel |publisher= G. Reimer |place= Berlin |date= 1848 |page= 162f}}

In Morocco, the Naqus is a bell or metal clapper played by Rwais (professional musicians of the High Atlas mountains of Morocco).{{cite web|last=Schuyler|first=Philip|title=Morocco: II. Main musical traditions 1. Specialist music.: (iv) Rwais and imdyazn.|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/19156?q=naqus&hbutton_search.x=23&hbutton_search.y=7&hbutton_search=search&source=omo_t237&source=omo_gmo&source=omo_t114&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit|work=Grove Music Online|accessdate=14 March 2011}} Available online to subscribers and also in print{{cite web |title= Naqus, Large Clapper 1997.03.0011 |url= https://www.spurlock.illinois.edu/collections/search-collection/details.php?a=1997.03.0011 |quote= Artifact Identification Naqus, Large Clapper (1997.03.0011)...Geographic Location Africa, North : Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara...Culture Tashelhit language group}} It is described as "the nāqūus (a bell originally made of a copper tube, now usually made from a car's brake drum)".

Nāḳūs.

:In: The Encyclopedia of Islam, new edition, Volume 7, 1993, p. 943,

Naqus.

:In: Sibyl Marcuse: Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. Doubleday, New York 1964, p. 360

{{reflist}}

Category:Bells (percussion)

Category:Lithophones