Nasal lateral click
{{Short description|Consonantal sound}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above={{nowrap|Nasal lateral velar click}}
|ipa symbol=ŋ͡ǁ ŋ͡ʖ
|ipa symbol2=ᵑǁ ᵑʖ
|ipa symbol3=ǁ̃ ʖ̃
|kirshenbaum=nl!
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above={{nowrap|Nasal lateral uvular click}}
|ipa symbol=ɴ͡ǁ ɴ͡ʖ
|ipa symbol2=ᶰǁ ᶰʖ
}}
{{main|Lateral click|nasal click}}
The lateral nasal click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for a nasal lateral click with a velar rear articulation is {{angbr IPA|ŋ͡ǁ}} or {{angbr IPA|ŋ͜ǁ}}, commonly abbreviated to {{angbr IPA|ŋǁ}}, {{angbr IPA|ᵑǁ}} or {{angbr IPA|ǁ̃}}; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is {{angbr IPA|ŋ͡ʖ}} or {{angbr IPA|ŋ͜ʖ}}, abbreviated {{angbr IPA|ŋʖ}}, {{angbr IPA|ᵑʖ}} or {{angbr IPA|ʖ̃}}. For a click with a uvular rear articulation, the equivalents are {{angbr IPA|ɴ͡ǁ, ɴ͜ǁ, ɴǁ, ᶰǁ}} and {{angbr IPA|ɴ͡ʖ, ɴ͜ʖ, ɴʖ, ᶰʖ}}.
Sometimes the accompanying letter comes after the click letter, e.g. {{angbr IPA|ǁŋ}} or {{angbr IPA|ǁᵑ}}; this may be a simple orthographic choice, or it may imply a difference in the relative timing of the releases.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD8aAQAAIAAJ |title=Afrika und Übersee |date=2005 |publisher=D. Reimer |pages=93–94 |language=en}}
Features
Features of the lateral nasal click:
{{lingual airstream}}
{{voiced}}
{{nasal}}
{{lateral}}
Occurrence
Lateral nasal clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages.{{Cite journal |last=Bradfield |first=Julian |date=May 2014 |title=Clicks, concurrency and Khoisan* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/phonology/article/abs/clicks-concurrency-and-khoisan/0D57F5AE8BC655A8F2AC3F69CAB8AABE |journal=Phonology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–49 |doi=10.1017/S0952675714000025 |issn=0952-6757|hdl=20.500.11820/63d01bc8-a4db-4cda-a4b4-0ca84d088522 |s2cid=14896878 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Amanda L. |last2=Brugman |first2=Johanna |last3=Sands |first3=Bonny |last4=Namaseb |first4=Levi |last5=Exter |first5=Mats |last6=Collins |first6=Chris |date=August 2009 |title=Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among Nǀuu clicks |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/differences-in-airstream-and-posterior-place-of-articulation-among-nuu-clicks/FA6566F6283D1E42E23C868E91DAFAA8 |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=129–161 |doi=10.1017/S0025100309003867 |s2cid=46194815 |issn=1475-3502|url-access=subscription }}
| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning | ||
| ǃKung
| nǁan | align="center"| {{IPA|[ᵑǁàŋ]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[ᵑʖàŋ]}} | 'marama bean' |
| !Xóõ
| ǁnáã | align="center"| {{IPA|[ᵑǁɑ́ɑ̃]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[ᵑʖɑ́ɑ̃]}} | 'grewia berry' |
| Hadza
| konxa | align="center"| {{IPA|[koᵑǁa]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[koᵑʖa]}} | 'to be a pair' |
| Zulu
| inxeba | align="center"| {{IPA|[iᵑǁɛ́ːɓa]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[iᵑʖɛ́ːɓa]}} | 'wound' |
Glottalized lateral nasal click
{{Infobox IPA
| above= Glottalized
lateral nasal click
| ipa symbol = ǁ̃ˀ
| ipa symbol2 = ᵑǁ͡ʔ
ᵑ̊ǁˀ
| ipa symbol3 = ʖ̃͜ʔ
| ipa symbol4 = ᵑʖˀ
| showbelow = no
}}
{{main|Glottalized click}}
All Khoisan languages, and a few Bantu languages, have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing the glottis so that the click is pronounced in silence; however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized.
| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning | ||
| Hadza
| slaxxa | align="center"| {{IPA|[ɬaᵑǁˀa]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[ɬaᵑʖˀa]}} | 'a split' |
| Khoekhoe
| tsoatsoaǁaposa | align="center"| {{IPA|[tsȍàtsòȁᵑǁˀàpòsa̋]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[tsȍàtsòȁᵑʖˀàpòsa̋]}} | 'principled' |
| Xhosa
| inkxumo | align="center"| {{IPA|[iᵑǁˀumo]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[iᵑʖˀumo]}} | 'a support' |
References
{{Reflist}}
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