Natural uranium

{{Short description|92-proton element with the same mix of isotopes as found in nature, i.e. unenriched}}

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Natural uranium (NU or U_nat{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Introduction/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle-Overview/ |title=Nuclear Fuel Cycle Overview |date=October 2014 |publisher=World Nuclear Association |access-date=2014-10-15 |archive-date=2016-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130090805/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Introduction/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle-Overview/ |url-status=dead }}) is uranium with the same isotopic ratio as found in nature. It contains 0.711% uranium-235, 99.284% uranium-238, and a trace of uranium-234 by weight (0.0055%). Approximately 2.2% of its radioactivity comes from uranium-235, 48.6% from uranium-238, and 49.2% from uranium-234.

Natural uranium can be used to fuel both low- and high-power nuclear reactors. Historically, graphite-moderated reactors and heavy water-moderated reactors have been fueled with natural uranium in the pure metal (U) or uranium dioxide (UO₂) ceramic forms. However, experimental fuelings with uranium trioxide (UO₃) and triuranium octaoxide (U₃O₈) have shown promise.{{cite web|url=http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/115351.pdf |title=Design Parameters for a Natural Uranium UO3- or U3O8-Fueled Nuclear Reactor |editor=Oak Ridge National Laboratory}}

The 0.72% uranium-235 is not sufficient to produce a self-sustaining critical chain reaction in light water reactors or nuclear weapons; these applications must use enriched uranium. Nuclear weapons take a concentration of 90% uranium-235, and light water reactors require a concentration of roughly 3% uranium-235.{{cite book |url=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ch374/ch418518/Chapter%2016%20Nuclear%20Reactor%20Chemistry.pdf |title=Modern Nuclear Chemistry |chapter=Chapter 16 Nuclear Reactor Chemistry |first1=W. |last1=Loveland |first2=D.J. |last2=Morrissey |first3=G.T. |last3=Seaborg |year=2006}} Unenriched natural uranium is appropriate fuel for a heavy-water reactor, like a CANDU reactor.

On rare occasions, earlier in geologic history when uranium-235 was more abundant, uranium ore was found to have naturally engaged in fission, forming natural nuclear fission reactors. Uranium-235 decays at a faster rate (half-life of 700 million years) compared to uranium-238, which decays extremely slowly (half-life of 4.5 billion years). Therefore, a billion years ago, there was more than double the uranium-235 compared to now.

During the Manhattan Project, the name Tuballoy was used to refer to natural uranium in the refined condition; this term is still in occasional use. Uranium was also codenamed "X-Metal" during World War II. Similarly, enriched uranium was referred to as Oralloy (Oak Ridge alloy), and depleted uranium was referred to as Depletalloy (depleted alloy).