Nathaniel Gorham

{{short description|American Founding Father, businessman, and politician}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Nathaniel Gorham

| image = Nathaniel Gorham.jpg

| imagesize =

| caption = Nathaniel Gorham
by Charles Willson Peale, circa 1793

| smallimage =

| office = 8th President of the Confederation Congress

| term_start = June 6, 1786

| term_end = February 2, 1787{{cite web

| url = http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000325

| title = GORHAM, Nathaniel, (1738–1796)

| last = Editors

| website = Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress: 1774–present

| publisher = United States Congress

| access-date = 18 April 2018

| quote = Member of the Continental Congress in 1782, 1783, 1786, 1787, and 1789, and was its president from June 6, 1786, to February 2, 1787}}

| predecessor = John Hancock

| successor = Arthur St. Clair

| birth_date = {{birth date|1738|5|27}}

| birth_place = Charlestown, Province of Massachusetts Bay

| death_date = {{death date and age|1796|6|11|1738|5|27}}

| death_place = Charlestown, Massachusetts

| resting_place = Phipps Street Burying Ground
Charlestown

| spouse = Rebecca Call

| children = {{plainlist}}

Collinsworth Gorham
Emily Gorham
Mary Gorham
Elizabeth Gorham
Ann Gorham
John Gorham
Benjamin Gorham
Stephen Gorham
Lydia Gorham

| party = Federalist

| residence =

| alma_mater =

| occupation =

| profession = Politician, merchant

| signature = Nathaniel Gorham Signature.svg

}}

Nathaniel Gorham (May 27, 1738 – June 11, 1796; sometimes spelled Nathanial) was an American Founding Father, merchant, and politician from Massachusetts. He was a delegate from the Bay Colony to the Continental Congress and for six months served as the presiding officer of that body under the Articles of Confederation. He also attended the Constitutional Convention, served on its Committee of Detail, and signed the United States Constitution.

Life

Starting at 15, Gorham served an apprenticeship with a merchant in New London, Connecticut, after which he opened a merchant house in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1759.{{Cite ANB|title=Gorham, Nathaniel|first=Ronald J. |last=Lettieri |id=0100334}} He took part in public affairs at the beginning of the American Revolution: he was a member of the Massachusetts General Court (legislature) from 1771 until 1775, a delegate to the Provincial congress from 1774 until 1775, and a member of the Board of War from 1778 until its dissolution in 1781. In 1779, he served in the state constitutional convention. He was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from 1782 until 1783, and also from 1785 until 1787, serving as its president for five months from June 6 to November 5, 1786, after the resignation of John Hancock. Gorham also served a term as judge of the Middlesex County Court of Common Pleas,Morton, p. 118. was a candidate for the 3rd congressional district in both 1788 and 1790, in the former election winning on the first ballot but losing on the second,{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/8049g542w |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/dv13zv65g |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/fx719n94x |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}} and was the runner-up in the 1790 election for the U.S. Senate.{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ma.ussenate.ballot3.1790 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}

Gorham married Rebecca Call (May 14, 1744 – November 18, 1812), who was descended from Anglican vicar and the first minister of Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Maverick, and his royally descended wife, Mary Gye Maverick. Rebecca was the daughter of Caleb Call and Rebecca Stimson.Waters, p. 366. They were the parents of nine children.Morton, p. 117.

In 1786, it might have been Gorham who suggested to Alexander Hamilton that Prince Henry of Prussia would become president{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Krauel |title=Prince Henry of Prussia and the Regency of the United States, 1786 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=1911 |pages=44–51 |doi=10.2307/1832837 |jstor=1832837 }} or king of the United States. However, the offer was revoked before the prince could make a reply.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vpS7DEKrsUC&pg=PA72|title=The Founders: The 39 Stories Behind the U.S. Constitution|last=Fradin|first=Dennis Brindell|date=2005|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=9780802789723|language=en}}

For several months in 1787, Gorham served as one of the Massachusetts delegates to the United States Constitutional Convention.Morton, p. 118. Gorham frequently served as chairman of the Convention's Committee of the whole, meaning that he (rather than the president of the Convention, George Washington) presided over convention sessions during the delegates' first deliberations on the structure of the new government in late May and June 1787. After the convention, he worked hard to see that the Constitution was approved in his home state.

In connection with Oliver Phelps, he purchased from the state of Massachusetts in 1788 pre-emption rights to an immense tract of land in western New York State which straddled the Genesee River, all for the sum of $1,000,000 (about ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|1000000|1800|r=2}}}} today).Morton, p. 120.{{cite journal |last=McKeveley |first=Blake |date=January 1939 |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4–8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Rochester Public Library |issn=0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |access-date=29 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203025006/http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2007 |url-status=dead }} The land in question had been previously ceded to Massachusetts from the state of New York under the 1786 Treaty of Hartford. The pre-emption right gave them the first or preemptive right to obtain clear title to this land from the Native Americans. They soon extinguished the Native American title to the portion of the land east of the Genesee River, as well as a {{convert|185000|acre|km2}} tract west of the Genesee, the Mill Yard Tract, surveyed all of it, laid out townships, and sold large parts to speculators and settlers. His son Nathaniel Gorham Jr. was a pioneer settler of this tract, having been placed in charge of his father's interests there.{{Cite Appletons' |inline=1 |wstitle=Gorham, Nathaniel |year=1900}} In 1790, after Gorham and Phelps defaulted in payment, they sold nearly all of their remaining lands east of the Genesee to Robert Morris, who eventually resold those lands to The Pulteney Association. Phelps and Gorham were unable to fulfill their contract in full to Massachusetts, so in 1790, they surrendered back to Massachusetts that portion of the lands which remained under the Native American title, namely, the land west of the Genesee. It also was eventually acquired by Robert Morris, who resold most of it to the Holland Land Company.

Death and legacy

Gorham died in Charlestown in 1796. He is buried in the Phipps Street Cemetery in Charlestown.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100115154258/http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/gorham.htm US Army Center of Military History] Gorham Street in Madison, Wisconsin, is named in his honor.{{cite web |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/002071.asp |title=Odd Wisconsin Archives |website=www.wisconsinhistory.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423205749/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/002071.asp |archive-date=2006-04-23}} The town of Gorham, New York, is also named in his honor.{{cite book|last=Gannett|first=Henry|title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ|year=1905|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n139 140]}}

Descendants

Gorham's descendants number in the thousands today.{{cite web

| last = Roberts

| first = Gary Boyd

| author-link = Gary Boyd Roberts

| title = #54 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: Harvard, Its Presidents, and Kings

| work = New England Ancestors.org

| publisher = New England Historic Genealogical Society

| year = 2001

| url = http://www.americanancestors.org/harvard-its-presidents/

| access-date = 5 July 2012}} Some of his notable descendants include:

Gorham's son Benjamin Gorham was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.
Bishop Phillips Brooks was an American clergyman and author, who briefly served as Bishop of Massachusetts in the Episcopal Church during the early 1890s. He is best known for authoring the Christmas carol "O Little Town of Bethlehem".
Charles Francis Adams Jr. was a member of the prominent Adams family and son of Charles Francis Adams Sr. He served as a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War and was a railroad executive following the war.
John Quincy Adams II was an American lawyer and politician, the son of Charles Francis Adams Sr. and the grandson and namesake of president John Quincy Adams.
Charles Francis Adams III was the United States Secretary of the Navy under President Herbert Hoover.
Charles Francis Adams IV was a U.S. electronics industrialist. He served as the first president of the Raytheon Company.
Brooks Adams was an American historian and a critic of capitalism.
Henry Adams was an American journalist, historian, academic and novelist. He is best known for his autobiographical book, The Education of Henry Adams.
William Everett was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts.
Octavius Brooks Frothingham was an American clergyman and author.
Catherine Lovering Adams married Henry Stugis Morgan, who was an American banker. He was the son of John Pierpont ("Jack") Morgan Jr. and the grandson of renowned banker John Pierpont Morgan Sr., founder of J.P. Morgan & Co.
Peter Bulkeley Greenough was an American journalist and editor. He was the husband of opera singer Beverly Sills.
Gorham Parks was a U.S. Representative from Maine.
Cort William Gorham council man in Brielle New Jersey.
Greg Gray a baseball state champion coach in Massachusetts.
Ellen Gorham
Jackson Gorham
Milton Gorham
Susan Gorham
Robert Gorham
Matthew Gorham
Michael Gorham
Christopher Gorham
Mark Gorham
Tyler Gorham
Ed Gorham
Eric Gorham
Joshua Gorham
Samuel Gorham

Notes

References

Haxtun, Annie Arnoux. Signers of the Mayflower Compact . Publisher: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8063-0173-2}}.
MMOA.The bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume 17. Publisher: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1922.
Morton, Joseph C. Shapers of the great debate at the Constitutional Convention of 1787: a biographical dictionary Volume 8 of Shapers of the great American debates. Publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 {{ISBN|0-313-33021-2}}.
Waters, Henry Fitz-Gilbert The New England historical and genealogical register, Volume 59. Publisher: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1905.

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203025006/http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf Phelps & Gorham Treaty of July 4–8, 1788, Historical Aspects of the, Rochester History magazine, by Blake McKelvey Vol 1 No(s)1 (January 1939) (PDF format)]
[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/101_135/131spring2004/131robortella.html The Field Notes of Col. Hugh Maxwell's Pre-emption Line Survey in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase] transcribed by John M. Robortella
[http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf For Animations of these Land Acquisitions click Map Scene 5] Map animation by Dr. Robert Spiegelman
[http://www.nathanielgorham.com Presidential Biography by Stanley L. Klos]
{{CongBio|G000325}}