Naskapi language

{{short description|Cree language of eastern Canada}}

{{See also|Naskapi}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Naskapi

| nativename = {{Lang|nsk|ᓇᔅᑲᐱ}} {{Transliteration|nsk|naskapi}},{{Lang|nsk|
ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ}} {{Transliteration|nsk|iyuw iyimuun}}

| states = Canada

| region = St'aschinuw
(Quebec, Labrador)

| ethnicity = Naskapi

| speakers = 1,230

| date = 2016 census

| ref = {{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01|title=Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data|publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|date=2 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2017-11-23}}

| script = Eastern Cree syllabics

| familycolor = Algic

| fam1 = Algic

| fam2 = Algonquian

| fam3 = Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271 |title=Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114502/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}

| iso3 = nsk

| glotto = nask1242

| glottorefname = Naskapi

| lingua = 62-ADA-ba

| notice = IPA

}}

{{Infobox ethnonym|people=Naskapi Iyuw
ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ
|language=Naskapi Iyuw Iyimuun
ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ|country=St'aschinuw
ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ}}Naskapi (also known as {{Lang|nsk|ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ}}/{{Transliteration|nsk|Iyuw Iyimuun}} in the Naskapi language) is an Algonquian language spoken by the Naskapi in Quebec and Labrador, Canada.Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: It is written in Eastern Cree syllabics.

The term Naskapi is chiefly used to refer to the language of the people living in the interior of Quebec and Labrador in or around Kawawachikamach, Quebec. Naskapi is a "y-dialect" that has many linguistic features in common with the Northern dialect of East Cree, and also shares many lexical items with the Innu language.

Although there is a much closer linguistic and cultural relationship between Naskapi and Innu than between Naskapi and other Cree language communities, Naskapi remains unique and distinct from all other language varieties in the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.

Phonology

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

! Bilabial

! Alveolar

! Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

|

|

|

Stop/ Affricate

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|tʃ}}

| {{IPA link|k}}

|

Fricative

|

| {{IPA link|s}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|h}}

Approximant

| {{IPA link|w}}

| ({{IPA link|ɹ}})

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

|

Lateral

|

| ({{IPA link|l}})

|

|

|

Each stop has voiced allophones as {{IPA|[b, d, dʒ, ɡ]}} and pre-aspirated allophones as {{IPA|[ʰp, ʰt, ʰtʃ, ʰk]}}.MacKenzie, Marguerite. 1994.{{full citation needed|date=May 2025}}

  • Long vowels: {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/a~æ/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}
  • Short vowels: {{IPA|/ɪ~ə/}}, {{IPA|/ʌ~ə/}}, {{IPA|/o~ʊ/}}

Orthography

There are two writing systems used for Naskapi language. One is Latin, similar to Innu Language (Montagnais), and the other is Cree syllabics, similar to James Bay Cree, as well as other dialects of Cree across Canada.

=Latin=

The Naskapi Latin alphabet consists of three vowels, {{Grapheme|a}}, {{Grapheme|i}}, and {{Grapheme|u}}, in short form and in long form. The long form is either written with a circumflex accent, e.g. {{Grapheme|â}}, or by simply writing the vowel twice, e.g. {{Grapheme|aa}}. In addition there are twelve graphemes to represent the consonants, including the digraph {{Grapheme|Ch}}.

class="wikitable"
UppercaseAÂ/AAChHIÎ/IIKLMNPRSTUÛ/UUWY
lowercaseaâ/aachhiî/iiklmnprstuû/uuwy
IPA{{IPA|/ʌ~ə/}}{{IPA|/a~æ/}}{{IPA|/tʃ, dʒ/}}{{IPA|/h/}}{{IPA|/ɪ~ə/}}{{IPA|/i/}}{{IPA|/k, g/}}{{IPA|/l/}}{{IPA|/m/}}{{IPA|/n/}}{{IPA|/p, b/}}{{IPA|/ɹ/}}{{IPA|/s, ʃ/}}{{IPA|/t, d/}}{{IPA|/o~ʊ/}}{{IPA|/u/}}{{IPA|/w/}}{{IPA|/j/}}

  • Ch, K, P, and T are also used to write the voiced allophones.
  • L and R are only used in loanwords from other languages.

=Syllabary=

Naskapi Syllabics ({{Lang|nsk|ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ}}, {{Transliteration|nsk|naskapi iyuw iyimuun}}) is derived from Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, and while having its unique characteristics, shares many features with other Canadian Cree Syllabic systems.

Unlike other Cree Syllabics, long and short vowels are not distinguished.

The final forms in Naskapi Syllabics are similar to other varieties of Eastern Cree syllabics.

class="wikitable"

!

!_a

!_i

!_u

!_wa

!_wi

!_w

!s_wa

!-

-

|ᐊ || ᐃ || ᐅ || ᐛ || ᐎ || ᐤ || ||

p

| ᐸ || ᐱ || ᐳ || ᑈ || || || ᔌ || ᑉ

t

| ᑕ || ᑎ || ᑐ || ᑥ || || || ᔌ || ᑦ

k

| ᑲ || ᑭ || ᑯ || ᒂ || || ᒄ || ᔎ || ᒃ

ch

|ᒐ || ᒋ || ᒍ || ᒠ || || || ᔏ || ᒡ

m

|ᒪ || ᒥ || ᒧ || ᒺ || || || || ᒻ

n

|ᓇ || ᓂ || ᓄ || ᓏ || || || || ᓐ

s

|ᓴ || ᓯ || ᓱ || ᔄ || || || || ᔅ

rowspan=2| y

| rowspan=2|ᔭ

| rowspan=2|ᔨ

| rowspan=2|ᔪ

| rowspan=2| ᔽ

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

| rowspan=2|

| ᔾ

colspan="9" | Other Symbols
h

| || || || || || || || ᐦ

hk

| ᑾ || ᑶ || ᑴ || || || ||

l

|ᓚ || ᓕ || ᓗ || || || || || ᓪ

r

|ᕋ || ᕆ || ᕈ || || || || || ᕐ

Notes

{{Reflist}}