Nasonov pheromone

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Image:Nasinov 9024.JPG (white – at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive]]

The Nasonov (alternatively, Nasanov) pheromone is released by worker bees to orient returning forager bees back to the colony. To broadcast this scent, bees raise their abdomens, which contain the Nasonov glands, and fan their wings vigorously.

Nasonov includes a number of different terpenoids including geraniol, nerolic acid, citral and geranic acid.{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Ingrid H. |last2=Pickett |first2=J. A. |last3=Martin |first3=A. P. |title=The Nasonov pheromone of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Part II. Bioassay of the components using foragers |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=March 1981 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=225–237 |doi=10.1007/BF00995745 |pmid=24420468 |bibcode=1981JCEco...7..225W |s2cid=39709618 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00995745}} Bees use these to find the entrance to their colony or hive, and they release them on flowers so other bees know which flowers have nectar. Once the foraging bee leaves the nest it uses its sense from special sensing cells on the antennae to locate and distinguish forage plants, which each give off a unique blend of odour chemicals. When a beekeeper lifts out frames from a hive they disturb the balance of smells within the hive. It can take up to 48 hours for the colony to re-establish its scent equilibrium.

A synthetically produced Nasonov pheromone can be used to attract a honey bee swarm to an unoccupied hive or a swarm-catching box. Synthetically produced Nasonov consists of citral and geraniol in a 2:1 ratio.

The Nasonov gland was first described in 1882 by the Russian zoologist Nikolai Viktorovich Nasonov.Насонов, Н. В. [Nasonov, N.V.] (1885) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2 "О строеніи кожныхъ железъ пчелъ"] [On the structure of the skin glands of bees] Известия Императорского Общества Любителей Естествознания, Антропологии и Этнографии: Зоологический Сад и Акклиматизация, Том второй. Годичное Заседание Отделения Беспозвоночных Животных Императорскаго Русскаго Общества Акклиматизации Животных и Растений 27 Июля 1882. [News of the Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography: Zoological Garden and Acclimatization, volume two. Annual Meeting of the Department of Invertebrate Animals of the Imperial Russian Society for Acclimatization of Animals and Plants July 27, 1882.] 46:2-3. (in Russian){{cite web |last1=naturebee |title=The biography of Nikolai Viktorovich Nasonov |date=February 13, 2016 |url=https://www.beesource.com/threads/the-biography-of-nikolai-viktorovich-nasonov.321249/ |website=Beesource |access-date=30 May 2021}}Nasonov's findings were reported to the West in 1883 by A. Zoubareff (also spelled: Zoubarev):

• {{cite journal |last1=Zoubareff |first1=A. |title=A propos d'un organ de l'abeille non encore d'ecrit |journal=Bulletin d'Apiculture pour la Suisse Romande |date=November 1883 |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=215–216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8gAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA215 |trans-title=Regarding an organ of bees that has not yet been described |language=French}}
• Republished in English: {{cite journal |last1=Zoubareff |first1=A. |last2=Benton |first2=Frank, trans. |title=Concerning an organ of the bee not yet described |journal=The British Bee Journal |date=15 December 1883 |volume=11 |pages=296–297 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83064#page/422/mode/1up}}{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert E. |title=Anatomy and Physiology of the Honeybee |date=1925 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York City, New York, USA |pages=114-117 (and references on pp. 307-313) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=co8cAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA114}} Nasonov thought that the gland performed perspiration;(Snodgrass, 1925), p. 114. it was Frederick William Lambert Sladen (May 30, 1876 - 1921) of England who in 1901 first proposed that the gland produced a pheromone.See:
• (Snodgrass, 1925), p. 116.
• {{cite journal |last1=Sladen |first1=F. W. L. |title=A scent organ in the bee |journal=The British Bee Journal |date=11 April 1901 |volume=29 |pages=142-143, 151-153 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83071#page/152/mode/1up}}
• Republished in condensed form in: {{cite journal |last1=Sladen |first1=F.W.L. |title=A scent-producing organ in the abdomen of the bee |journal=Gleanings in Bee Culture |date=1 August 1901 |volume=19 |pages=339–340 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/57012#page/584/mode/1up}}
• Reprinted in: {{cite journal |last1=Sladen |first1=F.W.L. |title=A scent-producing organ in the abdomen of the worker of Apis mellifera |journal=The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine |date=September 1902 |volume=38 |pages=208–211 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36477#page/220/mode/1up}}