Nawathinehena language
{{Short description|Extinct Algonquian language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Nawathinehena
| nativename = Nawathi'nehena, nawaθiʔnehena
| states = United States
| era = attested 1899
| familycolor = Algic
| fam1 = Algic
| fam2 = Algonquian
| fam3 = Arapahoan
| iso3 = nwa
| linglist = nwa
| glotto = nawa1259
| glottorefname = Nawathinehena
| ethnicity = Nawathi'neha/Southern Arapaho
| region = Oklahoma
}}
Nawathinehena is an extinct Algonquian language formerly spoken among the Arapaho. It had a phonological development quite different from either Gros Ventre or Arapaho proper. It has been identified as the former language of the Southern Arapaho, who switched to speaking Arapaho proper in the 19th century. However, the language is not well attested, being documented only in a vocabulary collected in 1899 by Alfred L. Kroeber from the Oklahoma Arapaho.
Phonology
While it shares many important phonological innovations with Arapaho, it presents the merger of *r, *θ and *s with *t as t instead of n as in Arapaho, a sound change reminiscent of Blackfoot and Cheyenne.{{sfn|Goddard|1974}}{{sfn|Jacques|2013}} PA *w changes to m instead of merging with *r, *s and *n as n.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Vocabulary
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Some numbers of the Nawathinehena language:
| class="wikitable"
|+ Numbers | |
| Nawathinehena | English |
|---|---|
| {{lang|nwa|tcäⁿcinaha’}} | one |
| {{lang|nwa|nīsähä’}} | two |
| {{lang|nwa|nahaha}} | three |
| {{lang|nwa|niabaha’}} | four |
| {{lang|nwa|niotanähä’}} | five |
| {{lang|nwa|neixθioti}} | six |
| {{lang|nwa|nīciotaⁿ}} | seven |
| {{lang|nwa|nexiotähähäⁿ}} | eight |
| {{lang|nwa|cioxtähähäⁿ}} | nine |
| {{lang|nwa|maxtoxtanähäⁿ}} | ten |
Notes
{{reflist}}
=Works cited=
- {{Cite journal |last=Goddard |first=Ives |year=1974 |title=An Outline of the Historical Phonology of Arapaho and Atsina |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=102–16 |doi=10.1086/465292 |s2cid=144253507 |authorlink=Ives Goddard}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Jacques |first=Guillaume |year=2013 |title=The sound change s>n in Arapaho |url=https://www.academia.edu/2107195/The_sound_change_s_n_in_Arapaho |journal=Folia Linguistica Historica |volume=34 |pages=43-57}}
=General references=
- {{Cite book |last=Mithun |first=Marianne |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |location=Cambridge}}
External links
- [http://www.language-archives.org/language/nwa OLAC resources in and about the Nawathinehena language]
{{Algonquian languages}}
Category:Plains Algonquian languages
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
Category:Languages of the United States
Category:Extinct languages of North America
{{Algonquian-lang-stub}}